Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry

Year 1
CE1102 Organic Chemistry
for Engineers
Introduction to Laoratory !"ills
Laoratory !chedule
#$%1& 'ee"s 1 % (
)Eng*+Eng )io+edical Engineering
+Eng Chemical Engineering
)Eng Chemical Engineering
$LEA!E ,EA- I.#,O-/C#O,Y & !A0E#Y 1!EC#IO.! 1 23
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)E0O,E YO/ CO+E #O #4E LA)O,A#O,Y !E!!IO.!
Personnel: Module Leader - Dr Andrew Sutherland Laboratory Supervisor - Dr David Walton
Demonstrator Dr Olga !remova Laboratory "e#hni#ian Miss Sarah $raney
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 1 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
CO.#E.#!

$age
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)7 LA) A##E.-A.CE 1 9,O/$! C%0 3 28
17 AI+! & O):EC#I;E! 62
27 I.#,O-/C#IO.
2.1 Personnel
2.2 Requirements
2.3 Assessment & penalties
2.4 Assessment penalties and lateness
2.4 5 Laboratory reportsReporting results
2.5 6 Submission o laboratory reports
2.6 ! Preparation beore t"e laboratory sessions

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87 !A0E#Y& CO!44 & +!-! (<
27 A--I#IO.AL .O#E!
4.1 $leaning glass%are
4.2 &ar'ing glass%are
4.3 (emonstration o t"e use o apparatus
4.4 $al)ulation o results
4.5 A))ura)y in quoted results
4.6 &eaning o )ertain instru)tions
4.! Solutions
4.# (esi))ators
4.* $are o balan)es
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1211
1211
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1211
1211
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1312
1312
1312
67 E5$E,I+E.#AL $,OCE-/,E! 18 20
=67 I.0,A,E- A)!O,$#IO. )A.-! 0O, 0/.C#IO.AL 9,O/$!E5$E,I+E.#AL
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12 2021
21
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 2 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
Each student must work individually
A7 LI!# O0 E5$E,I+E.#!
E>p7
.o7
#itle $age
1
-etermination of the percentage of ?ater of crystallisation in copper 1II3 sulfate
pentahydrate7
1(
2 !tandardisation of a sodium hydro>ide solution and determination of the relati@e
molecular mass of an un"no?n
20
8
$urification y re%crystallisation & analysis y infrared 1I,3 spectroscopy7 22
2 !pectrophotometric determination of chromium y ultra@iolet%@isile 1u@%@is3
spectroscopy7
28
.7)7 It is essential that you adhere to the e>perimental timetale 1please access this @ia
)lac")oard3 and complete each e>periment assigned to you during one session7
)7 LA) A##E.-A.CEA CO4O,# !$LI#%/$ I.#O 0O/, 9,O/$! C& -& E & 0
4ear 1 $"emi)al .ngineering students %"o are required to attend t"is laboratory )lass5 %ill be split6up into 0O/,
9,O/$! C 1attending 'ee"s 1 and 63& - 1attending 'ee"s 2 and =3& E 1attending 'ee"s 8 and <3 and 0
1attending 'ee"s 2 and (3. .a)" group %ill t"ereore attend t%o lab sessions. 1"e periods %"en a group is not
attending t"e lab are self%study periods5 %"ere students are e7pe)ted to spend t"e time %riting t"e lab report
rom t"e pre8ious e7periment and preparing or t"e ne7t e7periment et). .7periments %ill be assigned to ea)"
student to underta'e on a spe)ii) lab session. Please reer to /la)'/oard or group members"ip and or t"e list
o e7periments t"at you are e7pe)ted to underta'e and %"en you are e7pe)ted to )ondu)t t"em.
LA)O,A#O,Y ,E$O,#! 4A.- I. -EA-LI.E!
#he deadline for sumission of la reports for oth e>periments is 0riday of ?ee" B
$lease note sumission ?ill e )O#4 electronic @ia )lac")oard and hard copy @ia the !chool Office
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 3 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
17 AI+! A.- O):EC#I;E!
1"e aim o t"is introdu)tory laboratory )ourse is to de8elop good pra)ti)al s'ills %"ere good te)"nique5 )areul
and sae %or'ing and best pra)ti)e in reporting e7perimental indings are emp"asi9ed.
1"e oCecti@es o t"e )ourse are:
1o learn good laboratory te)"nique and good "ouse6'eeping ; or rat"er good ben)" 'eeping.
1o learn "o% to "andle )"emi)als and manipulate apparatus )orre)tly5 bearing in mind all aspe)ts o sae
%or'ing pra)ti)e.
1o be able to use and understand t"e basi)s o 8arious instrumental te)"niques and to "a8e t"e ability to
)arry out simple interpretation o results.
1o de8elop t"e ability o )olle)ting and interpreting data t"at %ill reinor)e t"e understanding o t"e basi)
prin)iples o )"emistry.
1o de8elop a s)ientii) approa)" to laboratory %or' by sui)ient preparation and reading beore
)ommen)ing any e7perimental %or'.
1o learn best pra)ti)e in reporting o e7perimental pro)edures and indings by 'eeping a))urate re)ords
o %"at %as a)tually done in t"e laboratory and t"roug" presentation o ormal laboratory reports.
27 I.#,O-/C#IO.
<el)ome to t"e irst pra)ti)al )"emistry module o year 1. 1"e laboratory is timetabled or ?ee"s 1 (. $"emistry
is bot" an a)ademi) and pra)ti)al sub=e)t and t"e ability to demonstrate t"eoreti)al )on)epts t"roug"
e7perimentation is 'ey to t"e dis)ipline. 2nderstanding "o% )"emists )arry out e7periments is %e belie8e o
paramount importan)e to )"emi)al engineers %"o in t"eir )areers oten need to appre)iate %"at goes on in
)"emi)al rea)tions rom a mole)ular point o 8ie%. 1"us some e7perien)e in )ondu)ting pra)ti)al )"emistry is
somet"ing %e are 'een to oster in our )"emi)al engineering students.
(e8eloping good laboratory s'ills is t"ereore essential and in t"is laboratory )lass t"e student %ill be introdu)ed
to some o t"e basi) e7perimental s'ills and instrumental te)"niques. +nstrumental te)"niques are used
e7tensi8ely by )"emists as tools or elu)idating stru)tures to obtain or e7ample5 )ompound stru)tural inormation5
and to quantiy substan)e. 1"e introdu)tion o 8arious spe)tros)opi) te)"niques %ill also pro8ide basi) training
and e7perien)e in t"e use o important instrumental met"ods and %ill be urt"er supported by t"e t"eoreti)al part
o t"e )ourse.
271 $E,!O..EL
1"e members o sta responsible or t"is laboratory )ourse are:
-r Andre? !utherland 1+odule Leader3
-r -a@id 'alton 1#eaching 0ello?3
-r Olga Efremo@a 1Laoratory -emonstrator3
+iss !arah Craney 1Laoratory #echnician3
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 4 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
272 ,ED/I,E+E.#!
1. A##E.-A.CE: 4ou are required to attend #'O La !essions >in addition to t"e session on saety? in
t"is laboratory6based part o t"e module. 4our mar's %ill be ad=usted a))ordingly i you do not attend bot"
sessions5 unless substantiated e7tenuating )ir)umstan)es "a8e o))urred and a medi)al note or ot"er similar
do)umentation is pro8ided to e7plain your absen)e. All students must register beore t"e start o ea)"
laboratory session. + you do not register in any session5 you %ill be )onsidered absent.
4ou %ill be ?or"ing indi@idually throughout the course7
2. I.#,O-/C#O,Y #ALEA 4ou are reFuired to attend t"e introdu)tory tal' gi8en in -res"ers <ee'5 i or
any reason you are unable to attend t"is session it %ill be a8ailable 8ia Aston Replay >a))ess 8ia
/la)'/oard? and you s"ould a)quaint yoursel %it" t"is le)ture prior to )oming to t"e lab.
3. E5$E,I+E.#!: 4ou are e7pe)ted to complete 2 e>periments during t"e laboratory sessions. + you
underta'e e%er e7periments t"en your mar's %ill be ad=usted a))ordingly. 1"e e7periments %ill be
assigned to you and s"ould be carried out in the order specified.
4. ,E$O,#!& !/)+I!!IO. & CO!44A .a)" student is required to %rite a report >in)luding &S(S5 see
section 8 on !afety? or ea)" e7periment. /ot" reports are to be sumitted together in ?ee" B see se)tion
2.3.3. belo%.
278 A!!E!!+E.#
1"e +ntrodu)tion to Laboratory S'ills pra)ti)al )ourse5 )ontributes 80G to module CE1102 1a 1@ $redit &odule?.
1"e 3@A o t"e module relating to t"e pra)ti)al )ourse )omprises t"e ollo%ing:
10G Electronic #ests
20G La ,eports
Electronic #ests
-or ea)" e7periment t"ere is an ele)troni) test %"i)" may be a))essed 8ia /la)'/oard. 4ou )an ta'e t"e test as
many times as you li'e but t"e pass mar" is 100G. +t is important t"at you ta'e and pass t"e tests be)ause
unless you do t"is you %ill not be able to submit your reports ele)troni)ally. 0n)e you "a8e passed bot" o t"e
tests t"at you need to pass t"is %ill )ause a lin' to appear in /la)'board %"i)" %ill enable you to submit your
reports ele)troni)ally.
La ,eports
.a)" report %ill be %ort" 1@A. Please use t"e appropriate Lab Report Proorma >a))essible 8ia /la)'/oard? to
%rite ea)" o your lab reports. .a)" report must be submitted in /01B ele)troni) and "ard )opy >i.e. printed out?
ormats. .le)troni) 8ersions o your reports s"ould be uploaded 8ia t"e lin' in /la)'/oard >t"is %ill only appear
on)e you "a8e passed t"e appropriate ele)troni) tests C see abo8e?. Bard )opies o your reports s"ould be
submitted to t"e S)"ool 0i)e5 please )an you append t"e rele8ant &S(S s"eets to ea)" report t"at you submit
and ensure t"at t"e signed &S(S s"eet is uppermost. .a)" report %ill be mar'ed out o 1@ and 1 mar' %ill be
gi8en or "anding in t"e signed &S(S s"eets.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 5 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
272 A!!E!!+E.# $E.AL#IE! A.- A)!E.CE
$enalties ?ill e applied forA
/nauthorised asence5 you are required to attend 1<0 sessions >loss o allo)ated mar' or t"e e7periment?.
Completion of fe?er e>periments t"an required >loss o allo)ated mar' or t"e e7periment?
Late sumission of reports is 1@A o t"e ma7imum mar' or ea)" %or'ing day late.
Asence
All )ases %"i)" are substantiated by e7tenuating )ir)umstan)es must be dra%n to t"e attention o t"e appropriate
.7amination /oard. 1o do t"is you need to e6mail (r (ra"un e7plaining your absen)e and pro8ide "im %it"
e8iden)e >e.g. a s)anned )opy o a medi)al note? to support t"is e7planation >please )) (r Sut"erland in on t"is
e6mail?. + t"e reason or your absen)e is o a nature t"at you do not %is" to )ommuni)ate by e6mail please e6mail
(r (ra"un to ma'e an appointment to see "im in person to dis)uss your absen)e.
2726 ,E$O,#I.9 ,E!/L#!
Ater ea)" e7perimental pro)edure >please see belo%? t"ere is a set o tas's to )omplete and questions to
ans%er t"at %ill summarise your e7perimental indings and assess your understanding o t"e e7periment. Please
report t"ese using t"e appropriate Lab Report Proorma a8ailable 8ia /la)'/oard.
276= !/)+I!!IO. O0 LA)O,A#O,Y ,E$O,#!
)oth reports must e sumitted in )O#4 4A,- CO$Y A.- ELEC#,O.IC 0O,+A#7 4ard copies
are to e sumitted through the !chool Office& ?hilst the electronic copy is to e sumitted @ia
)lac"oard7 #4E !/)+I!!IO. -EA-LI.E A$$LIE! #O )O#4 0O,+A#!7 In cases ?here the
t?o formats are sumitted on different days& the later of the t?o sumission dates may e the date
recorded as your sumission date7
-EA-LI.E
1"e reports must be submitted by 0riday of ?ee" B.
,/.: -or t"e "ard )opy ormat5 please ensure t"at ea)" report is pla)ed in a plasti) %allet ile or else tied up
se)urely5 not loose papers. (o not orget t"at late submission attra)ts a P.,AL14 >see se). 2.4. abo8e?.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 6 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
27=< $,E$A,A#IO. )E0O,E LA) !E!!IO.!
4ou are required to prepare t"oroug"ly or ea)" laboratory session in order to ma7imise your learning5 and most
importantly5 to )arry out t"e e7periment saely. 4ou are required to do t"e ollo%ing or ea)" e7periment in
ad8an)e5
-or ea)" e7periment obtain t"e ne)essary +!-! orms >see belo% or an e7amplar? or ea)"
)"emi)al efore conducting the e>periment in the la 6 as you sign in to register or t"e )lass t"ese orms
%ill be )"e)'ed. 1"is inormation %ill be)ome part o t"e report or ea)" e7periment >1@A )ontribution o t"e
report mar'?.
$omplete t"e ele)troni) test C alt"oug" not obligatory5 you are strongly ad8ised to )omplete t"e
ele)troni) test t"at relate to t"e e7periment t"at you "a8e been allo)ated. 1"ese tests %ill "elp put t"e
e7periment into )onte7t and it is li'ely t"at you %ill perormperorm better in t"e laboratory as a result o
)ompleting t"e test prior to underta'ing t"e e7periment.
Read t"e introdu)tion se)tion o t"is pra)ti)al "and6out beore )oming to t"e lab.
Read t"e rele8ant e7perimental pro)edure in se)tion 5 o t"is manual in order to understand t"e
purpose or )arrying out t"e e7periment and to be)ome amiliar %it" t"e e7perimental te)"niques required.
87 !A0E#Y
1"e 4ealth and !afety at 'or" Act applies to /ni@ersities. A main tenet o t"is A)t is t"at ea)" indi8idual "as5
at all times5 a duty o )are or t"e Bealt" and Saety o "im or "er6sel and o all ot"er people %"o may be ae)ted
by "is or "er a)tions.
1"e Chemical Agents -irecti@e 1CA-3 is a legal rame%or' or %or'ing saely %it" )"emi)al agents. +t requires
%or'ers to be prote)ted rom t"e "ealt" and saety ris's arising rom )"emi)al agents present in t"e %or'pla)e
and rom %or' a)ti8ities in8ol8ing )"emi)al agents.
CA- "as t%o main strands5 CO!44 and -!EA,:
Control of !ustances 4aHardous to 4ealth 1CO!44? %"i)" deals %it" "ealt" ris's5 and5
-angerous !ustances and E>plosi@e Atmosphere ,egs7 1-!EA,? %"i)" )o8er saety ris's o
)"emi)al agents )lassiied as e7plosi8e5 o7idising5 e7tremely lammable5 "ig"ly lammable or lammable.
+!-! 1+aterial !aety -ata !"eets3
(uring your degree )ourse and as part o your proessional training5 you %ill learn "o% to )omplete t"e ne)essary
paper%or' and do)uments required by $A(. As a irst step5 t"is year you %ill be required to )onsult t"e +!-!
1+aterial !aety -ata !"eet3 inormation pro8ided >8ia /la)'/oard? or %"i)" you )an a))ess 8ia t"e internet >e.g.
by perorming a 3oogle sear)" on Da)eti) a)id &S(SE t"e Sigma6Aldri)" site "ttp:FF%%%.sigmaaldri)".)omF? is
8ery good or obtaining &S(Ss. 4ou )an print t"ese &S(Ss out in e7a)tly t"e ormat in %"i)" t"ey are pro8ided
to you and bring t"em to t"e laboratory %it" you. 4ou do not need to )omplete a ull $0SBB assessment or
redrat t"e &S(S orm into an alternati8e ormat but please do:
%& 'ead ea#h sheet pay espe#ial attention to the (ey ha)ards&
*& nsure that you have an MSDS !or ea#h #ompound that you are going to handle
+& Print them out in good time and bring them to the lab - you will not be allowed to do the e,periment
unless you have a #omplete set o! MSDSs !or ALL o! the #ompounds that you are going to handle&
+t is important t"at you are a%are o t"e "a9ards and properties o all )"emi)als you are %or'ing %it" >in)luding
rea)tion produ)ts? or )ome into )onta)t %it". 4ou %ill not be allo%ed to start any e7periment until all $"emi)al
Saety (ata Summary -orms relating to it "a8e been )ompleted and signed o by t"e person in )"arge o t"e
laboratory. +n t"e )ase o an in)ident or a))ident t"ese orms )ontain 8ital inormation relating to t"e treatment o
spillages and irst6aid.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 7 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
)E0O,E CO+I.9 #O #4E LA) C4ECELI!#A
4ou are required to obtain a +!-! or ea)" o t"e )"emi)als to be used and produ)t produ)ed >i
'no%n? in ea)" e7periment >&S(S inormation )an be a))essed 8ia t"e internet? and must )omplete a
Chemical !afety -ata !ummary 0orm. #4I! 0O,+ +/!# )E ),O/94# #O #4E LA) 0O,
!I9.I.9 )E0O,E YO/ +AY !#A,# #4E E5$E,I+E.#7
4ou are required to read and be)ome amiliar %it" t"e )ontents o t"e CEAC !afety )oo" 6 issued
at t"e start o t"e )ourse.
4ou are also required to %ear a laoratory coat and a pair o safety glasses A# ALL #I+E! %"ile
in t"e laboratory and must not eat or drin' in t"e lab. Please bring your o%n lab )oats and saety glasses i
you "a8e t"em >%e )an pro8ide spares s"ould you orget?. (isposable glo8es are pro8ided.
.)7 &S(S >&aterial Saety (ata S"eets? inormation in)luding all , & ! p"rases >deining "a9ards? or ea)"
)"emi)al )an be obtained rom one o a number o sites. Bo%e8er5 most o t"e &S(S data or t"is laboratory
)ourse )an be obtained rom /la)'/oard.
-urt"er %ebsite addresses in)lude:
httpA**ptcl7chem7o>7ac7u"*+!-!
???7chemfinder7com
???7fisher7co7u"
httpA**???7uio?a7edu*Ichemsafe*+!-!*
???7polymer%systems7com
httpA**???7ilo7org*pulic*english*protection*safe?or"*cis*products*icsc*dtasht*inde>7htm
???7sigma%aldrich7com
-or t"e Sigma6Aldri)" %ebsite:
17 Sear)" using )"emi)al name5 produ)t or $AS number
27 $li)' on G&S(SH in produ)t inormation )olumn.
,E+E+)E,J
!tudying oth the e>perimental procedure and the ac"ground material
I. A-;A.CE of coming to the la
?ill ensure that you ha@e a much etter chance of conducting the e>periment
safely& understanding and completing the e>periment successfully in the
allocated time& and preparing a satisfactory ?ritten report7
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 8 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
-MPLA' MSDS .O' A$"/$ A$/D
>do%nloaded rom Sigma6Aldri)" 1.1@.14?

Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 9 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
-MPLA' MSDS .O' A$"/$ A$/D #ontinued
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 10 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
27 A--I#IO.AL .O#E!
271 Cleaning glass?are
3lass%are s"ould be 'ept )lean at all times and you are R.I2+R.( to )lean all glass%are issued to you at t"e
end o ea)" e7periment beore lea8ing t"e laboratory.
0t"er students may "a8e used some o t"e glass%are t"at you are supplied %it"5 t"us you s"ould 8isually )"e)'
all glass%are beore use >t"is is really good lab pra)ti)e? and i it is dirty you must )lean it.
A)etone may be used to aid )leaning.
272 +ar"ing glass?are
+n a large laboratory )lass it is essential t"at your glass%are be mar'ed in order t"at you may identiy it rom t"at
o ot"er students. +n analyti)al )"emistry5 e7periments may be )arried out in dupli)ate or tripli)ate so it is
essential t"at you distinguis" one sample rom anot"er. Paper labels are pro8ided in t"e lab or please eel ree to
bring your o%n mar'er pen or t"is purpose.
278 -emonstration eFuipment and apparatus
4ou %ill li'ely be amiliar %it" some pro)edures and te)"niques e.g. t"e use o a )"emi)al balan)e. + you are
unsure o "o% to do anyt"ing or use any pie)e o equipment >no matter "o% tri8ial you t"in' it is eg using a
)"emi)al balan)e C no one %ill t"in' any t"e %orse o you or not 'no%ingJ? please =ust as' one o t"e
demonstrators %"o %ill be "appy to "elp.
Remember t"e golden rule in any lab is KIf you are unsure& please as"JL
272 Calculation of results
&any o t"e e7periments in8ol8ing te)"niques su)" as titrimetri) or gra8imetri) analysis &2S1 /. $ARR+.(
021 +, 1R+PL+$A1. 0R (2PL+$A1.. Results must be %or'ed out separately. 0nly in )ases %"ere t"e results
are 8ery )lose may t"e a8erage be ta'en and %or'ed out. + you add toget"er t"e indi8idual results5 it is t"e same
as )arrying out a single bigger6s)ale e7periment o un'no%n reliability. 4ou may i you %is"5 )arry out an e7tra
determination i.e. regard t"e irst titration as a Gtrial titrationH in order to assess t"e nature o t"e end point and to
obtain an appro7imate titre.
276 Accuracy in Fuoted results
+t is important to 'no% t"e le8el o a))ura)y asso)iated %it" an e7perimental result. An unsuspe)ted error o 2A
in t"e %or' o a proessional s)ientist )ould "a8e ma=or "ealt" or inan)ial reper)ussions.
1"e a))ura)y o determination is impli)it in t"e number o signii)ant igures quoted. + you )arry out a preparation
and )laim a yield o 32A5 t"en you are implying a 8alue bet%een 31.5A and 32.5A. >,/ <e only e8er quote a
yield to t"e nearest per)ent.?
At this stage in your practical e>perience& ?hilst you should al?ays consider li"ely sources of error that
may arise in any determination it is important to do this sensily and report maCor sources of error 1eg
some of the product did not precipitate& I dropped some3 and not ecome osessed ?ith minor errors7
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 11 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
27= +eaning of certain Instructions
Bere a simple system is used to distinguis" bet%een t"ose 8olumes or %eig"ts to be measured a))urately and
t"ose %"i)" need to be only appro7imate. 1"us5 %"en t"e instru)tion s"eet states D ?eigh out accurately
et?een 0716 and 0720 g of a sampleE5 t"e a))urate balan)es must be used and t"e %eig"t re)orded to our
de)imals5 e.g. @.16#4 g.
1"e instru)tion Dadd 6 g .4
2
ClE means t"at appro7imately t"is %eig"t is required and a Dless accurate balanceE
may be used.
<"en dealing %it" 8olumes5 2670 ml or 2670 cm
8
reers to a 8olume t"at must be deli8ered rom a pipette or
burette5 %"ereas i t"e instru)tion %as to Duse 22 ml or 26 cm
8
E t"en t"is reers to a 8olume t"at may be
dispensed in a measuring )ylinder.
27< !olutions
Standard solutions and ot"er solutions and )"emi)als or t"e e7er)ises are put out at t"e end o some o t"e
ben)"es. Please ta'e only t"e requisite 8olume in a )lean5 dry bea'er. (o not ta'e e7)essi8e amounts. ,.K.R
P02R 402R S2RPL2S /A$L +,10 1B. S10$L /011L.S. + your solution %ere to be )ontaminated5 t"en you
%ould ruin t"e %"ole sto)'. 1"e solutions %ill be labeled )learly %it" t"e strengt" and name o t"e dissol8ed solid.
$lease chec" that you ha@e the correct solution efore starting your e>periment 1again chec"ing once
more that you ha@e in your hand ?hat you thin" you ha@e Cust efore adding it to a reaction is another
e>ample of good la practice7
27( -esiccators
(esi))ators are a8ailable %it" or %it"out 8a)uum taps or )ertain preparations.
(esi))ators %ill only ser8e to remo8e a 8olatile liquid i t"ere is t"e appropriate desi))ant %it"in t"e desi))ator. A
)ommon desi))ant is )al)ium )"loride and is generally used to 'eep you sample dry or remo8e residual %ater
8apor or moisture rom your sample.
27B Care of alances
a3 Al%ays )lose t"e side doors o t"e balan)e %"en not in use.
3 ,e8er %eig" out 8olatile or )orrosi8e substan)es into an open 8essel on t"e balan)e.
c3 (o not %eig" liquids i possible 6 )on8ert t"e mass to 8olume: mass M @olume > density7
d3 ,e8er %eig" "ot substan)es.
e3 (o not o8erload t"e balan)e.
f3 (o no lea8e anyt"ing on t"e pan ater use.
g3 AL'AY! CLEA. /$ A.Y !$ILL! I++E-IA#ELY.
h3 + t"e balan)e requires ad=ustment5 please as' a member o sta.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 12 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
67 E5$E,I+E.#AL $,OCE-/,E!
E>periment 1
-E#E,+I.A#IO. O0 #4E $E,CE.#A9E O0 'A#E, O0 C,Y!#ALLI!A#IO. I.
CO$$E, 1II3 !/L0A#E $E.#A4Y-,A#E7
CO!44A 4ou must pro@ide a print out o t"e +!-! data s"eets o ALL t"e )"emi)als used in t"is e7periment
efore you start any laboratory %or' C t"is is a legal requirement. -ailure to pro8ide t"em at registration %ill mean
t"at you %ill not be allo%ed to )ommen)e t"e e7periment. Losing your signed orms )ould )ost you up to 1@A o
t"e pra)ti)alHs mar's.
OCecti@e
1"is introdu)tory e7er)ise is intended to s"o% you "o% to use a balan)e a))urately and to "ig"lig"t some o t"e
)ommon sour)es o errors en)ountered during manual manipulations and %eig"ing. 4ou are as'ed to determine 6
8ia %eig"t loss5 t"e per)entage o %ater o )rystallisation in copper 1II3 sulfate pentahydrate 1Cu!O
2
764
2
O3 by
"eating t"e solid.
$rocedure
+ t"e %eig"t )"ange o a sample is to be measured a))urately5 t"e %eig"t o its )ontainer must not )"ange
signii)antly during t"e e7periment. <"en you are %or'ing to four decimal places5 t"e grease rom your ingers
or e7ample5 )ontamination rom dirty sura)es5 )"anges in absorbed moisture5 and )"anges in buoyan)y )aused
by %eig"ing a %arm )ru)ible5 )an all )ause signii)ant errors during %eig"ing.
$lease .ote: Pla)e any "ot items on t"e "eat resistant mats pro8ided and not on t"e ben)" top.
1"e ollo%ing pro)edure s"ould be ollo%ed )areully:
1a'e an empty )ru)ible )omplete %it" lid to a balan)e and %eig" it. Re)ord t"e %eig"t. Ater %"i)" support t"e
)ru)ible and lid on a pipe )lay triangle on a tripod and "eat strongly using a blue /unsen lame. 1"en5 using )lean
tongs >%"ose tips "a8e been %armed in t"e lame? transer t"e "ot )ru)ible and lid to a desi))ator and allo% it to
)ool in a dry atmosp"ere. 1o a8oid )ontamination5 ma'e a support or t"e )ru)ible rom anot"er triangle.
Ater )ooling5 say about 1@ to 15 minutes5 t"e )ru)ible and lid s"ould be ta'en to a balan)e in t"e desi))ator5
transerred to t"e balan)e using tongs and t"en re6%eig"ed and t"e %eig"t re)orded.
,o% add t%o medium6si9ed spatulas ull o )opper >++? sulate penta"ydrate >about 2g? to t"e )ru)ible and re6
%eig" t"e )ru)ible and lid. $al)ulate t"e %eig"t o t"e sample added and note it do%n.
Repeat t"e "eating and %eig"ing pro)ess %it" t"e sample se8eral times using t"e same balan)e i possible5 until
t"e sample "as been "eated to a constant ?eight >i.e. t"e dieren)e is only in t"e ourt" de)imal pla)e?. 1"e
loss o %ater rom t"e sample is a))ompanied by a )olour )"ange rom lue to ?hite.
(o not "eat too strongly ater t"e sample "as turned %"ite or de)omposition %ill o))ur and t"e sample %ill start to
dar'en.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 13 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
-or )opper >++? sulate penta"ydrate5 t"e loss o %ater o )rystallisation o))urs at about 15@
o
$.
,eporting results
Report t"e results by illing in 1able 1 >t"is %ill be pro8ided in a Lab Report Proorma on /la)'/oard? and
ans%ering t"e questionsF)ompleting t"e tas's belo%.
#ale 1
+tem +ass * g
&ass o empty )ru)ible and lid M
&ass o empty )ru)ible and lid ater "eating M
&ass o )ru)ible5 lid plus sample M
&ass o sample ta'en M
&ass o )ru)ible5 lid plus sample:
Ater 1
st
Beating M
Ater 2
nd
Beating M
;;;;;;....
Ater n
t"
Beating M
;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;
;;;;;;....
;;;;;;...
&ass o residue M
Loss o mass M
IuestionsF1as's:
1? <rite an equation or t"e t"ermal de"ydration o )opper >++? sulate penta"ydrate >$uS0
4
.5B
2
0? and or
t"e t"ermal de)omposition o $uS0
4
to $u0 in air.
2? 2sing your data in 1able 15 )al)ulate t"e per)entage loss in mass due to t"e remo8al o t"e %ater o
)rystallisation. .7press your result as a per)entage 8alue.
3? 1"eoreti)ally5 %"at per)entage o B
2
0 does $uS0
4
.5B
2
0 )ontain and t"ereore5 "o% ei)ient "as your
e7periment been in remo8ing t"e %ater o )rystallisation rom your sampleN
4? + your e7perimental per)entage diers rom t"e t"eoreti)al one5 oer an e7planation.
5? (id you ma'e any ot"er signii)ant obser8ationsN + you did5 report t"em.
6? $an you t"in' o a qui)' test to s"o% t"at t"e substan)e remo8ed rom your sample is in a)t %ater.
!? Bo% %ould you ma'e )opper sulate rom i? )opper and ii? )opper o7ide and %rite do%n t"e )"emi)al
equations or t"e rea)tions t"at you mention
#? <"at are t"e ioni) spe)ies t"at e7ist %"en )opper sulate is dissol8ed in %aterN
*? <"y is )opper>++? sulate penta"ydrate blueN
Assume t"e ollo%ing atomi) %eig"ts in your )al)ulations: $u M 63.5465 S M 32.@65 0 M 15.***45 B M 1.@@!*
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 14 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
E>periment 2 $art 1
#4E !#A.-A,-I!A#IO. O0 A. A$$,O5I+A#ELY 071+ !OL/#IO. O0
!O-I/+ 4Y-,O5I-E
CO!44A 4ou must pro@ide a print out o t"e +!-! data s"eets o ALL t"e )"emi)als used in t"is e7periment
1)O#4 parts 1 and 23 efore you start any laboratory %or' C t"is is a legal requirement. -ailure to pro8ide t"em
at registration %ill mean t"at you %ill not be allo%ed to )ommen)e t"e e7periment. Losing your signed orms )ould
)ost you up to 1@A o t"e pra)ti)alHs mar's.
OCecti@e
+n order to obtain a))urate analyti)al data it is al%ays ne)essary to "a8e standards against %"i)" your data )an
be measured. +n t"is simple e7periment t"e standardisation o a solution used or titration is )arried out.
$rocedure
4ou are pro8ided %it" a solution o sodium "ydro7ide
>a?
%"i)" is appro7imately @.1 &. Standardise it using
sulami) a)id >also 'no%n as aminosuloni) a)id?5 %"i)" is a primary standard.
>b?
1"e o8erall rea)tion is:
.4
2
!O
8
4 N .aO4 .4
2
!O
8
.a N 4
2
O
<eig" out a))urately about @.25 g >see se)tion 4.6? o solid sulami) a)id and transer it to a 25@ )m
3
)oni)al
las'. (0 1B+S S1.P +, 1R+PL+$A1. i.e. use t"ree )oni)al las's. Add 5@ )m
3
o distilled %ater and a e% drops
o met"yl red indi)ator to ea)" o t"e t"ree las's until t"e solution =ust turns redFpin' in )olour. 1itrate ea)"
solution %it" t"e sodium "ydro7ide solution until t"e irst persistent yello% )olour appears. Re)ord t"e 8olume o
titrant added or ea)" titration. -or ea)" 8olume determine t"e )on)entration o t"e sodium "ydro7ide solution.
1"e standardised molar )on)entration %ill be t"e a8erage o t"e t"ree )on)entration 8alues you determine. 2se
t"is standardised 8alue or t"e )al)ulation in Part 2 o t"is e7periment.

,eporting resultsA
Report t"is part o t"e e7periment by illing in 1able 1 and ans%ering t"e questionsF)ompleting tas's belo%.
#ale 1
&ass o sulami)
a)id5 F g
,umber o
moles
>)?
Kolume o ,a0B
solutionSolution F 5
ml
$on)entration o
,a0B solution F5
&
A8erage
)on)entration o
,a0B F5 &
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
1? S'et)" a titration )ur8e or t"e titration o a strong monobasi) base %it" a strong monobasi) a)id.
2? <rite do%n t"e stru)ture o met"yl red and e7plain "o% t"is )ompound %or's as an indi)ator. <rite do%n
t"e rele8ant equation.
.oteA
>a? 2se t"is sodium "ydro7ide solution or Part 2.
>b? @.242!4 g o sulami) a)id neutralises 25.@ )m
3
o @.1 & sodium "ydro7ide solution.
>)? &.<t. Sulami) a)id M *!.@*.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 15 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
E>periment 2 $art 2
-E#E,+I.A#IO. O0 #4E ,ELA#I;E +OLEC/LA, +A!! O0 CO+$O/.- 1A3
CO!44 see ao@e for part 1
OCecti@e
1o ma'e use o t"e simple titrimetri) te)"nique o ac"%titration to determine t"e mole)ular %eig"t o an un'no%n
)ompound and to determine its melting point.
$rocedure
<eig" out a))urately about @.3 g >see se)tion 4.6? o )ompound A5 a monoasic organic acid5 pro8ided into a
)oni)al las' and dissol8e it in e7a)tly 5@.@ )m
3 >
i.e. use an analyti)al pipette? o t"e sodium "ydro7ide solution
standardised pre8iously in part 1 o t"is e7periment. + ne)essary5 %arm t"e solution to ee)t )omplete dissolution
o )ompound A.
1o t"e solution in t"e )oni)al las'5 add 1@ )m
3
o et"anol and 5 drops o met"yl red indi)ator. 1itrate t"is solution
%it" t"e @.1 & sulami) a)id solution pro8ided until t"e indi)ator =ust turns a lig"t orange F pin' in )olour. Re)ord
t"e 8olume o sulami) a)id solution used.
2sing t"e 8olume you "a8e =ust determined and t"e e7a)t )on)entration o sulami) a)id determine t"e number o
moles o sodium "ydro7ide in your sample solution. > .oteA As' t"e demonstrator or t"e e7a)t )on)entration o
sulami) a)id?.
(etermine t"e amount >in moles? o standardised sodium "ydro7ide solution required to neutralise )ompound A.
Assuming )ompound A is a monobasi) a)id obtain t"e mole)ular %eig"t o A. >.oteA 1"e mole)ular %eig"t
s"ould "a8e t"ree signii)ant igures.?
Repeat t"is %"ole pro)edure at least t%i)e more until you are )onident t"at you "a8e )arried out at least t%o
a))urate titrations.
2sing t"e data rom your a))urate titrations5 determine t"e a8erage mole)ular %eig"t.
-inally5 determine t"e melting point o )ompound A.
,eporting results
Report t"e results o t"is part o e7periment 2 by illing in 1able 2 and ans%ering t"e questionsF)ompleting t"e
tas's belo%.
#ale 2
&ass o
)ompound A F 5
g
Kolume o
sulami) a)id
solution5 F ml
&oles o
,a0B
solution
&oles o
)ompound A
&ole)ular
%eig"t o A F
5
gF mol
61

A8erage
mole)ular
%eig"t o A
F5 gF mol
61

Sample 1
Sample 2
1? <"at is t"e melting point o A.
2? -rom t"e mole)ular %eig"t and melting point o A5 try and identiy t"e )ompound.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 16 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
E>periment 8
$/,I0ICA#IO. )Y ,EC,Y!#ALLI!A#IO.
CO!44A 4ou must pro@ide a print out o t"e +!-! data s"eets o ALL t"e )"emi)als used in t"is e7periment
efore you start any laboratory %or' C t"is is a legal requirement. -ailure to pro8ide t"em at registration %ill mean
t"at you %ill not be allo%ed to )ommen)e t"e e7periment. Losing your signed orms )ould )ost you up to 1@A o
t"e pra)ti)alHs mar's.
OCecti@e
1"is is an introdu)tory e7er)ise to t"e te)"nique o re6)rystallisation. A pure sample o ben9oi) a)id is to be
obtained rom an impure mi7ture by re6)rystallisation rom "ot %ater. 1"e purity o t"e sample is t"en determined
by inra6red spe)tros)opy and its melting point.
$rocedure
<eig" out a))urately about 1.5 g o t"e impure ben9oi) a)id pro8ided. 1o re)rystallise it rom t"e minimum
amount o "ot >boiling? %ater5 "eat appro7imately 5@ )m
3
o %ater in a 1@@ ml bea'er and add t"e mi7ture %it"
stirring. + t"e mi7ture does not dissol8e5 )areully add appro7imately 1@ )m
3
o %ater and bring ba)' to t"e boil.
Repeat t"is pro)ess until t"e solid "as =ust )ompletely dissol8ed. Allo% t"e solution to )ool slo%ly and only %"en it
is )ool enoug" to "old )omortably in t"e "and5 )ool it in an i)e bat". -ilter o t"e desired produ)t using a /u)"ner
unnel and las' and %as" t"e )olle)ted produ)t %it" )old %ater. (ry t"e produ)t by dra%ing air t"roug" t"e solid
material on t"e ilter paper or a e% minutes. ,ecord the mass of product t"at you "a8e obtained. ,ecord an
infrared spectrum o t"e produ)t >as' a demonstrator "o% to do t"is? and or your report5 )ompare it %it" t"e
inrared spe)tra o t"e impure and pure sample o ben9oi) a)id C t"ese are pro8ided5 please as'.
-etermine the melting point o t"e puriied sample.
-inally5 pla)e t"e puriied ben9oi) a)id in a labelled sample 8ial. 1"e label s"ould s"o% your name5 date5 )"emi)al
stru)ture5 and t"e %eig"t o t"e ben9oi) a)id. 4and your sample in7
Analysis
1"e original )ontaminant is a t"io)yanate salt5 its remo8al s"ould s"o% up in t"e inrared spe)tra as t"e
disappearan)e o a single5 s"arp medium band at a requen)y some%"ere bet%een 1#@@ )m
61
and 25@@ )m
61
5
re)ord its requen)y. Also5 try to assign ot"er bands in t"e spe)trum using eit"er t"e )orrelation )"art pro8ided on
t"e ba)' o t"e s)ript or one o your o%n. 1"ere is an independent )olorimetri) test or t"e anioni) impurity5 )an
you ind out %"at it isN
,eporting results
Report t"e results by illing in t"e 1able belo% and ans%ering t"e questionsF)ompleting t"e tas's belo%
&ass o sample F g &ass o re)rystalli9ed
ben9oi) a)id F g
4ield5 F A &elting point o t"e
puriied sample F O$
1? Analyse t"e inrared spe)trum o your puriied sample by assigning t"e 8ibration bands present in t"e spe)trum.
..g. or )arbo7yli) a)ids5 $M0 stret)"ing o))urs around 1!6@ C 16*@ )m
61
5 t"e band is strong so %e %rite >s? at t"e
end i.e. 1!6@ C 16*@ )m
61
>s?. $ompare your spe)trum %it" t"e ot"er spe)tra pro8ided. Atta)" your inrared
spe)trum as an appendi7 >s)an in or ele)troni) submission?
2? <rite do%n t"e stru)ture o ben9oi) a)id and s"o%5 using )urly arro%s5 "o% t"e t%o stru)ture6limiting resonan)e
orms t"at e7ist or t"is mole)ule inter)on8ert.
3? .7plain %"y ben9oi) a)id is a)idi).
4? <"en you re)ord a melting point or a )ompound using a "ot blo)' apparatus in t"e open lab s"ould you re)ord a
single temperature 8alue or a melting rangeN .7plain "o% melting point data gi8es an indi)ation o purity.
5? -rom melting point o t"e puriied sample and t"e inrared spe)tra ma'e a )on)lusion about t"e purity o t"e ben9oi)
a)id ater t"e re)rystalli9ation.
-o not forget to hand your sample inJ
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 17 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
E>periment 2
#4E !$EC#,O$4O#+E#,IC -E#E,+I.A#IO. O0 C4,O+I/+
CO!44A 4ou must pro@ide a print out o t"e +!-! data s"eets o ALL t"e )"emi)als used in t"is e7periment
efore you start any laboratory %or' C t"is is a legal requirement. -ailure to pro8ide t"em at registration %ill mean
t"at you %ill not be allo%ed to )ommen)e t"e e7periment. Losing your signed orms )ould )ost you up to 1@A o
t"e pra)ti)alHs mar's.
OCecti@e
1o introdu)e t"e analyti)al te)"nique o 2KF8isible spe)tros)opy and to apply t"is te)"nique to determine t"e
)on)entration o )"romium in aqueous solution. For COSHH purposes, please assume the solutions are of
potassium chromate i.e. K
2
CrO
4
.
)ac"ground
&any solutes absorb radiation in t"e ultra8iolet or 8isible region o t"e ele)tromagneti) spe)trum5 %"ere in dilute
solution5 equation 2 is usually obeyed. 1"e absorban)e >A? o a solution is deined in terms o t"e intensity o t"e
transmitted radiation >I? and t"e in)ident radiation >I
o
? a))ording to:
A M log
1@
>I
o
FI? >.quation 1?
-or a solution in a )ell o pat" lengt" l )m5 A is usually related to t"e )on)entration >c? by t"e /eer Lambert La%:
A M ) l >.quation 2?
<"ere or a deined %a8elengt" is 'no%n as t"e molar absorpti8ity or molar e7tin)tion )oei)ient. + t"e
)on)entration is e7pressed in moles per litre and l in )m5 "as units o dm
3
mol
61
.)m
61
or 1@@@ )m
2
mol
61
>alt"oug"
by )on8ention t"ese units are not normally e7pressed?.
1"e irst part o t"is e7periment in8ol8es measuring A or a set o solutions o 'no%n )on)entration. 1"e data
obtained enables a )alibration )ur8e or grap" >A 8s. )on)entration c? to be )onstru)ted. 4ou %ill t"en measure A
or a solution o an un'no%n )on)entration and use your )alibration grap" to )on8ert t"e absorban)e reading you
obtain into a )on)entration5 t"us determining t"e )on)entration o t"e un'no%n solution.
1%o )"romium solutions are pro8ided5 one is a sto)' solution o 5@ parts per million >ppm? o )"romium >present
as )"romate?5 %"i)" "as to be diluted to generate a range o )"romium solutions o 'no%n )on)entration. 1"e
ot"er solution is o un'no%n )"romium )on)entration5 %"i)" also "as to be diluted.
$rocedure
>i? 0btain se8en 2@ )m
3
or 25 )m
3
graduated 8olumetri) las's.
>ii? 2sing t"e 5@ppm )on)entration )"romium sto)' solution5 prepare a series o )alibration standards in t"e
graduated las's using appropriately si9ed pipettes.
4our )alibration standards s"ould be made up in @.4& sodium "ydro7ide solution i.e. add t"e appropriate
8olume o 4& sto)' solution to ea)" o t"e graduated las's >see belo%?. 4our )alibration standards s"ould
"a8e )"romium )on)entrations o *5 !5 55 35 1 and @ ppm5 t"e remainder o t"e solution being deionised
%ater 6 the 0ppm is a reference. 2se t"e equation on t"e ne7t page to )al)ulate t"e 8olumes o @.4& sodium
"ydro7ide solution and 5@ppm sto)' solution t"at are required or ea)" las'.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 18 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
>iii? -inally prepare a las' )ontaining t"e un"no?n )"romium solution by diluting the solution pro@ided y
a factor of 0O/,. Li'e t"e )alibration standards5 it s"ould be made up in @.4& sodium "ydro7ide solution.
.oteA 1o )al)ulate t"e quantity required or ea)" dilution5 use t"e ollo%ing.
possessed solution of ion concentrat
required sample of ion concentrat
7 final volume of solution required M P )m
3
P )m
3
is t"e 8olume o t"e original solution t"at is a))urately ta'en and t"en diluted to t"e inal 8olume required.
-or e7ample5 to dilute a 4& sto)' solution o sodium "ydro7ide to @.4 &5
> @.4 F 4 ? 7 2@ M 2 ml ; or ; > @.4 F 4 ? 7 25 M 2.5 ml
1"ereore5 i you are using a 2@ ml las'5 you need to ta'e 2 ml o t"e 4 & sodium "ydro7ide solution5 and i
you are using a 25 ml las'5 you need to ta'e 2.5 ml. All your las's s"ould )ontain t"e appropriate amount o
sodium "ydro7ide and )"romiumF)"romate solution made up to t"e 8olumetri) mar' %it" deionised %ater .
Estimation y Eye
/y simple 8isual inspe)tion o t"e solutions5 you may be able to estimate t"e )on)entration o t"e un'no%n.
Re)ord your estimation in your lab report.
!pectrophotometric -etermination
1a'e t"e solutions5 a Pasteur pipette5 a paper to%el and an empty bea'er >or %aste? o8er to t"e
2KF8is spe)trop"otometer. 2sing a 1)m quart9 spe)trop"otometer )ell5 measure t"e absorban)e o t"e solutions
at 8<0nm. 2se t"e blank or reference sample >i.e. @ ppm? to 9ero or establis" a ba)'ground reading or t"e
spe)trop"otometer C all your absorban)e readings %ill t"en be made relati8e to t"isQ as' a demonstrator to s"o%
you "o%. 1"en5 starting %it" t"e most dilute sample irst5 %as" t"e )ell %it" a small amount o t"e sample solution5
empty it into t"e %aste bea'er5 reill t"e )ell %it" res" solution and measure t"e absorban)e. Repeat t"e
pro)edure %it" t"e ot"er solutions in)luding t"e un'no%n. #aulate your data and in)lude it in your report.
,eporting results
Report t"e results by illing in t"e 1ables and ans%ering t"e questions belo%
13 -ill up 1able 1 t"at illustrates "o% t"e )alibration solutions and t"e un'no%n solution %ere prepared and
t"e absorptions >A? o t"ese solutions.
1able 1
$"romium solution
)on)entration F 5
ppm
Kolume o t"e las'5
F ml
Kolume o 5@ ppm
)"romium solution >or
un'no%n P? F )m
3
ml
Kolume o ,a0B
solution F ml
Absorption >A?
@
1
3
5
!
*
P
23 Plot an absorban)e 8ersus )on)entration >in ppm? grap" using t"e data obtained >,ote: 4ou )an do it
eit"er manually >S)an it in or ele)troni) submission? or ele)troni)ally5 e.g. by using .7)el?.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 19 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
83 -rom t"e )ur8e determine t"e )on)entration o t"e un'no%n stoc" )"romium solution.
23 <"at %as your estimation by eye o t"e )on)entration. $omment on "o% dierent it is rom t"e measured
one.
63 -rom your absorban)e readings5 A5 and using equation 25 )al)ulate or t"e potassium )"romate
solutions used to prepare your standards and t"e un'no%n. Assume l M 1)m5 and )on8ert t"e
)on)entration o your solutions rom ppm to moles per litre5 %"ere t"e 60 ppm )"romium solution
appro7imates to a 07001 moles per litre potassium )"romate solution. Report your results illing 1able 2.
$"romium solution
)on)entration F5 ppm
&olar )on)entration5
F &
A R A8erage 8alue o R
@
1
3
5
!
*
X (our !etermine!
concentration"
=3 <"y do you ma'e up your )"romium solutions in sodium "ydro7ide solutionN <rite t"e rele8ant )"emi)al
equation.
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 20 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland
=7 I.0,A,E- 1I,3 A)!O,$#IO. )A.-! 0O, 0/.C#IO.AL 9,O/$!
Infrared 1I,3 asorption ands for simple functional groups
0unctional 9roup +olecular +otion 'a@enumer 1cm
%1
3
al'anes
$6B stret)" 2*5@62#@@
$B
2
bend S1465
$B
3
bend S13!5
$B
2
bend >4 or more? S!2@
al'enes
M$B stret)" 31@@63@1@
$M$ stret)" >isolated? 16*@6163@
$M$ stret)" >)on=ugated? 164@6161@
$6B in6plane bend 143@612*@
$6B bend >monosubstituted? S**@ & S*1@
$6B bend >disubstituted 6 .? S*!@
$6B bend >disubstituted 6 151? S#*@
$6B bend >disubstituted 6 T? S!@@
aromati)s
$6B stret)" 3@2@63@@@
$M$ stret)" S16@@ & S14!5
$6B bend >mono? !!@6!3@ & !1566#5
$6B bend >ort"o? !!@6!35
$6B bend >meta? S##@ & S!#@ & S6*@
$6B bend >para? #5@6#@@
al)o"ols
06B stret)" S365@ or 34@@633@@
$60 stret)" 126@61@@@
et"ers
$606$ stret)" >dial'yl? 13@@61@@@
$606$ stret)" >diaryl? S125@ & S112@
alde"ydes
$6B alde"yde stret)" S2#5@ & S2!5@
$M0 stret)" S1!25
'etones
$M0 stret)" S1!15
$6$ stret)" 13@@611@@
)arbo7yli) a)ids
06B stret)" 34@@624@@
$M0 stret)" 1!3@61!@@
$60 stret)" 132@6121@
06B bend 144@614@@
Module Leader : Dr A. J. Sutherland 21 Revised: September 2014 - Drs !remova " Sutherland