Stress-Strain Notes

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Fundamentals of mechanics and
strength of materials
Ashis Mallick ME13101(SolidMechanics)
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Ashis Mallick
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
IndianSchoolofMines
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Lecture Lecture Plan Plan
1. Theprinciplesandbasicconceptsofmechanicsofmaterials 1
2. Stressstrainbehaviorofengineeringmaterials 2
3. Conceptofstressandstrainfield 14
Stressstraintransformation
Hookslawandcompatibilityconditions
Mohrscirclerepresentationforplanestressandplanestrain
Thermalstressesandstrain
Volumetricstressandstrain
4.Stressesinpressurevessels:thin,thickandcompoundcylinders 6
5.BeamAnalysis: 8
Deflection in beams Deflectioninbeams
Staticallyindeterminatebeamanalysis
Strainenergyconceptforstructuralmembers
Stressesinbeam
6.Torsionofacircularmembersandthinwalledwalled tubes 5
7.Springs:Helicalandleafspring 4
8.Failuretheories:Bucklingofcolumns 6
TotalcontactHour(App.)46
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Reading Materials Reading Materials
1.ElementsofStrengthofMaterialsbyS.PTimoshenko&D.H.YoungEastWestPress
2. StrengthofMaterials(Part1&2)byS.P.TimoshenkoCBSPublication
3. MechanicsofMaterials byJ.M.Gere Brooks/Cole
Introduction of Continuum Mechanics Introduction of Continuum Mechanics
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A steel ball dropped in air, oil, on a cotton wad and on a steel block behaves
differently
Whatwillhappen?
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Containing air
Containing oil
Containing cotton
marble acceleratesdownwardrapidly
marble movesdownwardrelativelyslowly
marble crushes the cotton
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Containing steelblock
Why these materials behave differently?
How would we describe this difference in behaviour?
marble crushesthecotton
ithardly moves
Atomicdistance Air>Oil>Cotton>Steelblock
T d ib th b h i f th f t i l ld b i ith d ibi
Materialsarecomposedbyatoms

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Todescribethebehaviour ofthesefourmaterialswecouldbeginwith describing
theatomsandtheirarrangement.
1m 1m 1m cubecontainsapproximately30billionatoms
Largestcomputercanhandleonly10billionatoms
Changetheapproach
Treat allmaterialsascontinuousmedia
Advantages ofthisapproach
Noneed totrackthelarge numbersofatomsthatcomposeourbody.
Body cantreatusingcontinuousvariables measuringtheforce,elongationetc.
Changesofcontinuousvariablescandescribebypartialdifferentialequations.
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Intheprocessof movingfromatomictocontinuousdescriptionof
matterwelossmanyinformations.
Disadvantages of this approach
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distancebetweenatoms
structuresofatomsetc.
Weneedtoexplicitlybuildin thisinformationforustobeabletodescribethebody
underconsideration.Thisiscalled constitutiveinformation.
It is an object which is not liquid or gas. Is it a sufficient definition or scientific
definition of solid?
S i tifi d fi iti
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Solid Solid
Scientificdefinition:
A solid is an object that has three dimensions (length, width and height),
in which the molecules vibrate about fixed positions and cannot migrate
to other positions in the substance. Unlike a gas or liquid, a solid has a
fixed shape, and unlike a gas, a solid has a fixed volume. In most solids
(with exceptions such as glass), the molecules are arranged in crystal
lattices of various sizes.
Ithasdefinitesizeandshape.
Itcantflowlikeliquidorgas.
Moleculesaretightlypackedascomparetoliquidorgas.
Examples:spheres,cubes,pyramids,cylindersetc.
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Mechanicsisthestudyofdeformationandmotionofbodiesunderappliedforces.
Mechanics Mechanics
Dealmechanicsproblem:
Describe thebody
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esc be t e body
thelocationofthebodyatvarioustimesandbeabletotrackitalong
its motion knownaskinematics.
Ensure thatsomebasicbalance laws aresatisfied
massofthebodyisconserved
theenergyoftheentiresystemis conservedand
Newtonslawsofmotionarebeingsatisfied
Description oftheactual materialintheformofconstitutiveequations
satisfythesecondlawofthermodynamics
satisfyothersymmetryprincipleswhichareparticulartothematerialunder
consideration
finally,weneedtoconsidertheactualgeometryoftheproblemandcombine
alltheaboveinformationresultsinaboundaryvalueproblem.
Vector and Tensor Analysis Vector and Tensor Analysis
We start to lay the framework for a threedimensional description of the
continuum. The language of three dimensional continuum mechanics is vector
and tensor algebra and calculus.
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g
Notation
Directnotation
Scalarsaredenotedbyloweranduppercaselightfaceletters(a,b,o,|,A,B)
Vectorsaredenotedbylowercaseboldface letters(a, b,)
Tensorsarerepresentedbyuppercaseboldface letters(A, B,)
Indexnotation
Allrepresentedbylightfacewithappropriatednumberof
subscripts
(e.g scalarsa,b,c;vectorsa
i
,b
i
,c
i
;tensorsA
ij
,B
ij
,C
ij
).
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Material point
A body size vanishingly small compared with the size of the areas
in which it moves. It is thus endowed with a certain geometric
point mass
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Perfectly rigid body
(indeformable), it is the body which points do not change within
the forces
System of material points
It arises from the breakdown of the body in the infinitely growing
number of material points forming a continuum material.
Solidmechanicsisconcernedwiththestressing,deformationandfailureofsolid
materialsandstructures.
F
CD
=25kN andF
CB
=20kN
Engineering Mechanics to Solid Mechanics Engineering Mechanics to Solid Mechanics
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Theinteratomic distancebetweentwoneighboringatomswillincreaseinCD. Therodwill
reachanewequilibrium.Thus,wecanwrite:
1
N
i CD
i
F F
=
=
Resultantinternalforce=externalappliedforce
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Consider an element of continuous (no voids) and cohesive (no cracks, breaks and
defects) material subjected to a number of externally applied loads as shown in
Fig It is supposed that the member is in equilibrium
Concept of stress at a point Concept of stress at a point
0
lim
A
F
A
o
A
A
=
A
Fig. It is supposed that the member is in equilibrium.

Stress:Stressistheintensityoftheinternalresistingforce(duetoexternalloading)ona
specificplanepassingthroughapoint.
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Q
n
Q
7
Q
6
Q
n
Q
7
Q
6
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Q
1
Q
Q
5
Q
5
Q
Q
n
n
Q
2 Q
3
Q
4
Q
1
Q
2 Q
3
Q
4
0
lim
A
Q
A
o
o
o
=
Normal and Shear Stress:
NowletsresolvetheforceF innormalandtangentialdirectionoftheacting
Th i t it f th f f it ti ll t ti
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area.Theintensityoftheforceorforceperunitareaactingnormallytosection
AiscalledNormalStress,(sigma),anditisexpressedas:
0
lim
n
n
A
F
A
o
A
A
=
A
IfthisstresspullsontheareaitisreferredasTensileStressanddefinedas
Positive.IfitpushesontheareaitiscalledCompressiveStressanddefinedas
Negative.
0
( ) lim
t
t
A
F
A
o t
A
A
~ =
A
TheintensityorforceperunitareaactingtangentiallytoA iscalledShear
Stress,(tau),anditisexpressedas:
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80kg
To begin, we only look at beams that carry tensile or compressive loads and which
are long and slender. Such beams can then be assumed to carry a constant stress,
and the Eq. for stress is simplified to:
F F
Average Normal
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WecallthiseitherAverageNormalStressorUniform
Uniaxial Stress.
80 kg
F
A
o =
UnitsofStress
TheunitsintheSIsystemistheNewtonpersquaremeterorPascal,i.e.:Pa=N/m
2
Inengineering,Paseemstoosmall,soweusuallyuse:
KiloPascalKPa (=Pa10
3
)e.g.20,000Pa=20kPa
MegaPascalMPa (=Pa10
6
)e.g.20,000,000Pa=20MPa
GigaPascalGPa (=Pa10
9
)e.g.20,000,000,000Pa=20GPa
F F
F=80kN
A
100mm
2
o =800N/mm
2
o =800N/mm
2
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Wheneverabodyissubjectedtoexternalforce,itsshapeandsizewillbechanged.
Thesechangesarereferredasdeformations.Duetothesedeformationsthebody
maybeeitherelongate (positive)orshortened(negative)asshowninFig.
Concept of strain at a point Concept of strain at a point
F
4
F
P
Q
AS
P
P'
Q'
AS'
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
n
0
lim
S
S S
S
c
A
' A A
=
A
A N l St i
Normal Strain
Theelongation(+ve)orcontracon(ve)ofabodyperunitlengthistermed
Strain.
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Average Normal Strain
Ifthestressinthebodyiseverywhereconstant,inotherwords,thedeformation
isuniforminthematerial(e.g.uniformuniaxial tensionorcompression)thenthe
straincanbemeasuredbyitsaveragevalue:
i.e.thechangeinlengthofthebodyoveritsoriginallength,
deformed original
ave
original
L L
L
L L
c

A
= ~
g g y g g ,
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Stress Stress- -Strain relationship and Hooks law Strain relationship and Hooks law
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(1 )
true e e
o c o = + ( )
true e e
ln(1 )
true e
c c = +
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(a)Ductile(Cupconefracture)
Veryductile
Exam:Pb,Au
Moderateductile
Exam:Al
Brittle
Exam:Ceramic,
glassatroomtemp
(b)Brittlefracture
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Ductile Fracture Ductile Fracture
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Brittle Fracture Brittle Fracture
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(A) Transgranular fracture (B) Intergranular fracture
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Rigidmaterial Perfectplastic&no
strainhardening
ElasticPerfectly
Plasticmaterial
Elastic Plastic
material
RigidPlasticmaterial
(strainhardening):
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1.2.2: Calculate the compressive stress o
c
in
the circular piston rod when a force P = 40 N is
applied to the brake pedal. Assume that the
line of action of the force P is parallel to the
piston rod, which has diameter 5 mm. Also, the
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other dimensions shown in the figure ( 50 mm
and 225 mm) are measured perpendicular to
the line of action of the force P. Ans.:11.2
1.8.2 A steel pipe having yield stress o = 270
Mpa is to carry an axial compressive load P =
1200 kN. A factor of safety of 1.8 against yielding
is to be used. If the thickness t of the pipe is to
be oneeight of its outer diameter, what is the
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g ,
maximum required outer diameter d
min
? Ans.153
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1.8.4: Two bars of rectangular cross section (thickness t
= 15 mm) are connected by a bolt in the manner shown
in the Fig. The allowable shear stress in the bolt is 90
MPa and allowable bearing stress between the bolt and
the bars is 150 Mpa.
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IfthetensileloadP =31kN,whatistheminimum
requireddiameterd
min
ofthebolt?
Ans:14.8
2.2.12 The horizontal rigid beam ABCD is
supported by vertical bars BE and CF and is
loaded by vertical forces P
1
= 400 kN and P
2
=
360 kN acting at points A and D, respectively.
Bars BE and CE are made of steel (E = 200 GPa)
and have cross sectional areas A 11 100
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and have crosssectional areas A
BE
= 11,100
mm
2
and A
CF
= 9,280 mm
2
. The distance
between the various points on the bars are
shown in Fig. Determine the vertical
displacement o
A
and o
D
of points A and D,
respectively.
o
A
=0.2mmando
D
=0.88mm
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AshisMallickME13101(SolidMechanics)
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Shear strains measure changes of angles as the material distort in response to shear stress.
To define shear strains it is necessary to look at two directions that form the plane that
undergoes shear distortion. Therefore a onedimensional view is insufficient to describe
Shear strains Shear strains
what happens. It takes two to shear.
Poisson's ratio Poisson's ratio
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Poissonsratioisdefinedasratiooflateralstraintoaxialstrain:
Thevesignisintroducedforconveniencesothatv comesoutpositive.Forstructural
materialsliesintherange0.0v <0.5.Formostmetals0.250.35.Forconcrete
andceramics,v 0.10.Forcorkv 0.Forrubber,v 0.5to3places.Amaterialfor
whichv =0.5iscalledincompressible.
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Imagine that threetension tests, labeled (1), (2) and (3) respectively, are
conducted along x, y and z, respectively.
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Strain to Stress Relationship: Strain to Stress Relationship:
(1)Pullingthematerialbyapplying
xx
alongxwillproducefollowingnormalstrains:
1 1 1
( ) , ( ) , ( )
xx xx xx
xx yy zz
E E E
o o o
c c v c v = = =
yy
alongywillproducefollowingnormalstrains:
2 2 2
( ) , ( ) , ( )
yy yy yy
o o o
c c v c v = = =
2 2 2
( ) , ( ) , ( )
yy zz xx
E E E
c c v c v
zz
alongzwillproducefollowingnormalstrains:
3 3 3
( ) , ( ) , ( )
zz zz zz
zz xx yy
E E E
o o o
c c v c v = = =
In the general case the cube is subjected to combined normal stresses
xx
,
yy
and
zz
. Since we assumed that the material is linearly elastic, the combined strains
can be obtained by superposition of the foregoing results:
y
o
yy
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
yy
xx zz
xx xx xx xx
E E E
o
o o
c c c c v v = + + =
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x
z
o
xx
o
zz
1 2 3 xx xx xx xx
E E E
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
yy
xx zz
yy yy yy yy
E E E
o
o o
c c c c v v = + + = +
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
yy
xx zz
zz zz zz zz
E E E
o
o o
c c c c v = + + = +
z
Theshearstrainsandshearstressesarerelatedbytheshearmodulusas:
, , .
xy yx yz zy
zx xz
xy yx yz zy zx xz
G G G G G G
t t t t
t t
= = = = = = = = =
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Thecompletestraintostressrelationshipcanbeexpressedinthematrixformas:
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
xx
E E E
v v
v v
c

xx
o
(
(
(
(

(
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0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0
xx
yy
zz
xy
yz
zx
E E E
E E E
G
c
v v
c

=
`

)
0
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0 0
xx
yy
zz
xy
yz
zx
G
G
o
o
o
o
o

(

(

(

(
`
(

(

(

(

) (
(
(
(
G
(

ij ijkl kl
S c o =
(1 ) ,
(1 2 )(1 )
xx xx yy zz
E
o v c vc vc
v v
( = + +

+
(1 )
E
(
,
xy yx xy yx
G G
G G
t t = = =
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Stress to Strain Relationship: Stress to Strain Relationship:
(1 ) ,
(1 2 )(1 )
yy xx yy zz
o vc v c vc
v v
( = + +

+
(1 ) ,
(1 2 )(1 )
zz xx yy zz
E
o vc vc v c
v v
( = + +

+
,
.
yz zy yz zy
zx xz zx xz
G G
G G
t t
t t
= = =
= = =
(1 ) 0 0 0
(1 ) 0 0 0
xx
yy
E E E
E E E
o
v v v
o
v v v

xx
yy
c
c
(
(
(
(

E
E =
With,
(1 ) 0 0 0
0
zz
xy
yz
zx
E E E
o
v v v
o
o
o

=
`

)
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
zz
xy
yz
zx
G
G
G
c
(
(
(
(
(
(

`

)
(1 2 )(1 )
E
v v
=
+
With,
ij ijkl kl
C o c =
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Volumetric strain Volumetric strain
( )( )( )
V
V a a b b c c abc
c
A + A + A + A
= =
Thevolumetricstrainistheunitchangeinvolumeduetoadeformationorduetothe
effectofvolumetricstress.
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The combination, c
v
= c
xx
+ c
yy
+ c
zz
is called the volumetric strain, or dilatation. The
negative of c
v
is known as the condensation.
V
V abc
(1 )(1 )(1 ) 1
x z x y y z
c c c c c c = + + + + + ~
When a body is subjected to the mutually perpendicular like and equal direct stress or
volumetric stress (e.g hydrostatic pressure), the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding
volumetric strain if found to be constant for a given material when the deformation is
within a certain limit. The ratio is known as bulk modulus and is usually denoted by K.
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Bulk modulus Bulk modulus
*** Volumetric stress causes change in volume
IfPoissonsratioapproaches0.5,whichhappensfornearincompressiblematerials,K.
Hydrostatic pressure
Volumetric strain
Volumtric stress
Volumetric strain
K
V
p
K
dV
V
dV
o
= =
| |
|
= =
|
\ .
|
|
\ .
3(1 2 )
E
K
v
=
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Determine the elongation of a conical bar under the action of its own weight
(showninFig.) if thelengthof thebar isl, thediameter of thebaseisd andthe
weightper unit of thevolumeof thematerial is.
d
2
d l
V
t
dy
y
l
4 3
V

=
2 3
2
4 3
x
d y
V
l
t
=
3
y
d dy
E
o =
2
3 6
l
l
ydy
E E

o = =
}
0
3 6 E E
}
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Principle of Superposition Principle of Superposition
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
A
1
A
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
P
1
P
2
3
P
4
A
1
3
A
2
E
1
E
2
E
3
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400mm
x
y o
z
= 140 MPa
D
A circular diameter d = 220mm is made
on a unstressed aluminum plate. Forces
acting on the plate cause normal
stresses o
x
and o
z
as shown in Fig.
20mm
z
o
x
= 80 MPa
220mm
A
B
C
D
Take E = 70 GPa and v = 1/3.
Determine:
(a) change in length in dia AB
(b) change in length in dia CD
(c) change in thickness and
(d) change in volume of the plate.
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Thermal stresses Thermal stresses
Metal expand on heating and contract on cooling. If the free expansion or
contraction is prevented by an object then stresses will be developed in the
heated or contracted material. The stresses are due to change in temperature. g p
( ) 1
T o
l l T o = + A

t o
T
o
l l
T
l
o c
= A =
T
E T o o = A
Thermalstrain:
Thermalstress:
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M T
T
E
o
c o c c = + A = +
( ) E T o c o = A
1D Hookes law with thermal effect 1D Hookes law with thermal effect
Totalstrain=mechanicalstrain+thermalstrain
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Prob.: A steel tube 2.4 cm external diameter and 1.8 cm internal diameter encloses a
copper rod 1.5 cm diameter to which it is rigidly joined at each end. If, at a temperature
of 10
0
C there is no longitudinal stress calculate the stresses in the rod and tube when
the temperature is raised to 200
0
C.
Beforeheat
Finalposition
E
s
=2.1(10)
6
Pa,o
s
=11(10)
6
/
0
C
E
c
=1(10)
6
Pa,o
s
=18(10)
6
/
0
C
Freeexpansion
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Oneofthemostcommonproblemsinmechanicsofmaterialsinvolvestransformationof
axes.Forinstance,wemayknowthestressesactingonxy planes,butarereallymore
interestedinthestressesactingonplanesorientedat,say,u tothexaxisasseeninFig.
1 perhaps because these are close packed atomic planes on which sliding is prone to
Transformation Stresses and strain Transformation Stresses and strain
1,perhapsbecausetheseareclosepackedatomicplanesonwhichslidingisproneto
occur,oristheangleatwhichtwopiecesoflumberaregluedtogetherina\scarf"joint.
Weseekameanstotransformthestressestothesenewxyplanes.
x'
y'
u
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Normal force perpendicular to the inclined plane N = P cosu
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Normalforceperpendiculartotheinclinedplane,N=Pcosu
ShearforceVtangentialtotheinclinedplane,V=Psinu
Normal stress to the inclined plane:
2
max
cos
cos (1 cos2 )
/ cos 2
x
x
inclined
N P P
A A A
u
o u
o u u o o
u
= = = = + =
Normalstress totheinclinedplane:
max
sin
sin cos sin2
/ cos 2 2
x x
inclined
V P P
A A A
u
o o u
t u u u t
u

= = = = =
Shearstress totheinclinedplane:
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o
y
t
xy
o
y
t
xy
o
x
o
x
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2 2
cos sin 2 sin cos
x x y xy
o o u o u t u u ' = + +
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin cos sin
xy y x xy
t o o u u t u u ' = + x'
y
y'
t
xy
oA
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( ) ( )
y y y
x
oA
o
y
(oAsinu)
o
x
(oAcosu)
t
xy
(oAsinu)
t
xy
(oAcosu)
u
Explanation:
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cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2 2
x y x y
x xy
o o o o
o u t u
+
' = + +
Thetransformationequationforplanestressconditions:
cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2 2
x y x y
y xy
o o o o
o u t u
+
' =
sin(2 ) cos(2 )
2
x y
xy xy
o o
t u t u
' = +
Thesummationofnormalstressatanyorientation:
x y x y
o o o o ' ' + = +
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Principal stresses: The maximum and minimum normal stresses (
1
and
2
) are
known as the principal stresses. To find the principal stresses, we must
differentiate the transformation equations.
Principal stresses Principal stresses
Principalplanes:Theplanesonwhichonlyprincipalstressesareactingcalled
principalplanes.
cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2 2
x y x y
x xy
o o o o
o u t u
+
' = + +
Transformationstress:
( 2sin2 ) (2cos2 ) 0
2
x y
x
xy
d
d
o o
o
u t u
u
'
= + =
2
tan2
xy
p
x y
t
u
o o
=
Here,u
p
saretheprincipalangles
associatedwithprincipalstresses
There are two values of 2u
p
in the range 0 360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of u
p
in the range 0 180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the principal stresses act are mutually perpendicular.
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2
tan2
xy
p
x y
t
u
o o
=
2u
p
t
xy
R
2
2 2
2
x y
xy
R
o o
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
cos2
2
x y
p
R
o o
u

=
p
(o
x
o
y
)/2
2R
sin2
xy
p
R
t
u =
Puttingthevalueofsin(2u
p
)andcos(2u
p
)inthetransformationeq.,theprincipalstress
obtained:
2
2
1
2 2
x y x y
xy
o o o o
o t
+ | |
= +
|
\ .
Explanation:
1
2 2
xy |
\ .
8/27/2014
26
IndianSchoolofMines
Exam. 7.1 (Gere): An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses are
x
= 16000
psi,
y
= 6000 psi, and
xy
=
yx
= 4000 psi (Fig.2). Determine the stresses acting on an
element at an angle = 45
0
.
6000 psi
t
xy
=4000psi
16000psi
6000psi
IndianSchoolofMines
Mohrs circle for plane stress Mohrs circle for plane stress
Mohrs circle is named after the famous German civil engineer Otto
Christian Mohr (18351918), who developed the circle in 1882 for
representing transformation relation of Cauchy stress tensor
The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in
graphical form by a plot known as Mohrs Circle.
This graphical representation is extremely useful because it enables
you to visualize the relationships between the normal and shear
stresses acting on various inclined planes at a point in a stressed body.
representing transformation relation of Cauchy stress tensor.
Using Mohrs Circle you can also calculate principal stresses,
maximum shear stresses and stresses on inclined planes.
Mohrs is also valid for quantities of a similar of mathematical nature,
including strains and moment inertia.
8/27/2014
27
IndianSchoolofMines
Mhors Mhors circle for plane stress circle for plane stress
o
yy
t o
t
xy
o
yy
cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2 2
x y x y
x xy
o o o o
o u t u
+
' = + +
o
xx
t
xy
u
o
xx
sin(2 ) cos(2 )
2
x y
xy xy
o o
t u t u
' = +
( )
2
2 2
( )
x ave xy
R o o t ' ' + = (xa)
2
+y
2
=R
2
This is the equation of a circle in standard algebraic form. The coordinates
are x1 and x1y1 the radius is R and the centre of circle has coordinates x =
Explanation:
f
ave and xy = 0
Mohrscirclecanbeconstructedinavarietyofways,dependingupon
whichstressesareknownandwhicharetobefound
Let us assume that we know the stresses
x
,
y

xy
acting on the x and y
planes of an element in plane stress (Fig.a)
IndianSchoolofMines
p p ( g )
Theaboveinformationissufficienttoconstructthecircle
Then, with the circle drawn, we can determine the stresses
x
,
y

xy
acting on an inclined element (Fig . b)
o
yy
t
xy
o
yy
o
xx
t
xy
+
u
o
xx
xy
8/27/2014
28
o
yy
Consider the normal stress x positive to the right and the shear stress xy
positive downward (Fig.). The advantage of plotting shear stress positive
downward is that the angle 2 will be positive when counterclockwise,
which agrees with the positive direction of 2
IndianSchoolofMines
o
xx
yy
t
xy
+
A
B
B(o
y
,t
xy
)
atu =90
D(o
y
,t
xy
)
atu+90
0
t
max
t
u
o
xx
t
xy
o
yy
A(o
x
,t
xy
)atu =0
o
1 o
2
o
2u
p
2u
C(o
x
,t
xy
)atu
o
ave
R R
t
Exam. 7.4 (Gere): At a point on the surface of a pressurized cylinder, the material is
subjected to biaxial stresses
x
= 90 MPa and
y
= 20 MPa, as shown on the stress
element on Fig.1. Using Mohrs circle, determine the stresses acting on an element
inclined at an angle = 30
0
. (consider only the inplane stresses, and show the results
on a sketch of a properly oriented element.)
IndianSchoolofMines
p p y )
o
Xx
=90MPa
A
B
o
yy
=20MPa
8/27/2014
29
IndianSchoolofMines
Exam. 7.5 (Gere): An element in plane stress at the surface of a large machine is
subjected to stresses
x
= 15000 psi,
y
= 5000 psi, and
xy
= 4000 psi (Fig.). Using
Mohrs circle, determine the following quantities: (a) the stresses acting on an
element inclined at an angle = 40
0
. (b) the principal stresses, and (c) the max. Shear
stresses. (Consider only the inplane stresses, and show the results on a sketch of a ( y p ,
properly oriented element.)
40
0
u 19 3
0
40
0
(a)
u
p1
= 19.3
0
(b)
u
s
= 25.7
0
(c)
IndianSchoolofMines
Exam. 7.6 (Gere): At a point on the surface of a generator shaft the stresses are
x
=
50 MPa,
y
= 10 MPa, and
xy
= 40 Mpa (Fig.2). Using Mohrs circle, determine the
following quantities: (a) the stresses acting on an element inclined at an angle = 40
0
.
(b) the principal stresses, and (c) the max. Shear stresses. (Consider only the inplane
stresses, and show the results on a sketch of a properly oriented element.) , p p y )
t
xy
A
B
50MPa
10MPa
40 MPa 40MPa

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8/27/2014

Ashis Mallick ME13101(SolidMechanics)

Fig. It is supposed that the member is in equilibrium.

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