NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER 5
2008/2009
INFORMAL REPORT
ON
ME2151-2 METALLOGRAPHY
NAME : HAN FUCHOU SAMSON
GROUP : ME 3K1
MATRIC NO : U0!"853#
C$%&'%&(
1. Objectives
2. Apparatus
3. Experimental Procedure
4. Experimental Results
5 Conclusion
1. O)*'+&,-'(
1. o obtain experience in t!e metallo"rap!ic preparation o# metallic specimens.
2. o observe t!e various microstructures in a $elded mild joint.
2 A../0/&1(
1. A specimen o# %.15 & carbon steel mounted in a t!ermosettin" plastic mount.
2. 'and "rinder $it! bot! coarser "rade and #iner "rade silicon carbide paper $it!
runnin" $ater.
3. Rotatin" disc polis!er $it! clot!(covered rotatin" disc $it! alumina po$der
suspended in $ater as polis!in" a"ent.
4. Etc!ant and dr)er.
5. *o$ po$er optical microscope $it! illumination.
3 E2.'0,3'%&/4 P0$+'510'(
1. +ild steel plates $it! %.15& carbon content $elded to"et!er b) electric arc
$eldin" mounted in t!ermosettin" plastic mount $as provided #or t!is experiment.
2. !e specimen $as "rounded usin" t!e coarser "rade ,4%% "rit- silicon paper laid
on t!e !and "rinder. .urin" t!is process/ t!e specimen $as !eld #ace do$n on t!e
paper. Pressure $as applied as evenl) as possible $!ile rubbin" it #or$ard and
bac0$ard. !is process $as repeated until an even pattern scratc!es $as
obtained.
3. 1tep 2 $as repeated on t!e #iner "rade ,2%% "rit- silicon paper $it! t!e specimen
turned 45
%
. !is $as to #acilitate t!e observation o# t!e disappearance o# t!e
previous scratc! mar0s. !e specimen $as t!en rinsed t!orou"!l) a#ter #iner
scratc! mar0s $ere obtained.
4. 3ext/ t!e sample $as polis!ed usin" t!e clot!(covered rotatin" disc $it! alumina
suspension and $ater as t!e lubricant until a mirror ima"e #inis! $as obtained on
t!e specimen.
5. !e polis!ed specimen $as t!en rinsed. !en it $as sent #or etc!in" and dried
later.
2. !e specimen $as t!en mounted on a plate and read) to be observed under t!e
microscope.
4. 5eneral micro structural arran"ements o# t!e various distin"uis!able 6ones $ere
t!en observed and s0etc!ed.
6 E2.'0,3'%&/4 R'(14&(
A #usion $eld is normall) produced b) electrical arc $eldin" process. !ere are basicall) 5
6ones t!at can be discerned in t!e $elded area and t!e parent metal adjacent to it. !ese
6ones are created since t!e various re"ions o# t!e parent metal and t!e $eld itsel# are
subjected to di##erent de"rees o# !eat treatment durin" t!e process/ and t!e demarcations
bet$een some 6ones are 7uite va"ue. !e 5 basic 6ones are8
1. 9na##ected :one
2. ransition :one
3. 5rain Re#inement :one
4. 5rain 5ro$t! :one
5. ;eld +etal :one ,<usion :one-
<usion 5rain 5ro$t! Re#innement ransition 9na##ected
U%/77'+&'5 8$%'
C!aracteristics8
=i""er <errite 5rains >
=i""er Pearlite 5rains
,1- 9na##ected :one
!is 6one represents t!e re"ion o# t!e parent metal t!at $as not !eated be)ond t!e
eutectic temperature ,424
o
C- and t!ere#ore no structural c!an"e is observed.
T0/%(,&,$% 8$%'
C!aracteristics8
=i""er <errite 5rains/ #ine Pearlite 5rains
$it! Ra""ed *oo0in" =oundaries.
,2- ransition :one
?n t!is 6one/ t!e parent metal is !eated durin" $eldin" to a re"ion $!ere #errite and
austenite "rains coexists. ?n ot!er $ords/ mostl) pearlite "rains !ave trans#ormed to small
austenite "rains. On coolin"/ ver) #ine pearlite "rains $it! ra""ed loo0in" boundaries are
#ormed amon" t!e mostl) non(trans#ormed ori"inal #errite "rains.
G0/,% R'7,%'3'%& 8$%'
C!aracteristics8
<ine Pearlite and <errite 5rains

,3- 5rain Re#inement :one
?n t!is 6one/ t!e parent metal is !eated into t!e temperature ran"e correspondin" to t!e
austenite p!ase in t!e <e(<e3C p!ase dia"ram. =ecause o# t!e relativel) lo$er
temperatures/ t!e austenite "rains be"in to nucleate at man) points to #orm smaller
austenite "rains $!ic! on coolin" $ill result in #ine #errite and pearlite "rains.
G0/,% G0$9&: 8$%'
C!aracteristics8
=i" #errite "rains and #ine pearlite "rains
,4- 5rain 5ro$t! :one
!is 6one ex!ibits t!e e##ect o# !i"! temperature treatment correspondin" to t!e
temperatures some$!at less t!at its meltin" point on t!e resultant microstructural #eatures.
!e !i"! temperature exposure leads to a si"ni#icant "ro$t! o# austenite "rains. On t!e
coolin" to room temperature/ t!is e##ect is retained as a re"ion o# coarse #errite "rains and
$idmanstatten #errite and pearlite. !e demarcation bet$een "rain "ro$t! 6one and $eld
metal 6one is "enerall) ver) va"ue.
;'45 M'&/4 8$%'
C!aracteristics8
Columnar "rains and ;idmanstatten
1tructures.
,5- ;eld +etal :one
!is 6one is "enerall) made up o# 2 6ones t!at are indistin"uis!able #rom one anot!er/ t!e
.eposited :one and t!e <usion :one. !e deposited metal 6one is t!e portion $!ere t!e
#iller metal $as deposited. ?n t!e #usion 6one/ t!e parent metal $as !eated to t!e meltin"
point and subse7uentl) cooled.
!e $eld metal 6one is "enerall) c!aracteri6ed b) t!e presence o# 2 important
microstructural #eatures/ t!e +$413%/0 <0/,%( /%5 9,53/%(&/&&'% (&01+&10'(. As steel is
a "ood conductor o# !eat/ t!e $eld is subjected to ver) rapid coolin" #rom its molten state
and t!e result is essentiall) a c!illed castin" !avin" t!e associated columnar "rains. On t!e
ot!er !and/ $idmanstatten structure appears as a result o# lar"e austenite "rains bein" put
t!rou"! moderatel) #ast coolin" rate.
5 C$%+41(,$%
?n t!is experiment/ $e learned $a)s to observe microstructures o# mild steel t!rou"!
special e7uipment and tec!ni7ues. !ese e7uipment and tec!ni7ues !elps us in learnin"
more about structures o# materials and be able to better exploit t!e underl)in" potentials
o# materials.
!rou"! t!e observation o# t!e $eld joint/ $e also learned about t!e e##ects o#
temperature treatment and coolin" rate on t!e nucleation and distribution o# cr)stals. !is
enables us to "ain insi"!t to tec!ni7ues t!at $ill !elp us to better control t!e #ormation o#
stron"er and more lastin" joints.
?n conclusion/ t!e most bene#icial part o# t!is experiment $as to ma0e us reali6e t!e
important t!e stud) o# metallo"rap!) is.