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\
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=
C TCR
C TCR
TCSC
X X j
X X
X
1
1
1
---------(1)
( )
(
(
(
(
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+ =
2
sin
2 2
tan
2
tan
1
2
cos 2
1
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
C TCSC
X j X
---------(2)
Where
( )
(
sin
1 L j X
TCR
----------(3)
N
0
= and
C L
=
1
0
On the other hand equation (2) gives a more accurate
representation of reactance of TCSC by considering
the harmonics of both the capacitor voltage and the
TCR current. Intuitively, in the case of equation (2)
the extra charge injected into the capacitor during the
capacitive vernier mode increases the fundamental
component of voltage, increasing the effective TCSC
capacitive reactance as seen by the power system. As
a result equation (2) results in higher value of TCSC
reactance for a given value of conduction angle when
compared to equation (1), in addition be presenting a
more complete representation.
In the above equations, is the conduction angle, L is
the inductance of the TCR inductor, C is the
capacitance of the fixed capacitor,
N
is power
system frequency in radians per second and
0
is the
resonant frequency of the TCSC circuit. Fig.2
[5]
shows the effective reactance of TCSC.
Fig.-2 Reactance Characteristics of TCSC
Simulation results match more closely to
characteristics drawn using equation (4.2). The
negative and positive portions of the characteristics
represent capacitive and inductive vernier modes of
operation.
V. MODES OF OPERATION IN STEADY STATE
By controlling the firing angle of the thyristors the
effective reactance of the TCR can be varied. This
variable TCR reactance in parallel with a fixed
capacitor allows the TCSC to operate in four
different modes; blocking mode; bypass mode;
capacitive boost mode; and inductive boost mode.
[4 ]
[5] [6]
Blocking Mode:
When the thyristor valve is not triggered and the
thyristors are kept in non-conducting state, the TCSC
is operating in blocking mode. In this mode, the
TCSC performs like a fixed series capacitor.
Bypass Mode:
In bypass mode the thyristor valve is triggered
continuously and the valve stays conducting all the
time; so the TCSC behaves like a parallel connection
of the series capacitor with the inductor, Ls, in the
thyristor valve branch. In this mode, the resulting
voltage in the steady state across the TCSC is
inductive and the valve current is somewhat bigger
than the line current due to the current generation in
the capacitor bank. For practical TCSCs with X
L
/X
C
ratio between 0.1 to 0.3 range, the capacitor voltage
at a given line current is much lower in bypass than
in blocking mode. Therefore, the bypass mode is
utilized as a means to reduce the capacitor stress
during faults.
Capacitive Boost Mode:
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue I/January-March, 2012/175-179
In capacitive boost mode a trigger pulse is supplied to
the thyristor having forward voltage just before the
capacitor voltage crosses the zero line, so a capacitor
discharge current pulse will circulate through the
parallel inductive branch.
The discharge current pulse adds to the line current
through the capacitor and causes a capacitor voltage
that adds to the voltage caused by the line current.
The capacitor peak voltage thus will be increased in
proportion to the charge that passes through the
thyristor branch. The fundamental voltage also
increases almost proportionally to the charge. From
the system point of view, this mode inserts capacitors
to the line up to nearly three times the fixed
capacitor. This is the normal operating mode of
TCSC.
Inductive Boost Mode
In inductive boost mode, the circulating current in the
TCSC thyristor branch is bigger than the line current.
In this mode, large thyristor currents result and
further the capacitor voltage waveform is very much
distorted from its sinusoidal shape. The peak voltage
appears close to the turn on.
The poor waveform and the high valve stress make
the inductive boost mode less attractive for steady
state operation. This mode increases the inductance
of the line, so it is in contrast to the advantages
associated with the application of TCSC for
increasing the line loadability by decreasing the line
impedance. Meanwhile, this mode is useful during
short circuits to decrease the fault current. This mode
is normally used as a current-limiting system, helping
to reduce the voltage sag during the faults.
V. TCSC MODELING USING SIMULINK
Figure 3. Model of SMIB system using
TCSC
The complete system has been represented in terms
of SIMULINK blocks in a single integral model.
SIMULINK is a software tool associated with
MATLAB, used for modeling, simulating and
analyzing dynamical systems. Single Machine
Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with all the required
components is modeled and is described. Simulink
model of SMIB system with TCSC has been shown
in Figure 3.
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS
For analyzing the effect of TCSC on transmission
system, three conditions of line is taken. In first
condition, at particular load, power transfer capability
of line is noted and the results are compared for (i)
uncompensated line (ii) line equipped with TCSC (at
three different firing angle).
In second condition, the load is changed, making it
more inductive and the results are identified in both
the condition i.e. when line is compensated (at one
particular firing angle) and when line is not
compensated.
In third condition, load is again changed, making it
more resistive, the results are identified in both the
condition, when line is compensated (at one
particular firing angle) and when line is not
compensated.
For analyzing the effect of TCSC on transient
stability of transmission system, transient disturbance
is applied on line in both the conditions, when it is
uncompensated, and when it is compensated with
TCSC (at three different firing angle) is observed and
results are compared.
Condition-I
(When load is P = 10 KW and Q
L
= 1KVar )
CASE-1 Single phase transmission system
Fig. 4 Active, Reactive Power
(without compensation)
Table -1 Active/Reactive power output
CASE-2 Simulation of tr. Line with TCSC:
(i)When firing angle is 150
0
Table-2 Active/Reactive power output
Fig. 5 Active, Reactive Power at =150
o
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue I/January-March, 2012/175-179
(ii). When firing angle, = 162
0
Table-3 Active/Reactive power output
(iii)When firing angle, = 173
0
Table -4 Active/Reactive power output
Condition-II
(When load is P = 10 KW and Q
L
=10 KVar)
Table-5 Active/Reactive power output
Condition III
(When load is P = 10 KW and Q
L=
100 Var)
Table- 6 Active/Reactive power output
It is clear from above simulations, for all the cases of
transmission line and all the conditions of load when
line is series compensated by TCSC, the transmission
capacity of line gets increased. It is also concluded
that transmission capacity can be controlled by
operating the model at different firing angle.
Moreover TCSC can be operated in capacitive mode
as well as inductive mode whenever it is required.
VIII. TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT
BY TCSC
After the application of transient disturbances, if
power oscillations persist for longer period and the
amplitude of oscillation is also high, then the system
is called unstable. To improve stability of the system
it is required that oscillations should damp fast.
Controlled series compensation can be applied
effectively to damp power oscillations. For damping
power oscillations it is necessary to optimize the
applied compensation so as to counteract the
accelerating and decelerating swings of the disturbed
machine.
To examine the transient stability of the system with
and without TCSC, the same transmission line is
subjected to transient disturbances i.e. a circuit
breaker, with specified switching time, is connected
in series with the transmission line and responses are
observed.
Case-1.When line is uncompensated:
Fig.-6 Power oscillation diagram
The amplitudes of oscillations are
1st positive Peak = above 740 MW
1
st
negative Peak = below 640 MW
2nd positive Peak = above 719 MW
2nd negative Peak = below 670 MW
3rd positive Peak = above 690 MW
3rd negative Peak = above 680 MW
Case-2.When line is compensated with TCSC:
(ii)When firing angle is 150
0
:
Fig.-7 Power oscillation diagram at 150
0
The amplitudes of oscillations are-:
1st positive Peak = above 1580 MW
1
st
negative Peak = below 1490 MW
2nd positive Peak = above 1550 MW
2nd negative Peak = below 1530 MW
(ii)When firing angle is 162
0
:
Fig.-8 Power oscillation diagram at 162
0
The amplitudes of oscillations:
1st positive Peak = above 1600 MW
1
st
negative Peak = below 1500 MW
2nd positive Peak = above 1570 MW
2nd negative Peak = below 1540 MW
(iii)When firing angle is 173
0
Fig.-9 Power oscillation diagram at 173
0
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue I/January-March, 2012/175-179
The amplitudes of oscillations are-
1st positive Peak = above 1550 MW
1
st
negative Peak = below 1450 MW
2nd positive Peak = above 1510 MW
2nd negative Peak = below 1540 MW
Comparison and discussion for stability:
Table-7 Oscillation Time
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.2
Uncompensated 146 (with TCSC) 159 (with TCSC) 170 (with TCSC)
1 2 3 4
Fig.10 Stability diagram for transmission line
By comparing the four cases of power oscillations, it
is observed that oscillations damp faster when the
firing angle of thyristor is 170
o
, taking only 0.2
second and the amplitude of oscillations is
comparatively low. But, when the line is
uncompensated, oscillations damp after 0.28 seconds
and the amplitude of oscillations is high as compared
to compensated line. It is proven that TCSC improves
transient stability of the system.
X. CONCLUSIONS:
This paper analyzes the effect of TCSC on the
power flow through the buses with resistive and
inductive loads. The simulation results show one of
the salient features of TCSC, i.e., enhancement of
power by operating TCSC in capacitive region power
as it is the important issues of power transmission
system.
Table 8 Comparison of power (MW)
It is observed from the table 8 that without
compensation, the transmission line transfers 685
MW. When this transmission line is series
compensated with fixed capacitor, line transfers 1290
MW. With TCSC operated in capacitive region , the
power transfer capability of line increases and it
becomes 1550 MW which is 2.3 times more (126%)
than the power when line is not compensated
(i.e..685MW). By comparing the four cases of power
oscillations, it is observed that oscillations damp
faster in compensated line as compared to
uncompensated line. Moreover the amplitude of
oscillations is lower in case of compensated line.
Now it is well proven that TCSC improves stability
of system.
REFERENCE
1. N. H. Hingorani, "Flexible AC transmission systems,"IEEE
Spectrum p. 4045, Apr. 1993.
2. N. Cbristl, R. Hcdin, K. Sadck, P. Llitzelberger, p. E.
Krduse, S. M. McKcnna, A. H. Maiitaya, and D. Togerson,
"Advanced series compensiuion (ASC) with thyristor controllcd
impedance," Paper14/37/38-05.
3. MATLAB Based Simulation of TCSC FACTS Controller
Preeti Singh, Mrs.Lini Mathew, Prof. S. Chatterji ,N.I.T.T.T.R.
Chandigarh. RIMT-IET, Mandi Gobindgarh. March 29, 2008.
4. The Impact of FACTS Devices on Digital Multi-functional
Protective Relays Mojtaba Khederzadeh, 2002.
5. Identification of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC)Erivelton G. Nepomuceno1, Ricardo H. C. Takahashi1,
Luis A. Aguirre1, Oriane M. Neto2.
6. Power Quality Enhancement by TCSC Application to
Mitigate the Impact of Transformer Inrush Current
Mojtaba Khederzadeh, Senior Member, IEEE 2008 IEEE.
7 Selection of TCSC parameter:Inductor and CapacitorIEEE
2011, S. Meikandasivam, Rajesh Kumar Nema, and Shailendra
Kumar Jain.
Paper presented
(i) Sunita Tiwari and S.P.Shukla Implementation of TCSC on
a Transmission Line model to analyze the variation in Power
Transfer capability, BITCON, National conference,Nov.2008.
(ii) Sunita Tiwari and S.P. Shukla Thyristor-Controlled Series
Capacitor and its application on Transmission System to
improve Transient stability AICON, National conference,
CSIT, Durg, Feb.2009.