Eje 1.

Take the integral:

integral (x^3+x-2)/x^2 dx
For the integrand (x^3+x-2)/x^2, expand out the fraction:
= integral (-2/x^2+x+1/x) dx
Integrate the sum term by term and factor out constants:
= integral x dx+ integral 1/x dx-2 integral 1/x^2 dx
The integral of x is x^2/2:
= x^2/2+ integral 1/x dx-2 integral 1/x^2 dx
The integral of 1/x is log(x):
= x^2/2+log(x)-2 integral 1/x^2 dx
The integral of 1/x^2 is -1/x:
= x^2/2+2/x+log(x)+constant
Which is equal to:
Answer: |
| = (x^3+4)/(2 x)+log(x)+constant

Eje2.
Take the integral:
integral (sec^2(x))/sqrt(tan(x)) dx
For the integrand (sec^2(x))/sqrt(tan(x)), substitute u = tan(x) and du = sec^2(x) dx:
= integral 1/sqrt(u) du
The integral of 1/sqrt(u) is 2 sqrt(u):
= 2 sqrt(u)+constant
Substitute back for u = tan(x):
Answer: |
| = 2 sqrt(tan(x))+constant
Eje 3.
Take the integral:
integral (3 x+1)^2/x^(1/3) dx
For the integrand (3 x+1)^2/x^(1/3), substitute u = x^(1/3) and du = 1/(3 x^(2/3)) dx:
= 3 integral u (3 u^3+1)^2 du
Expanding the integrand u (3 u^3+1)^2 gives 9 u^7+6 u^4+u:
= 3 integral (9 u^7+6 u^4+u) du
Integrate the sum term by term and factor out constants:
= 27 integral u^7 du+18 integral u^4 du+3 integral u du
The integral of u^7 is u^8/8:
= (27 u^8)/8+18 integral u^4 du+3 integral u du
The integral of u^4 is u^5/5:
= (18 u^5)/5+(27 u^8)/8+3 integral u du
The integral of u is u^2/2:
= (27 u^8)/8+(18 u^5)/5+(3 u^2)/2+constant
Substitute back for u = x^(1/3):
= (27 x^(8/3))/8+(18 x^(5/3))/5+(3 x^(2/3))/2+constant
Which is equal to:
Answer: |
| = 3/40 x^(2/3) (45 x^2+48 x+20)+constant

Eje 4.
Para resolver esta integral, hay que tener en cuenta que:

tan(x) = sec(x) - 1

Por lo tanto:

tan(x) dx = tan(x) * [sec(x) - 1] dx

Distribuimos:

tan(x) dx = tan(x) * sec(x) dx - tan(x) dx

Para resolver la primera integral, tomamos t = tan(x), de manera que dx = dt / sec(x) [pods
hacerlo paso por paso para comprobar]. Entonces:

tan(x) * sec(x) dx = tan(x) dt = t dt = [t]/2 = [tan(x)]/2

En cuanto a la segunda integral, es directa. Para eso, planteamos la tangente como sen(x) / cos(x),
es decir que nos queda:

tan(x) dx = sen(x)/cos(x) dx = - -sen(x)/cos(x) dx

Que es directa, ya que responde a la forma u' / u. Entonces:

tan(x) dx = - Ln|cos(x)|

Finalmente:

tan(x) dx = [tan(x)]/2 - [- Ln|cos(x)|] + c

tan(x) dx = (1/2) * tan(x) + Ln|cos(x)| + c

Otra Forma:
Take the integral:
integral tan^3(x) dx
Use the reduction formula, integral tan^m(x) dx = (tan^(m-1)(x))/(m-1) - integral tan^(m-2)(x) dx,
where m = 3:
= (tan^2(x))/2- integral tan(x) dx
Rewrite tan(x) as (sin(x))/(cos(x)):
= (tan^2(x))/2- integral (sin(x))/(cos(x)) dx
For the integrand (sin(x))/(cos(x)), substitute u = cos(x) and du = -sin(x) dx:
= (tan^2(x))/2- integral -1/u du
Factor out constants:
= (tan^2(x))/2+ integral 1/u du
The integral of 1/u is log(u):
= log(u)+(tan^2(x))/2+constant
Substitute back for u = cos(x):
= (tan^2(x))/2+log(cos(x))+constant
Which is equivalent for restricted x values to:
Answer: |
| = (sec^2(x))/2+log(cos(x))+constant

Eje 5.
Take the integral:
integral (sqrt(731) x^(1/4))/(x^2)^(1/3) dx
Factor out constants:
= sqrt(731) integral x^(1/4)/(x^2)^(1/3) dx
Expanding the integrand x^(1/4)/(x^2)^(1/3) gives (x^2)^(2/3)/x^(7/4):
= sqrt(731) integral (x^2)^(2/3)/x^(7/4) dx
For the integrand (x^2)^(2/3)/x^(7/4), simplify powers:
= sqrt(731) integral 1/x^(5/12) dx
The integral of x^(-5/12) is (12 x^(7/12))/7:
= 12/7 sqrt(731) x^(7/12)+constant
Which is equivalent for restricted x values to:
Answer: |
| = (12 sqrt(731) (x^2)^(2/3))/(7 x^(3/4))+constant

Eje 6.
Take the integral:
integral x/sqrt(3-x^4) dx
For the integrand x/sqrt(3-x^4), substitute u = x^2 and du = 2 x dx:
= 1/2 integral 1/sqrt(3-u^2) du
Factor 3 out of the radical:
= 1/2 integral 1/(sqrt(3) sqrt(1-u^2/3)) du
Factor out constants:
= 1/(2 sqrt(3)) integral 1/sqrt(1-u^2/3) du
For the integrand 1/sqrt(1-u^2/3), substitute s = u/sqrt(3) and ds = 1/sqrt(3) du:
= 1/2 integral 1/sqrt(1-s^2) ds
The integral of 1/sqrt(1-s^2) is sin^(-1)(s):
= 1/2 sin^(-1)(s)+constant
Substitute back for s = u/sqrt(3):
= 1/2 sin^(-1)(u/sqrt(3))+constant
Substitute back for u = x^2:
Answer: |
| = 1/2 sin^(-1)(x^2/sqrt(3))+constant

Eje 7.
Take the integral:
integral sin(4 x) cos(3 x) dx
Use the trigonometric identity sin(alpha) cos(beta) = 1/2 (sin(alpha-beta)+sin(alpha+beta)), where
alpha = 4 x and beta = 3 x:
= 1/2 integral (sin(x)+sin(7 x)) dx
Integrate the sum term by term:
= 1/2 integral sin(7 x) dx+1/2 integral sin(x) dx
For the integrand sin(7 x), substitute u = 7 x and du = 7 dx:
= 1/14 integral sin(u) du+1/2 integral sin(x) dx
The integral of sin(u) is -cos(u):
= -(cos(u))/14+1/2 integral sin(x) dx
The integral of sin(x) is -cos(x):
= -(cos(u))/14-(cos(x))/2+constant
Substitute back for u = 7 x:
= -(cos(x))/2-1/14 cos(7 x)+constant
Which is equal to:
Answer: |
| = 1/14 (-7 cos(x)-cos(7 x))+constant

Eje 8.
Take the integral:
integral 1/(4 y^2-4 y-3) dy
For the integrand 1/(4 y^2-4 y-3), complete the square:
= integral 1/((2 y-1)^2-4) dy
For the integrand 1/((2 y-1)^2-4), substitute u = 2 y-1 and du = 2 dy:
= 1/2 integral 1/(u^2-4) du
Factor -4 from the denominator:
= 1/2 integral -1/(4 (1-u^2/4)) du
Factor out constants:
= -1/8 integral 1/(1-u^2/4) du
For the integrand 1/(1-u^2/4), substitute s = u/2 and ds = 1/2 du:
= -1/4 integral 1/(1-s^2) ds
The integral of 1/(1-s^2) is tanh^(-1)(s):
= -1/4 tanh^(-1)(s)+constant
Substitute back for s = u/2:
= -1/4 tanh^(-1)(u/2)+constant
Substitute back for u = 2 y-1:
= 1/4 tanh^(-1)(1/2-y)+constant
Which is equivalent for restricted y values to:
Answer: |
| = 1/8 (log(3-2 y)-log(2 y+1))+constant