Adaptive

oise
Cancellati
on
Aarti Singh
1/ECE/97
Dept. of Electronics & Communication
Netaji Subhas nstitute of !echnolog"
Certificate
!his is to certif" that Aarti Singh# stu$ent of %th semester &.E. 'Electronics
an$ Communication( carrie$ out the )roject on *A$apti+e Noise Cancellation,
un$er m" gui$ance $uring a perio$ of four months -.ebruar" to /a" 0111.
t is also state$ that this )roject 2as carrie$ out b" her in$epen$entl" an$ that
it has not been submitte$ before.
)rof. /.). !ripathi )rof. 3aj Senani
A$+isori '45D6ECE(
Ac7no2le$gement
ta7e this opportunit" to e8press m" regar$s an$ sincere than7s to m" a$+isor
an$ gui$e )rof. /. ). !ripathi# 2ithout 2hose support# this project 2oul$ not
ha+e been possible. 4is constant encouragement an$ moral support ga+e me
the moti+ation to carr" out the project successfull".
am also in$ebte$ to Dr. 4arish )arthasarth" for his +aluable an$ timel"
gui$ance. !he $iscussions 2ith him helpe$ a lot in $e+eloping an in6$epth
un$erstan$ing of the topics in+ol+e$.
Also# 2oul$ li7e to than7 Sh. &hagat# the DS) 9ab ncharge# 2ho helpe$
me 2ith the lab facilities 2hene+er nee$e$ them.
Aarti Singh
Abstract
!his )roject in+ol+es the stu$" of the principles of A$apti+e Noise Cancellation 'ANC(
an$ its Applications. Adaptive oise Cancellation is an alternati+e techni:ue of
estimating signals corrupte$ b" a$$iti+e noise or interference. ts a$+antage lies in
that# 2ith no apriori estimates of signal or noise# le+els of noise rejection are attainable
that 2oul$ be $ifficult or impossible to achie+e b" other signal processing metho$s of
remo+ing noise. ts cost# ine+itabl"# is that it nee$s t2o inputs 6 a primary input
containing the corrupte$ signal an$ a reference input containing noise correlate$ in
some un7no2n 2a" 2ith the primar" noise. !he reference input is a$apti+el" filtere$
an$ subtracte$ from the primar" input to obtain the signal estimate. A$apti+e filtering
before subtraction allo2s the treatment of inputs that are $eterministic or stochastic#
stationar" or time6+ariable.
!he effect of uncorrelate$ noises in primar" an$ reference inputs# an$ presence of
signal components in the reference input on the ANC performance is in+estigate$.
t is sho2n that in the absence of uncorrelate$ noises an$ 2hen the reference is free
of signal# noise in the primar" input can be essentiall" eliminate$ 2ithout signal
$istortion. A configuration of the a$apti+e noise canceller that $oes not re:uire a
reference input an$ is +er" useful man" applications is also presente$.
%arious applications of the ANC are stu$ie$ inclu$ing an in $epth :uantitati+e
anal"sis of its use in canceling sinusoi$al interferences as a notch filter# for bias or
lo26fre:uenc" $rift remo+al an$ as A$apti+e line enhancer. 5ther applications
$ealt :ualitati+el" are use of ANC 2ithout a reference input for canceling perio$ic
interference# a$apti+e self6tuning filter# antenna si$elobe interference canceling#
cancellation of noise in speech signals# etc. Computer simulations for all cases are
carrie$ out using /atlab soft2are an$ e8perimental results are presente$ that
illustrate the usefulness of A$apti+e Noise Canceling !echni:ue.
. ntro$uction
!he usual metho$ of estimating a signal corrupte$ b" a$$iti+e noise is to pass it
through a filter that ten$s to suppress the noise 2hile lea+ing the signal
relati+el" unchange$ i.e. $irect filtering.
s ; n .ilter
s<
!he $esign of such filters is the $omain of optimal filtering# 2hich originate$
2ith the pioneering 2or7 of =iener an$ 2as e8ten$e$ an$ enhance$ b"
>alman# &uc" an$ others.
.ilters use$ for $irect filtering can be either .i8e$ or A$apti+e.
1. .i8e$ filters 6 !he $esign of fi8e$ filters re:uires a priori 7no2le$ge of
both the signal an$ the noise# i.e. if 2e 7no2 the signal an$ noise
beforehan$# 2e can $esign a filter that passes fre:uencies containe$ in
the signal an$ rejects the fre:uenc" ban$ occupie$ b" the noise.
2. A$apti+e filters 6 A$apti+e filters# on the other han$# ha+e the abilit" to
a$just their impulse response to filter out the correlate$ signal in the input.
!he" re:uire little or no a priori 7no2le$ge of the signal an$ noise
characteristics. 'f the signal is narro2ban$ an$ noise broa$ban$# 2hich is
usuall" the case# or +ice +ersa# no a priori information is nee$e$? other2ise
the" re:uire a signal '$esire$ response( that is correlate$ in some sense to
the signal to be estimate$.( /oreo+er a$apti+e filters ha+e the capabilit" of
a$apti+el" trac7ing the signal un$er non6stationar" con$itions.
Noise Cancellation is a +ariation of optimal filtering that in+ol+es pro$ucing an
estimate of the noise b" filtering the reference input an$ then subtracting this
noise estimate from the primar" input containing both signal an$ noise.
s ; n ; s< @ s ; 'n 6 n< (
6
<
n1 .ilter
n
t ma7es use of an au8iliar" or reference input 2hich contains a correlate$ estimate of
the noise to be cancelle$. !he reference can be obtaine$ b" placing one or more sensors
in the noise fiel$ 2here the signal is absent or its strength is 2ea7 enough.
< n Subtracting
noise from a recei+e$ signal in+ol+es the ris7 of $istorting the signal an$ if $one
improperl"# it ma" lea$ to an increase in the noise le+el. !his re:uires that the noise
estimate shoul$ be an e8act replica of n. f it 2ere possible to 7no2 the relationship
bet2een n an$ n< # or the characteristics of the channels transmitting noise from
the noise source to the primar" an$ reference inputs are 7no2n# it 2oul$ be
possible to ma7e n< a close estimate of n b" $esigning a fi8e$ filter. 4o2e+er# since
the characteristics of the transmission paths are not 7no2n an$ are unpre$ictable#
filtering an$ subtraction are controlle$ b" an a$apti+e process. 4ence an a$apti+e
filter is use$ that is capable of a$justing its impulse response to minimiAe an error
signal# 2hich is $epen$ent on the filter output. !he a$justment of the filter 2eights#
an$ hence the impulse response# is go+erne$ b" an a$apti+e algorithm. =ith
a$apti+e control# noise re$uction can be accomplishe$ 2ith little ris7 of $istorting
the signal. nfact# A$apti+e Noise Canceling ma7es possible attainment of noise
rejection le+els that are $ifficult or impossible to achie+e b" $irect filtering.
!he error signal to be use$ $epen$s on the application. !he criteria to be use$ ma" be
the minimiAation of the mean s:uare error# the temporal a+erage of the least s:uares
error etc. Different algorithms are use$ for each of the minimiAation criteria e.g. the
9east /ean S:uares '9/S( algorithm# the 3ecursi+e 9east S:uares '39S( algorithm
etc. !o un$erstan$ the concept of a$apti+e noise cancellation# 2e use the minimum
mean6s:uare error criterion. !he stea$"6state performance of a$apti+e filters base$ on
the mmse criterion closel" appro8imates that of fi8e$ =iener filters. 4ence# =iener
filter theor" 'App.( pro+i$es a con+enient metho$ of mathematicall" anal"Aing
statistical noise canceling problems. .rom no2 on# throughout the $iscussion 'unless
other2ise state$(# 2e stu$" the a$apti+e filter performance after it has con+erge$ to the
optimal solution in terms of unconstraine$ =iener filters an$ use the 9/S a$apti+e
algorithm 'App.%( 2hich is base$ on the =einer approach.
II. Adaptive oise Cancellation
Principles
primar" o/p
signal i/p s ; n ; signal s<
source B
filter o/p
<n
noise n
1
A$apti+e filter
source reference
i/p error#
ADA)!%E N5SE CANCE99E3
.ig. 1 A$apti+e Noise Canceller
< n As sho2n in the figure# an A$apti+e Noise Canceller 'ANC( has t2o inputs - primar" an$ reference. !he primar" input recei+es a
signal s from the signal source that is corrupte$ b" the presence of noise n uncorrelate$ 2ith the signal. !he reference input recei+es a noise n 1 uncorrelate$ 2ith the
signal but correlate$ in some 2a" 2ith the noise n. !he noise no passes through a filter to pro$uce an output that is a close estimate of primar" input noise. !his noise
estimate is subtracte$ from the corrupte$ signal to pro$uce an estimate of the signal at s< # the ANC s"stem output.
n noise canceling s"stems a practical objecti+e is to pro$uce a s"stem output s< @ s ; n
- n< that is a best fit in the least s:uares sense to the signal s. !his objecti+e is
accomplishe$ b" fee$ing the s"stem output bac7 to the a$apti+e filter an$ a$justing the
filter through an 9/S a$apti+e algorithm to minimiAe total s"stem output po2er. n
other 2or$s the s"stem output ser+es as the error signal for the a$apti+e process.
Assume that s# n
1
# n
1
an$ " are statisticall" stationar" an$ ha+e Aero means.
!he signal s is uncorrelate$ 2ith n
1
an$ n
1
# an$ n
1
is correlate$ 2ith n
1
.
s< @ s ; n - n<
s<
0
@ s
0
; 'n 6 n< (
0
;0s'n 6 n< (
!a7ing e8pectation of both si$es an$ realiAing that s is uncorrelate$ 2ith n
1
an$ n< #
EC s<
0
D @ ECs
0
D ; EC'n 6 n< (
0
D ; 0ECs'n 6
n< (D @ ECs
0
D ; EC'n 6 n< (
0
D
!he signal po2er ECs
0
D 2ill be unaffecte$ as the filter is a$juste$ to minimiAe
EC s<
0
D. min EC s<
0
D @ ECs
0
D ; min EC'n 6 n< (
0
D
!hus# 2hen the filter is a$juste$ to minimiAe the output noise po2er EC s<
0
D# the
output noise po2er EC'n 6 n< (
0
D is also minimiAe$. Since the signal in the output
remains constant# therefore minimiAing the total output po2er ma8imiAes the
output signal6to6noise ratio.
Since ' s< 6 s( @ 'n - n< (
!his is e:ui+alent to causing the output s< to be a best least s:uares estimate of
the signal s.
A. Effect of uncorrelate$ noise in primar" an$ reference
inputs
As seen in the pre+ious section# the a$apti+e noise canceller 2or7s on the
principle of correlation cancellation i.e.# the ANC output contains the primar"
input signals 2ith the component 2hose correlate$ estimate is a+ailable at the
reference input# remo+e$. !hus the ANC is capable of remo+ing onl" that noise
2hich is correlate$ 2ith the reference input. )resence of uncorrelate$ noises in
both primar" an$ reference inputs $egra$es the performance of the ANC. !hus
it is important to stu$" the effect of these uncorrelate$ noises.
Encorrelate$ noise in primar" input
signal mo o/p
<
source

$ @ s ; n ; mo ;

signal s
B
filter o/p
n<
noise 4'A( 8 A$apti+e filter
source
error#
ADA)!%E N5SE CANCE99E3
.ig. 0 ANC 2ith uncorrelate$ noise m
1
in primar" input
!he figure sho2s a single channel a$apti+e noise canceller 2ith an uncorrelate$
noise m
o
present in the primar" input. !he primar" input thus consists of a
signal an$ t2o noises m
o
an$ n. !he reference input consists of n
F
h' j (# 2here
h'j( is the impulse response of the channel 2hose transfer function is 4'A(. !he
noises n an$ n
F
h' j ( ha+e a common origin an$ hence are correlate$ 2ith each
other but are uncorrelate$ 2ith s. !he $esire$ response $ is thus s ; m
o
; n.
Assuming that the a$apti+e process has con+erge$ to the minimum mean s:uare
solution# the a$apti+e filter is no2 e:ui+alent to a =iener filter. !he optimal
unconstraine$ transfer function of the a$apti+e filter is gi+en b" 'App.(
8$ 'A(
= 'A( @

88
'A(
!he spectrum of the filters input
88
'A( can be e8presse$ as
0

88
'A( @
nn
'A( 'A(
2here
nn
'A( is the po2er spectrum of the noise n. !he cross po2er spectrum
bet2een filterGs input an$ the $esire$ response $epen$s onl" on the mutuall"
correlate$ primar" an$ reference components an$ is gi+en as

8$
'A( @
nn
'A( 'A
6
1
( !he =iener function is thus

nn
'A( 'A
6
1
( 1
= 'A( @
nn
'A( 'A( 0
@
4'A(
Note that =

'A( is in$epen$ent of the primar" signal spectrum

ss
'A( an$ the
primar" uncorrelate$ noise spectrum
momo
'A(.!his result is intuiti+el" satisf"ing
since it e:ualiAes the effect of the channel transfer function 4'A( pro$ucing an e8act
estimate of the noise n. !hus the correlate$ noise n is perfectl" nulle$ at the noise
canceller output. 4o2e+er the primar" uncorrelate$ noise n
o
remains uncancelle$
an$ propagates $irectl" to the output.
Uncorrelated noise in the reference input
signal o/p
source

s ; n ;

signal
s<
B
filter o/p
noise 4'A(
8
n<
A$apti+e filter
source
error#
m
1
ADA)!%E N5SE CANCE99E3
.ig. H ANC 2ith uncorrelate$ noise in reference input
!he figure sho2s an a$apti+e noise canceller 2ith an uncorrelate$ noise
m
1
in the reference input. !he a$apti+e filter input 8 is no2 m
1
; n
F
h' j (.
!he filters input spectrum is thus
0

88
'A( @
m1m1
'A( ;
nn
'A( 'A(
!he =iener transfer function no2 becomes

nn
'A( 'A
6
1
(
0

m1m1
'A( ;
nn
'A( 'A(
=e see that the filter transfer function no2 cannot e:ualiAe the effect of the
channel an$ the filter output is onl" an appro8imate estimate of primar" noise n.
Eect of primary and reference uncorrelated noises on AC
performance
!he performance of the single channel noise canceller in the presence of uncorrelate$
=

'A( @
noises6m
o
in primar" input an$ m
1
in reference input simultaneousl"# can be e+aluate$
in terms of the ratio of the signal to noise $ensit" ratio at the output#
out
'A( to the
signal to noise $ensit" ratio at the primar" input#
pri
'A(. .actoring out the
signal po2er spectrum "iel$s

out
'A( primar" noise spectrum

pri
'A(
@
output noise spectrum

nn
'A( ;
momo

'A(
@

nout
'A(
!he cancellerGs output noise po2er spectrum
nout
'A( is a sum of three componentsI
1. Due to propagation of m
o
$irectl" to the output.
0. Due to propagation of m
1
to the output through the transfer function# 6=
F
'A(.
H. Due to propagation of n to the output through the transfer function# 1 -
4'A(=
F
'A(.
!he output noise spectrum is thus
0 0

nout
'A(@
momo
'A( ;
m1m1
'A( =

'A( ;
nn
'A( 1 6 'A( =

'A(
=e $efine the ratios of the spectra of the uncorrelate$ to the spectra of the
correlate$ noises at the primar" an$ reference as

momo
'A(
3prin 'A( @
nn

'A(
an$
3
refn
'A( @
m1m1 'A(

nn
'A(
'A(
0
respecti+el".
!he output noise spectrum can be e8presse$ accor$ingl" as

m1m1
'A( 1
0

nout
'A(@
momo
'A( ;
0
;
nn
'A( 1 6 0 3
refn
'A( ; 1
4 'A( 3refn'A( ; 1
@
nn
'A( 3
prin
'A( ;
nn
'A( 3refn 'A(
3
refn
'A( ; 1
!he ratio of output to the primar" input noise po2er spectra can no2 be 2ritten as
!
out
'A(
@
'3
prin
'A( ; 1('3
refn
'A( ; 1(
!
pri
'A( 3
prin
'A( ; 3
prin
'A( 3
refn
'A( ; 3
refn
'A(
!his e8pression is a general representation of the i$eal noise canceller performance
in the presence of correlate$ an$ uncorrelate$ noises. t allo2s one to estimate the
le+el of noise re$uction to be e8pecte$ 2ith an i$eal noise canceling s"stem.
t is apparent from the abo+e e:uation that the abilit" of a noise canceling
s"stem to re$uce noise is limite$ b" the uncorrelate$6to6correlate$ noise $ensit"
ratios at the primar" an$ reference inputs. !he smaller are 3
prin
'A( an$
3
refn
'A(# the greater 2ill be the ratio of signal6to6noise $ensit" ratios at the
output an$ the primar" input i.e.
out
'A(/
pri
'A( an$ the more effecti+e the
action of the canceller. !he $esirabilit" of lo2 le+els of uncorrelate$ noise in both
primar" an$ reference inputs is thus emphasiAe$.
&. Effect of Signal Components in the reference input
5ften lo26le+el signal components ma" be present in the reference input. !he
a$apti+e noise canceller is a correlation canceller# as mentione$ pre+iousl" an$
hence presence of signal components in the reference input 2ill cause some
cancellation of the signal also. !his also causes $egra$ation of the ANC s"stem
performance. Since the reference input is usuall" obtaine$ from points in the
noise file$ 2here the signal strength is small# it becomes essential to in+estigate
2hether the signal $istortion $ue to reference signal components can out2eigh
the impro+ement in the signal6to noise ratio pro+i$e$ b" the ANC.
primar"
input $
j
;

output
s
j
J'A ( 6
n
j
8
j
"
j
4'A(

=F'A(
"
j reference
input
.ig. K ANC 2ith signal components in reference input
!he figure sho2s an a$apti+e noise canceller that contains signal components in the
reference input# propagate$ through a channel 2ith transfer function J'A(. f the
spectra of the signal an$ noise are gi+en b"
ss
'A( an$
nn
'A( respecti+el"# the signal6
to6noise $ensit" ratio at the primar" input is

ss
'A(
pri'A( @
nn

'A(
!he spectrum of the signal component in the reference input is

ssref
'A( @
ss
'A( J'A(
0
an$ that of the noise component is

nnref
'A( @
nn
'A( 'A(
0
!herefore# the signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at the reference input is thus
0
ref'A( @
ss'A( J'A(
0

n
n

'A(

'A(
!he spectrum of the reference input 8 can be 2ritten as
0 0

88
'A( @

ss
'A( J'A(
;
nn
'A(
'A(
an$ the cross spectrum bet2een the reference input 8 an$ the primar" input $
is gi+en b"

8$
'A( @
ss
'A( J'A
61
( ;
nn
'A( 'A
61
(
=hen the a$apti+e process has con+erge$# the unconstraine$ =einer filter transfer
function is thus gi+en b"

ss
'A( J'A
61
( ;
nn
'A( 'A
61
(
=F'A( @

ss
'A( J'A(
0
;
nn
'A( 'A(
0
=e no2 e+aluate e8pressions for the output signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio an$ the
signal $istortion an$ then compare them to see 2hether the effects of signal
$istortion are significant enough to ren$er the impro+ement in #$ useless.
#i%nal distortion &'()*
=hen signal components are present in the reference input# some signal
$istortion 2ill occur an$ the e8tent of signal $istortion 2ill $epen$ on the
amount of signal propagate$ through the a$apti+e filter. !he transfer function
of the propagation path through the filter is
6 +'((,-'(( @ 6 +'((
ss
'(( +'(
61
( ;
nn
'(( '(
61
(
0 0

ss
'(( +'(( ;
nn
'(( '((
=hen L+'()L is small i.e. signal components couple$ to the reference input are
small# this function can be e8presse$ as
+'(( 6
+'((,-'(( . 6

'((
!he spectrum of the signal component propagate$ to the noise canceller output
through the a$apti+e filter is thus appro8imatel"
+'((
0
ss'((

'((
4ence# $efining the signal $istortion &'() as the ratio of the spectrum of the
signal components in the output propagate$ through the a$apti+e filter to the
spectrum of signal components in the primar" input# 2e ha+e
&'() @

ss
'( ( / + '( ( ,- 'A( L
0

ss
'((
@ L +'(),-'(( L
0
=hen +'() is small# this re$uces to
&'() . L +'A(/ 0'A(L
0
.rom the e8pressions for #$ at the primar" an$ reference inputs#
.
ref
'((
&'()

pri
'((
!his result sho2s that the relati+e strengths of signal6to6noise $ensit" ratios at
the primar" an$ reference inputs go+ern the amount of signal $istortion
intro$uce$. 4igher the #$ at the reference input i.e. the larger the amount of
signal components present in the reference# the higher is the $istortion. A lo2
$istortion results form high signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at the primar" input
an$ lo2 signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at the reference input.
1utput si%nal2to2noise density ratio
*
.or this case# the signal propagates to the noise canceller output +ia the transfer
function 16+'A(,-'A(# 2hile the noise propagates through the transfer function
160'A(,-'A(. !he spectrum of the signal component in the output is thus

ssout
'A( @
ss
'A( L16J'A(=F'A(L
C4'A( 6 J'A(D
nn
'A( 'A
61
(
0
@ 'A(
ss

ss
'A( J'A(
0
;
nn
'A( 'A(
0
an$ that of noise component is similarl"

nnout
'A( @
nn
'A( L 164'A(=F'A(L
0
@
'A(
CJ'A( 6 4'A(D
ss
'A(J 'A
61
(
nn

ss
'A( J'A(
0
;
nn
'A( 'A(
0
!he output signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio is thus

ss
'A(
nn
'A( 'A
61
(
0
out'A( @
nn'A(

ss
'A ( J'A
61
(
@
nn 'A( 'A(
0

ss
'A( J'A(
0
.rom the e8pression for signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at reference input# this can
be 2ritten as
1
out'A( @
ref'A(
!his sho2s that the signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at the noise canceller output is
simpl" the reciprocal at all fre:uencies of the signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at the
reference input# i.e. the lo2er the signal components in the reference# the higher
is the signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio in the output.
5utput noiseI
=hen LJ'A(L is small# the e8pression for output noise spectra re$uces to
.
ss
'A( J'A
61
(
0
nnout'A( nn'A(
nn

'A(

'A
61
(
n terms of signal6to6noise $ensit" ratios at reference an$ primar" inputs#

nnout
'A( .
nn
'A( L
ref
'A(L L
pri
'A(L
!he $epen$ence of output noise on these three factors is e8plaine$ as un$erI
1. .irst factor
nn
'A( implies that the output noise spectrum $epen$s on
the input noise spectrum# 2hich is ob+ious.
2. !he secon$ factor implies that# if the signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio at the
reference input is lo2# the output noise 2ill be lo2# i.e. the smaller the
signal components in the reference input# the more perfectl" the noise
2ill be cancelle$.
3. !he thir$ factor implies that if the signal6to6noise $ensit" ratio in the
primar" input is lo2# the filter 2ill be traine$ most effecti+el" to cancel the
noise rather than the signal an$ conse:uentl" output noise 2ill be lo2.
IIC. Use of AC 3ithout a reference si%nal
An important an$ attracti+e use of ANC is using it 2ithout a reference signal.
!his is possible for the case 2hen one of the signal an$ noise is narro2ban$ an$
the other broa$ban$. !his is particularl" useful for applications 2here it is
$ifficult or impossible to obtain the reference signal.
s
j
; n
j
;

broa$ban$
primar" $j output
i/p 6
reference
i/p 8
j
=
F
'A( narro2ban$
output
$ela"
ADA)!%E N5SE CANCE99E3
.ig. M ANC 2ithout reference input
n the case 2here signal is narro2ban$ an$ noise is broa$ban$# or signal is
broa$ban$ an$ noise is narro2ban$# a $ela"e$ +ersion of the input signal can be
use$ as the reference input. !his is because a broa$ban$ signal is not correlate$ to
pre+ious sample +alues unli7e a narro2ban$ signal. =e onl" nee$ to insure that
the $ela" intro$uce$ shoul$ be greater than the $ecorrelation6time of the
broa$ban$ signal an$ less than the $ecorrelation6time of the narro2ban$ signal.
i.e. 4
$
'&&( N $ela" N 4
$
'N&(
!his concept is applie$ to a number of problems 6
1. Canceling perio$ic interference 2ithout an e8ternal reference source.
2. A$apti+e self6tuning filter
3. A$apti+e 9ine Enhancer
!hese applications are $iscusse$ later.
. Applications
IIIA. Adaptive oise Cancelin% applied to
sinusoidal interferences
!he elimination of a sinusoi$al interference corrupting a signal is t"picall"
accomplishe$ b" e8plicitl" measuring the fre:uenc" of the interference an$
implementing a fi8e$ notch filter tune$ to that fre:uenc". A +er" narro2 notch is
usuall" $esire$ in or$er to filter out the interference 2ithout $istorting the signal.
4o2e+er# if the interference is not precisel" 7no2n# an$ if the notch is +er" narro2#
the center of the notch ma" not fall e8actl" o+er the interference. !his ma" lea$ to
cancellation of some other fre:uenc" components of the signal i.e. $istorting the
signal# 2hile lea+ing the interference intact. !hus# it ma" infact lea$ to an increase
in the noise le+el. Also# there are man" applications 2here the interfering sinusoi$
$rifts slo2l" in fre:uenc". A fi8e$ notch cannot 2or7 here at all unless it is
$esigne$ 2i$e enough to co+er the range of the $rift# 2ith the conse:uent $istortion
of the signal. n situations such as these# it is often necessar" to measure in some
2a" the fre:uenc" of the interference# an$ then implement a notch filter at that
fre:uenc". 4o2e+er# estimating the fre:uenc" of se+eral sinusoi$s embe$$e$ in the
signal can re:uire a great $eal of calculation.
=hen an au8iliar" reference input for the interference is a+ailable# an
alternati+e techni:ue of eliminating sinusoi$al interferences is b" an a$apti+e
noise canceller. !his reference is a$apti+el" filtere$ to match the interfering
sinusoi$s as closel" as possible# allo2ing them to be filtere$ out. !he a$+antages
of this t"pe of notch filter are6
1: t ma7es e8plicit measurement of the interfering fre:uenc" unnecessar".
2: !he a$apti+e filter con+erges to a $"namic solution in 2hich the time6
+ar"ing 2eights of the filter offer a solution to implement a tunable
notch filter that helps to trac7 the e8act fre:uenc" of interference un$er
non6stationar" con$itions or $rifts in fre:uenc".
3: t offers eas" control of ban$2i$th as is sho2n belo2.
4: An almost infinite null is achie+able at the interfering fre:uenc" $ue to
the close an$ a$justable spacing of the poles an$ Aeros.
5: Elimination of multiple sinusoi$s is possible b" formation of multiple
notches 2ith each a$apti+el" trac7ing the correspon$ing fre:uenc".
AC as #in%le2fre5uency notch 6lter*
!o un$erstan$ the operation of an A$apti+e Noise Canceller as a Notch filter# 2e
consi$er the case of a single6fre:uenc" noise canceller 2ith t2o a$apti+e 2eights.
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