TERMODINAMIKA METALURGI

1. Calculate the energy required and the cost of heating a slab of aluminium of mass one
metric ton (1000 kg) from 300 K to 800 K, a temperature that might be used to reduce the
thickness of the aluminium through rolling. The aluminium will be heated by passing it
though a furnace that uses electricity as its source energy. The cost of electrical energy is
assumed to be Rp. 1000 per kWh (kilowatt-hour). Assume that there are no extraneous
heta losses from the furnace, all the electrical energy entering the furnace is used to heat
the aluminium. (select the furnace as system. Note thath is an open system. Assume that it
is steady state).
2. Calcium carbide is considered to be a potential fuel in a basic oxygen converter and
would be expected to burn into CaO and CO or CO
2
, depending upon the conditions. If
the heat required to raise steel scrap to 1600
0
C is 333 kcal/kg of scrap, calculate how
many kg of steel scrap can be charged per 1000 kg of CaC
2
when
a. All CaC
2
is consumed to form CO
b. All CaC
2
is consumed to form CO
2
, and
c. 60% of CaC
2
is utilized to produce CO
2
and rest for CO
(carinilai H
0
298
masing2 senyawapada literature)
3. Calculate:
a. The enthalphy of NiO at 1707
0
C
b. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of NiO from 25
O
C to 1707
O
C
Given:
H
O
298,NiO
= -57.5 kcal/mole
Cp
,NiO
= 12.91 cal/deg/mole
4. The mean molar heat capacities at constant pressure of hydrogen, oxygen and water,
vapour in the temperature range from 25
O
C to 100
O
C are 6.92, 7.04, and 8.03
cal/deg/mole respectively. Calculate the heat of formation of water vapour at 100
0
C if
H
0
298
for water is -57.80 kcal/mole.
5. In an investigation of thermodynamic properties of -manganes, the following heat
contents were determined:
H
0
700
H
0
298
= 2,895 cal/g-atom
H
0
1000
H
0
298
= 5,450 cal/g-atom
Find a suitable equation for ( H
0
T
H
0
298
) and also for Cp as a function of temperature in
the form (a+bT). Assume that no structural transformation takes place in the given
temperature range.
6. The combustion of acetylene fuel with nitrous oxide as oxidant at 25
0
C is widely
performed in flame emisiion spectrophotometry. Calculate the maximum temperature
attained if the best mixture corresponds to the reaction
(C
2
H
2)
3(N
2
O) = 2(CO) + (H
2
O) + 3(N
2)
Assume that water is undissociated.
Given:
H
0
298,(C2H2)
= 54.23 kcal/mole
H
0
298,(N2O)
= 19.70 kcal/mole
H
0
298,(CO)
= -26.42 kcal/mole
H
0
298,(H20)
= -57.80 kcal/mole
Cp,
CO
= 6.8 + 10
-3
T-0.11x10
5
T
-2
cal/deg/mole
Cp,
H2O
= 7.17 + 2.56x10
-3
T + 0.08x10
5
T
-2
cal/deg/mole
Cp,
N2
= 6.5 + 1.0x10
-3
T cal/deg/mole
7. The reduksi of iron oxide in the blast furnace proceeds according to the following
reactions:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO = 2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2

H
0
298
= 12.7 kcal
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO = 3FeO + CO
2

H
0
298
= +9.8 kcal
FeO + CO = Fe + CO
2

H
0
298
= -4.4 kcal
Calculate H
0
298
for the reaction
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO
2
8. Fe
2
O
3
, PbO and Cu
2
O present in a dead roasted tin ore react according to the following
equations, during leaching with 1.11 M HCl (= HCl(50 H
2
O)) at 25
0
C
Fe
2
O
3+
6HCl(50 H
2
O) = 2FeCl
3
(150 H
2
O) + 3H
2
O
PbO + 2HCl(50 H
2
O) = PbCl
2
(100 H
2
O) + H
2
O
Cu
2
O + 2HCl(50 H
2
O) = 2CuCl(50 H
2
O) + H
2
O
Calculate the heat of the leaching process at 25
0
C per 100 kg of ore, assuming that the
SiO
2
and SnO
2
present in the ore are unaffected during leaching.
Given:
a. Composition of dead roasted tin ore is 10% Fe
2
O
3
, 5 % PbO, 5% Cu
2
O, 15% SiO
2

and rest SnO
2

b. Standard heat of formation of Fe
2
O
3,
Cu
2
O, PbO, FeCl
3
(150 H
2
O), CuCl(50
H
2
O),PbCl
2
(100 H
2
O),H
2
O,HCl(50 H
2
O), at 25
0
C are -196.3, -40.0, -52.4, -92.0, -
30.9, -83.2, -68.32, -17.4 kcal/mole respectively.
9. Calculate the enthalpy change (at 298 K) for the oxidant of methane (CH
4
). The chemical
equation:
CH
4
(g) + O
2
(g) = CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (g)
Known:
Hf (CO2) = -393.5 kJ
Hf (H2O )= -241.8 kJ
Hf (CH4) = -74.8 kJ
10. Fuel gas at 298 K is burned with stoichiometric amount of dry air (21% oxygen and 79%
nitrogen), also at 298 K. The reaction takes place at one atmosphere pressure. The
compositin of the fuel gas to be burned is (by volume): 20% CO, 30% CO
2
, and 50% N
2
.
Calculate the flame temperature!
11. Calculate change of melting point of tin resulting from a pressure change of 500 atm.
For tin:
Melting point = 505 K at 1 atm
Heat of fusion = 7196 J
Molecular weight = 118.7 g/mol
Density of solid tin = 7.30 g/cm
3

Change of volume upon melting = 2.7%
12. A tank contains pure oxygen at total pressure of 1 atmosphere. Oxygen exist primarily in
diatomic form, O2. However, oxygen can also exist in monoatomic state. Calculate the
equilibrium concentration of monoatomic oxygen in the tank at 1000K. Standard Gibbs
free energy of formation of monoatomic oxygen is 187800 J per mole of monoatomic
oxygen at 1000K.
13. Consider the equilibrium in water-hydrogen-oxygen system. At 2000K, a system will be
operated so that the partial pressure of oxygen is 10-
10
atm. What should be the ratio of
hydrogen to water vapor ti achieve this condition?
14. Decomposition of calcium carbonate (lime stone) into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
CaCO
3
= CaO + CO
2
Following data are available for pressure of carbon dioxide in equilibrium with CaO and
CaCO
3
:
Temperature(K) Pressure(atm)
1030 0.10
921 0.01
a. Calculate change in enthalpy
b. Estimate temperature, at which the equilibrium partial pressure of CO
2
will be one
atmosphere
15. At 298 K, Gibbs free energy of formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen, each in its
standard state, is -273191 J/mol. Number of electrons involves is 2. Calculate standard
potential of hydrogen-oxygen fuell cell!
16. Pada temperature antara 1000-1500 K, koefisien aktivitas dari Zn dalam sebuah larutan
Cu-Zn dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut:
RT ln
Zn
= - 38 300

Satuan : Joule

pada suhu 1200 K = 1,17 atm

Hitung:
a. Aktivitas dan tekanan parsial Zn pada suhu 1200 K, fraksi mol Zn = 40%.
b. Enthalpy, entropy dan energi bebas pencampuran pada suhu 1200 K, fraksi mol Zn =
40%.
17. Dari pengukuran tekanan uap, aktivitas dari Hg dalam liquid Hg-Bi alloy pada
temperature 593 K dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut. Hitung aktivitas dari Bismuth dalam
40 persen atom Bi alloy pada suhu tersebut.
18. Al-Bi alloys (

= 0,167 ) memiliki Emf = 0,01304 Volt pada temperature 900

0
C.
Koefisien temperature = 6,25 x 10
-5
Volt/derajat.
a. Hitung aktivitas dan koefisien aktivitas Aluminium.
b. Hitung partial molar enthalpy, entropy dan energi bebas pencampuran.
19. Diketahui data-data berikut
Si
(l)
+ O
2 (g)
SiO
2 (s)

= -952 700 + 204 T

X
Hg
0,949 0,893 0,851 0,753 0,653 0,537 0,437 0,330 0,207 0,063
a
Hg
0,961 0,929 0,908 0,840 0,765 0,650 0,542 0,432 0,278 0,092
log

O
2 (g)
O
(1 wt% in Fe)

= -58900 + 13,1 kalori.

a. Hitung energi bebas total reaksi.
Si
(1 wt% in Fe)
+ 2O
(1 wt% in Fe)
SiO
2 (s)

b. Hitung koefisien kesetimbangan reaksi pada suhu 1873 K.
c. Hitung persen berat Oksigen pada besi yang mengandung 0,2 % Si pada suhu 1873 K

Diketahui:

= -0,14

= -0,20

= -0,24

= 0,32