Column Design

3-1
Chapter 3 Compression members

Chapter 3

Compression Members

3.1 Introduction

Fig.3.1Resistance ofaxiallyloadedmembers
3-2

Tension strength of member is independent of length, but
the compression strength of column reduces with length.
Due to compressive load N causing bending in column
with initial curvature
First-order analysis: the equations of equilibrium are
written in terms of the geometry of the undeformed
structure.
If the materials remain elastic, the stiffness of column is
constant and the relationship between axial load and axial
strain is linear.
For most of the practical problems under service limit,
the first-order elastic analysis is a reasonable
approximation.
In reality, the presence of the axial compressive force on
the deflected structure introduces additional moment
(a destabilizing moment).
Consequently, the general stiffness and strength of the
structure will decrease. Such effect is generally termed
P- effect.
3-3

Such effect is deflection dependent and the stiffness is
no longer constant, and hence the problem becomes
nonlinear this is called geometric nonlinearity, and the
analysis taking such effect is known as second-order
analysis.
Consequences of P- effects

Additional moment
= P (P- effects)
Increased moment
Increased deflection
Decreased stiffness &
strength (in general)
Loss of stability
o
: Initial imperfection or
deflection
Stability is a serious problem in slender members
Consider the following scenarios:
N = 0

N = N
cr

0

N = N
cr

N = 0
3-4

Short, stocky column: failure due to material strength;
primary deformation remains in axial direction
Long, slender column: failure caused by deflection
perpendicular to the load, due to P- effects
The actual load carrying capacity in very slender column
is independent of material strength.
For perfectly straight column under pure axial
compressive force (idealized conditions), there exists a
N = 0
N = N
cr

0

N = N
cr

N = 0

N
N
N

L
lateral
o
N
oL
3-5

definite stability limit. Nothing happens until this limit is
reached, then a sudden loss of stability will occur.
This can be conceptually illustrated using a strut-spring
system below

At a slightly displaced position with angle
Restoring moment:
B R R
(2) 2 M = =

Overturning moment =N(L)/2
At equilibrium:
B
0
2
L
M N =

R
(2 ) 0
2
NL
=

Solution 1: 0 = (straight position, trivial solution)
N
B
C
N
M
B

N
A
B
C
N
L/2
L/2
A
C
R

3-6

Solution 2:
R
2 0
2
NL
=
=>
R
cr
4
= N
L
(critical load)
N
cr
is the only load to maintain equilibrium in a disturbed
(non-straight) position
When
cr
= N N
, can be of any value, giving a deflected
shape (called buckling mode) but not a definite
position
Clearly,
If
cr
< N N system is stable and will return to original
position; if
cr
> N N system is unstable; if
cr
= N N
system is neutral.
So we understand the critical state for elastic stability is
the condition where the structure (strut or frame) has no
tendency to return to its initial position when slightly
disturbed, regardless of the material strength. The
corresponding axial load is called critical load or
buckling load.

3-7

Analysis of critical load:
Setting up equilibrium at deformed position (neutral
equilibrium)
Diagram describing the three states:

In summary, the structural stability analysis deals with
the following two aspects of the problem:
To determine the critical load N
cr
for ideal struts and
frames under axial loading
To incorporate the deflections for real struts.
Deflection
o
Neutral
Unstable
N
Stable
N
o
3-8

Struts with initial curvature - eccentrically loaded struts
Ideal struts under purely axial load remain perfectly
straight until the critical load is reached: critical load
analysis
Structural stability
Critical load N
cr

General effects on structures

(P- effects) where N < N
cr

Simple Struts.
Solving Differential
Eqs.
u +
2
u=?
Stability Functions
s, c
Stiffness matrix

Critical load analysis using matrix approach
Setting up [K]
- Matrix assembling
- Unit Disp. Method
- (Slope deflection method)
SUMMARY

For struts & frames
General structural
Analysis
Solving Det. [K]=0
3-9

Real struts are not perfectly straight, deflection exists
and will increase with increase of axial compressive load:
P- effect.
Terminology
Instability Buckling
Buckling load Critical load
Deflected shape at buckling Buckling mode
buckling shape
In brief, the structural stability analysis is used to
determine the critical load N
cr
(stability limit,
buckling load) for ideal struts (members under
compression) and frames under axial loading
Design criteria in Eurocode:
Strength ability to bear the imposed load, in terms of
material strength
Stiffness sufficient stiffness to limit the normal
deflection to an acceptable level
3-10

Stability able to resist the imposed load in a stable
manner
If stability limit << strength limit: structurally ineffective.

Fig.3.2Elasticbehaviourofacompressionmember

Fig. 3.2 illustrates the case of gradual loss of stability for
axially loaded members when initial deflection exists.
= magnitude of central deflection
0
= magnitude of central initial imperfection
For a perfectly straight member, no bending until N
reaches elastic buckling value N
cr

3-11

At N
cr
member deflects laterally in an uncontrolled
manner flexural buckling has occurred
For member with initial curvature, bending takes place as
soon as load is applied, as N approaches N
cr
the central
deflection increases rapidly

3.2 Elastic compression members
3.2.1 Buckling of straight members
The algebraic sign of a stress resultant does not depend
on its direction in space, such as upward or downward,
clockwise or anticlockwise, e.g. for axial force, tension is
negative, compression is positive! Two types of sign
conventions are used in mechanics: deformation sign
conventions for stress resultants and static sign
conventions for equations of equilibrium. The former is
based on how the material is deformed, and the latter are
based upon directions in space.
Sign conventions
3-12

End moment and end rotation: right-hand screw rule
( -axis -axis x y ).
N = positive for compressive axial load.
Deflection v is positive in the positive direction of y-axis,
fixed at end 1.
Bending moment at x, M(x): Also R. H. Screw rule for
free body from end 1 to point x.
For other orientations of x-y axes: apply above
conventions accordingly.
z-axis pointing in
pointing out of paper

pointing into paper
Note

v
M
x
N
V
1

1
x
y, v
2
3-13

Differential equation for buckling
From flexure theory
( )
2
2
=
d v
EI M x
dx

( ) M x can be obtained from the equilibrium of free body
from end 1 to x, and is related to v. Substitute
( ) M x
into the above equation, we get the differential equation
for buckling.
( ) M x is the internal moment of resistance.
v is the lateral deflection and x is along the beam axis
measured from end 1.
N is the variable concentric axial load.
y, v
+M
z
=M(x)
2
2
d
d
+
v
x

Curvatureinxyplane
x
V
V
+
Positiveshearforce
3-14

From the moment equilibrium of segment 1-x about point
x,
M(x) + Nv + M
1
- V
1
x = 0
M(x) = -Nv -M
1
+ V
1
x
Substitute the above into the flexure formula,
1 1
" + = Nv M V x EIv

Rewriting, we obtain the following general differential
equation for buckling of struts,
2
1 1
''+ =
V x M
v v
EI EI
, in which
=
N
EI

Solving the above equation for critical load N
cr
and
deflected shape v (buckling mode).
Euler strut; Euler buckling load
Consider ideal strut with pinned-pinned supports - Euler
strut.
3-15

v
y
x
N
1
2
L
x
N
N
M(x)

At end 1, M
1
=0, V
1
=0, M(x)=-Nv
'' = EIv Nv
'' 0 + =
N
v v
EI
(3.58)
(same as putting 0
1
= M , 0
1
= V into the general
differential equation)
Let
2
=
N
EI

2
'' 0 + = v v
The above is a second-order differential equation,
and is homogeneous (right hand side = 0), so the general
solution:
sin cos = + v A x B x

where A and B are integration constants
Apply the boundary conditions at both ends:
3-16

a) v(0)=0;
b) v(L)=0.
From a) B=1 sin = v A x
Then from b)
sin 0 = A L

So either 0 = A (trivial solution, strut remains straight)
or
sin 0 = L
(critical equation for
o
N )

= L n

=
N
L n
EI
(n = 1, 2, , n = 0 trivial solution)

2 2
cr
2
=
n EI
N
L

n = 1 gives the smallest N
cr
at non-straight equilibrium:
2
cr
2
=
EI
N
L

(3.2)
This is the critical load for the Euler strut (pinned-pinned),
known as Euler load.
The corresponding deflection shape is a half sine curve
(bow shape in EC3 1-1):
3-17

sin sin

= =
x
v A x
L
(3.1)
Other values of n give a series of critical loads, each
corresponding to a more complex equilibrium form and
buckling shape

N
N
n=1

sin

=
x
v
L

2
cr
2
=
EI
N
L

2
sin

=
x
v
L

2
cr
2
4
=
EI
N
L

3
sin

=
x
v
L

2
cr
2
9
=
EI
N
L

Note that higher buckling modes will NOT occur unless
restraints are provided at the respective nodes.
N
N n=3
N
N
n=2
3-18

Typical cases of other simple struts:
Fixed-fixed ends

Fixed-free ends

N
y
x
N
1
u
2
2
0
= v
1
1
0
0
=
=
v

y
N
x
N
1 3
2
1
1
0
0
=
=
v
v
2
2
0
0
=
=
v
3-19

Fixed-pinned ends

Coming back to the following equation:
2
cr
2
=
EI
N
L
(3.2)
The elastic buckling load :
( )
( )
2 2
2
cr
2 2
/

= =
E Ai
EA
N
L
L i
(3.4)
Dividing throughout by the squash load
Y y
= N Af

( ) ( )
2 2
cr
2 2
Y y
y
1
/ /

= =
N EA E
N Af
L i L i f

Introducing the generalised slenderness ratio
y
N
x
N
1
3
2
v
1
1
0
0
=
=
v

2
0 = v
3-20

( )
2
y y y
Y
2 2
cr
/
= = =

cr
f L i f f
N L
N E i E
(3.5)

Fig.3.4Bucklingandyieldingofcompressionmembers

3-21

3.2.2 Bending of members with initial curvature
Strut with initial deflection
0 0
sin

=
x
v
L

v
o
- initial deflection,
v - deflection due to N (P- effects)
( )
o
" = + EIv N v v
(3.62)

o
"+ =
N N
v v v
EI EI

with
o o
sin
=
x
v
L
(3.7)
o
" sin
+ =
N N x
v v
EI EI L

For this non-homogeneous 2
nd
-order differential equation,
while the same homogeneous solution could be applied,
x
N
N
1
3
2
L
x
v
o

v
y
3-22

the particular solution can be written in trigonometric
form:
sin cos

= +
P
x x
v C D
L L

cos sin

=
P
x x
v C D
L L L L

2 2
2 2
sin cos

=
P
x x
v C D
L L L L

Substituting the above into the equation and comparing
terms of
( )
sin / x L and
( )
cos / x L , we have
0 = D
and
2
o
2

+ =

N N
C
L EI EI

o o 2
2
1
= =

N
EI
C
N
L EI
where
cr
N
N
=

sin cos sin
= + +
x
v A x B x C
L

3-23

Apply boundary conditions
( )
0 0 = v
0 = B
( )
0 = v L
0 = A
o o
sin
1 1

= =

x
v v
L

cr
o o cr
/
1 1 /

= = =

N N v
v N N
(3.9)
Total o o o o
1
1 1
= + = + =

v v v v v v

Initial deflection is amplified by a factor
1
1

The maximum moment in the compression member at
/ 2 = x L is
( )
o
+ N .
The maximum total stress at mid-height is
( )
o
max
+
= +
N
N
f
A Z

If the elastic limit is taken as the yield stress
y
f the
limiting axial load
L
N is given by
Note, = deflection at midspan
3-24

( )
o
y Y
+
= = +
L
L
N A
Af N N
Z

( )
o
Y
+
=
L
L
N A
N N
Z
(3.63)
Expressing
2
/ 2
= =
I I
Z
d d
and
cr
o
cr
/
1 /
N N
N N
=
(Eqn. 3.9),
we have
L cr
L o
L cr
L Y
2
/
1
1 /
2 1
N N
N A
N N
d
N N
Ai

+

=

o L L
L Y Y
2
L cr L cr
2 1 / 1 /
d N N
N N N
i N N N N

= =

where
o
2
2
d
i
=
(from. Eqn. 3.13).
Now rearrange the equation shall give

( )
L
L Y L
cr
1 0
N
N N N
N

+ =

=>
2
L Y L
L Y L
cr cr
0
N N N
N N N
N N
+ + =

3-25

=>
( )
2
cr L cr Y L Y L
1 0 N N N N N N N + + =

=>
( )
2
cr L cr L L
2
Y Y Y Y
1
0
N N N N N
N N N N
+
+ =

=>
( )
2
cr cr L L
Y Y Y Y
1
1 0
N N N N
N N N N
+
+ =

Treat the above equation as a quadratic equation of the
dimensionless limiting load N
L
/N
y
and it could be solved:
( ) ( )
1/ 2
2
cr Y cr Y cr L
Y Y
1 1 1 1
2 2
N N N N N N
N N

+ + + +

=

(3.64)
Eqn. 3.64 can also be re-arrange so that the dimensionless
limiting stress load N
L
/N
y
can be written as

1

N
N
2
y
L
2
+ +
=
(3.11)

2
1

2

+ +
=
(3.12)
3-26

cr
y
N
N
=
(3.5)
Eqn. (3.11) and Eqn. (3.12) are the basis for the member
buckling resistance of EC3.
Fig. 3.4 plots the special case where
cr Y
0.25 N N =

y
Y
cr cr
1 1
4 4
f
N
N
= =
(3.14)

Fig.3.4Bucklingandyieldingofcompressionmembers
3-27

Now go back to Eqn. 3.9

cr
o cr
/
1 /
N N
N N
=

(3.9)
or
o
cr cr
1
N N N

= +
(3.10)
Hence, one could conduct an experiment to record the
variation of as N changes and plot the graph of /N
against (The Southwell plot)
A straight line fits the points determined from
experimental measurements of buckling N
cr
. Gradient
gives the reciprocal of N
cr
and the x-intercept gives the
magnitude of
0
/N
cr
.

Fig.3.5Southwellplot
3-28

3.3 Inelastic compression members
3.3.1 Tangent modulus theory of buckling
Section 3.2 applies only to material that remains linear
elastic throughout buckling.
Tangent modulus is only valid for elastic materials.
E
t
relates to average compressive stress N/A.

Fig.3.6Tangentmodulustheoryofbuckling

3.3.2 Reduced modulus theory of buckling
For inelastic nonlinear materials, E is used when the total
strain is decreasing, and
t
E
is used when the total strain
is increasing
3-29

Fig.3.7Inelasticstressstrainrelationship
t r
< < E E E

3.3.3 Shanleys theory of inelastic buckling
3.3.4 Buckling of members with residual stresses
Residual stresses form during the cooling of a hot-rolled
steel member;
Shrinking induces residual compressive stresses in the
early-cooling regions, while tensile stresses are induced
in the late-cooling regions;
Residual stresses are self-equilibrating.
Consider a steel rectangular section of thickness b and
width d subject to purely axial load.
3-30

At 0.5 N
Y
shaded areas enlarge until first yield takes
place at the edge with core completely elastic.
At N > 0.5 N
Y
elastic core area is reduced until at N
Y
the
core becomes fully plastic and effective flexural rigidity
= 0.

Fig.3.9Idealizedresidualstresspattern

Fig.3.10Effectivesectionofamemberwithresidual
stresses
3-31

3.4 Real compression members

Fig.3.12Behaviourofarealcompressionmember

Real members are not straight and are eccentrically
loaded.
Imperfections can be represented by an increased
equivalent initial curvature curve A.
3-32

Residual stresses and elastic modulus and yield stress
may vary throughout the member curve B
For both geometrical and material imperfections curve
C
A real strut follows the path along curve A first, and then
curve B
3.5 Design of compression members
3.5.1 EC3 design buckling resistance

Fig.3.13Compressionresistance ofEC3
3-33

Eqns. (3.11) and (3.12) based on the first yield of a
geometrically imperfect member
The imperfection parameter Eqn. (3.11) is re-expressed
as:

0 ) 2 . 0 ( =
(3.21)
In Eqn. 3.21, accounts for different cross-sections,
members with higher initial imperfections, thicknesses,
buckling axes and material strengths. (Eqn. 3.21 also
implies that when 2 0. no buckling reduction needs to
be considered.
The design buckling resistance:

, 1
/
b Rd y M
N N =
(3.22)
M1
is the partial factor for member instability, in EC3
M1
=1.0

3-34

3.5.2 Elastic buckling load
Generalize the above concept from pin-ended
compression members to other case with different
supports:

2 2
/
cr cr
L EI N =
(3.23)
3.5.3 Effects of local buckling
To account for local buckling of cross-section, use the
following slenderness ratio for column (c.f. Eqn. 3.5):

cr y eff
N f A / . =
(3.24)
3.5.4 Design procedures
The cross-section resistance of a compression member:
Rd c Ed
N N
,
(3.25)
In which N
Ed
is the design axial force determined by a
rotational frame analysis (Chapter 8) or by statics for a
statically determinate structure.
For a fully effective section:
0 ,
/
M y Rd c
Af N =
(3.26)
3-35

M0
is the partial factor for cross-section resistance
For the cross-sections that are susceptible to local
buckling prior yeilding:
0 ,
/
M y ff Rd c
f Ae N =
(3.27)
The member bukcling resistance:
Rd b Ed
N N
,
(3.28)

3-36

Fig.3.14Flowchartfordesignofcompressionmembers
3-37

3.6 Restrained compression members
3.6.1 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Effective length
The critical loads for various struts can be expressed in a
general form:
( )
2 2
cr
2 2
cr
cr
EI EI
N
L
k L

= =

N
cr
is equivalent to an Euler strut having effective length
L
cr
and k
cr
is the effective length factor.
a) Pinned-pinned (Euler strut):
2 2
cr
2 2
(1.0 )
EI EI
N
L L

= =

cr
1.0 L L =

b) Fixed-fixed:
2 2
cr
2 2
4
(0.5 )
EI EI
N
L L

= =

cr cr
0.5 L k L L = =

c) Fixed-free:
2 2
cr
2 2
4 (2 )
EI EI
N
L L

= =

cr cr
2 L k L L = =

3-38

d) Fixed-pinned
2 2
cr
2 2
2.05
(0.699 )
EI EI
N
L L

= =

cr cr
0.699 L k L L = =
Effective length concept from buckling shape:
The length between two adjacent contra-flexure points
(inflextion points) is equivalent to an Euler strut,
known as the effective length of the strut.

a) Fixed-fixed

1 2
L
cr
=0.5L
L
L
cr
1
2
Euler strut
3-39

b) Fixed-free

c) Fixed-pinned

1
2
L
cr
=0.699L
L1.5L
cr

L
cr
0.667L

If a column is restrained at mid-height so that
( )
/ 2
0 =
L
v
the buckled shape is given by:
( )
sin 2 / = v x L
(3.29)
Its buckling load is
2
cr
2
4 EI
N
L
=
(3.30)
1
2
L
L
cr
=2L
3-40

Fig.3.15Effectivelengthsofcolumns
(a)forpinnedpinnedsupport;(b)forrigidrestraintatmidheight;(c)
forpinnedfixedsupport;(d)forfixedfixedsupport;(e)forcantilever
column.

For columns of different buckling lengths,
2 2
cr cr
/ N EI L =
(3.23)
Effective length is equal to the distance between the
inflexion points of its buckled shape.

3-41

3.6.2 Intermediate restraints
If the restraint is elastic and is applied at mid-height, then
the minimum stiffness is given by (See next page or
Section 3.10.1):
2 3
L
16 / = EI L
(3.31)
The limiting stiffness can also be expressed in terms of
buckling load:
L cr
4 / N L =
(3.32)
As a result, Clause 5.3.3 (4) of EC3 requires compression
restraint to transmit 1% of the force in member restrained.
When the buckling load N
cr
is applied to a member it
buckles symmetrically with a central deflection and the
restraint exerts a restoring force .
3-42

Fig.3.16Compressionmemberwithanelastic
intermediaterestraint

2
2
d
d 2
= +
v
EI Nv x
x
for 0 / 2 x L
2
2
d
d 2
+ =
v N
v x
x EI EI

sin cos
2
= + + v A x B x x
N

At v
0
=0 B = 0
' cos
2
= + v A x
N

3-43

From symmetric buckling mode shape (Fig. 3.16a),
at
( )
/ 2
d / d 0 =
L
v x

cos 0
2 2

+ =
L
A
N

2
cos
2
N
A
L

Thus
sin
2
cos
2

=

L x x
v
L
N L
L

where
( )
2
2
cr
cr
1 N EI
EI EI k L
k L

= = =

Use Eqn. 3.23 and L
cr
=k
cr
L, solution of this equation
( )
( ) ( )
cr
cr cr
sin /
2 2 / 2 cos / 2

=

x k L
L x
v
N L k k

At column mid-height
( )
/ 2
=
L
v , it follows that:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
cr
/ 2
cr cr
sin / 2
1
2 2 2 / 2 cos / 2

=

L
k
L
v
N k k

3-44

( )
( )
( )
cr
/ 2
cr
tan / 2
1
4 / 2

= =

L
k
L
v
N k

( )
( )
( )
cr
2
cr
2
cr
tan / 2
1 1
/ 2
4
k
L
EI k
k L

=

Upon simplification:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
cr
3
cr cr
cr
cr
cr cr
cot / 2
2 2
16
tan / 2
cot / 2 1 1
/ 2
k
k k
L
EI
k
k
k k

= =

(3.65)
The variation with the dimensionless restraint stiffness
3
/16 L EI of the dimensionless buckling load is shown in
Fig. 3.16c.
Now rearranging Eqn. 3.23 to the form

2
cr
2 2 2
cr
4
/ 2
N
EI L k

=

(3.64)
3-45

For zero stiffness,
cr
1 k = ,
2
cr
2
EI
N
L
= , i.e. a symmetrical
buckling mode.
For rigid stiffness,
cr
0.5 k = ,
2
cr
2
4 EI
N
L
= , i.e. a non-
symmetrical buckling mode.
When the stiffness of spring exceeds
2 3
16 / = EI L
(3.31)
Strut still buckles at
2
cr
2
4 EI
N
L
= since buckling always

takes place at the lowest possible load.

3-46

3.6.3 Elastic end restraints
Case 1
Braced and rotationally
Restrained
0 ) ( ) ( = + M x Nv x M

M Nv EIv = + ' '

EI
M
v
EI
N
v = + ' '

The general solution is:
N
M
x B x A x v + + = cos sin ) (
with
EI
N
=

Boundary conditions:
At (v)
x=0
=0 B=-M/N
At (v)
x=L
=0
0 cos sin = +
N
M
L
N
M
L A

L
L
N
M
A
sin
1 cos
=

3-47

N
M
x
N
M
x
L
L
N
M
x v +
cos sin
sin
1 cos
) (

x
N
M
x
L
L
N
M
x v
sin cos
sin
1 cos
) ( ' +
=

At x=0
L
L
N
M
v
sin
1 cos
) 0 ( '

= =

Since
= M

L
L
N
M
M
sin
1 cos
=

1 cos
sin
=
L
L N
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
L
L L
N
=

2
2
2
tan
2
L
N
L
L
=

Since
2
2
,
L
EI
N
L cr

=
and EI N
2
=
2
2
2
2
, cr L
N L L
EI
N EI

= =

, cr L
L N N =
(**)

( )
,
,
/ 2 /
2
tan / 2 /
cr L
cr L
N N
EI
L
N N
=
(3.35)
Thus under compression load, changes from 2EI/L to
zero as N changes from 0 to N
cr,L
.
3-48

Case 2:
Unbraced and rotationally
restrained column
0 ) ( ) ( = + M x Nv x M

M Nv EIv = + ' '

EI
M
v
EI
N
v = + ' '

The general solution is:
N
M
x B x A x v + + = cos sin ) (
with
EI
N
=

Boundary condition:
At (v)
x=0
=0 B=-M/N
At (v)
x=L
==2M/N
N
M
N
M
L
N
M
L A
2
cos sin = +

L
L
N
M
A
sin
1 cos +
=

N
M
x
N
M
x
L
L
N
M
x v +
+
=
cos sin
sin
cos 1
) (

3-49

x
N
M
x
L
L
N
M
x v
sin cos
sin
cos 1
) ( ' +
+
=

At x=0
L
L
N
M
v
sin
1 cos
) 0 ( '
+
= =

Since
= M

L
L
N
M
M
sin
1 cos +
=

1 cos
sin
+
=
L
L N
2
cos 2
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
L
L L
N
=

2
tan
2
2
2
L L
L
N
=
(*)
Since
2
2
,
L
EI
N
L cr

= (buckling load for L
cr
=L); EI N
2
=
Since
L cr
N
N
L
,
=
(**)
By substituting (**) into (*):
L cr, L cr,
N
N
2
tan
N
N
2
L
2EI
=
(3.39)
N=0, =0, N=N
cr,L
, = -
3-50

Fig.3.21Effectivelengthratiosformembersinrigid
jointedframes

3.6.4 Buckling of an braced member
By expressing the relative stiffness of the braced member
at end 1 as

( )
12
1
1
1
2 /
2 /
= =

EI L
EI L
(3.43)
For EC3, the relative stiffnesses
1
and
2
are replaced by:
3-51

( )
( )
1 12
1
1
12
2 /
2
0.5 2 / 1 2
= =
+ +
EI L
k
EI L
(3.44)

Values of effective length ratio which satisfy (3.42) to
(3.44) are reproduced in Fig. 3.21

3.6.5 Buckling of an unbraced member
If there are no end shear forces,
( )
1 2
= + N M M
By expressing the relative stiffness of the unbraced
member at end 1 as

( )
12
1
1
1
6 /
6 /
= =

EI L
EI L
(3.47)
For EC3, the relative stiffnesses
1
and
2
are replaced by:

( )
( )
1 12
1
1
12
6 /
1.5 6 / 1.5
= =
+ +
EI L
k
EI L
(3.48)
3-52

3.12 Worked examples
3.12.1. Example 1 Checking a UB compression
member
The 457191 UB 82 compression member of S275 steel
of Fig. 3.28a. is simply supported about both principlal
axes at each end (L
cr,y
=12.0m), and has a central brace
which prevents lateral deflections in the minor principal
plane (L
cr,z
=6.0m). Check the adequacy of the member
for a factored axial compressive load corresponding to a
nominal dead load of 160kN and a nominal imposed load
of 230kN.

Solution
Factored axial load:
( ) ( ) kN 561 230 5 . 1 160 35 . 1 = + =
Ed
N

3-53

Fig.3.28Examples1,3and4

Classifying the section:
For S275 steel with t
f
=16mm, f
y
=275N/mm
2

( ) 924 . 0 275 / 235
5 . 0
= =

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) 924 . 0 0 . 16 / 2 / 2 . 10 2 9 . 9 3 . 191 / =
f f
t c

( ) 14 44 . 5 / < =
f f
t c
T5.2
( ) mm 6 . 407 2 . 10 2 0 . 16 2 0 . 460 = =
w
c
T5.2
3-54

( ) ( ) 42 5 . 44 924 . 0 9 . 9 / 6 . 407 / > = =
w w
t c
T5.2
So the web is Class 4 (slender) T5.2
Effective area:
784 . 0
0 . 4 924 . 0 4 . 28
9 . 9 / 6 . 407
284
/
=

= = =
k
t b
f
cr
y
p

EC3-1-5 4.4(2)
918 . 0
784 . 0
) 1 3 ( 055 . 0 784 . 0 ) 3 ( 055 . 0
2 2
=
+
=
+
=
p
p

EC3-1-5 4.4(2)
( ) mm 6 . 33 6 . 407 918 . 0 1 = =
eff
d d

2 2
mm 10067 9 . 9 6 . 33 10 104 = =
eff
A

Cross-section compression resistance:
Ed
M
y eff
Rd c
N
f A
N = > =
= = kN 561 kN 2768
0 . 1
275 10067
0
,
6.2.4(2)
Member buckling resistance:
1
,
,
/
A A
i
L
N
f A
eff
y
y cr
y cr
y eff
y
= =

3-55

724 . 0
924 . 0 9 . 93
10400 / 10067
) 10 8 . 18 (
12000
=

=
y
6.3.1.3 (1)
1
,
,
/
A A
i
L
N
f A
eff
z
z cr
z cr
y eff
z
= =

724 . 0 608 . 1
924 . 0 9 . 93
10400 / 10067
) 10 23 . 4 (
6000
> =

=
z
6.3.1.3 (1)
Buckling will occur about the minor (z) axis.
For a rolled UB section (with h/b>1.2 and t
f
40mm),
buckling about the z-axis, use buckling curve (b) with
=0.34 T6.2, T6.1
( ) [ ] 032 . 2 608 . 1 2 . 0 608 . 1 34 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + + =
z
6.3.1.2(1)
305 . 0
608 . 1 032 . 2 032 . 2
1
2 2
=
+
=
z
6.3.1.2(1)
0 . 1
275 10067 305 . 0
1
, ,

= =
M
y eff
Rd z b
f A
N
6.3.1.2(1)
Ed Rd z b
N N = > = kN 561 kN 844
, ,
6.3.1.1(3)
So the member is satisfactory.

3-56

3.12.3 Example 3 Design an RHS compression
member
Design a suitable hot-finished RHS of S355 steel to resist
the loading of example 1 in Section 3.12.1 (N
Ed
=561 kN).
Solution
Guess =0.3
( ) 5268 355 3 . 0 / 10 561
3
= A
mm
2

Try a 2501508 RHS, with A=60.8cm
2
, i
y
=9.17cm,
i
z
=6.15cm, t=8.0mm
For S355 steel with t=8mm, f
y
=355 N/mm
2

EN10025-2
( ) 814 . 0 355 / 235
5 . 0
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) 42 7 . 34 814 . 0 0 . 8 / 0 . 4 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 250 / < = = t c
w

T5.2
And so the cross-section is fully effective.
( )
710 . 1
814 . 0 9 . 93
1
10 18 . 9
1200 1
1
,
,
=

= = =
y
y cr
y cr
y
y
i
L
N
Af
6.3.1.3 (1)
3-57

( )
71 . 1 276 . 1
814 . 0 9 . 93
1
10 15 . 6
600 1
1
,
,
< =

= = =
z
z cr
z cr
y
z
i
L
N
Af

6.3.1.3 (1)
Buckling will occur bout the major (y) axis. For a hot-
finished RHS, use buckling curve (a) with =0.21.
T6.2, T6.1

( ) [ ] 121 . 2 710 . 1 2 . 0 710 . 1 21 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + + =
y
6.3.1.2(1)
296 . 0
710 . 1 121 . 2 121 . 2
1
2 2
=
+
=
y
6.3.1.2(1)
0 . 1
355 10 08 . 60 296 . 0
2
1
, ,

= =
M
y
Rd y b
Af
N

Ed Rd y b
N N = > = kN 561 kN 640
, ,
6.3.1.2(1)
So the 2501508 RHS is satisfactory.
3-58

3.12.5 Example 5 - Effective length factor in an
unbraced frame
Determine the effective length ratio of member 1-2 of the
unbraced frame shown in Figure 3.29a.

Fig.3.29Examples5and7

Solution
Using (3.44),
1) at the bottom pinned end of strut
3-59

1
6 /
1.0
1.5 0 6 /
= =
+
EI L
k
EI L

2) at the top end of strut
( ) ( )
2
6 /
0.4
1.5 6 2 / 2 6 /
= =
+
EI L
k
EI L EI L

3) Using Fig 3.20b,
cr cr
/ 2.3 k L L = = , therefore the strut
buckling load is:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
cr 2 2 2
cr
0.189
2.3
EI EI EI
N
L
L k L

= = =

3-60

3.12.6 Example 6 Effective length factor in a braced
frame
Determine the effective length ratio of member 1-2 of the
frame shown in Figure 3.29a, if a bracing is provided
which prevents sway buckling.

Solution
Using (3.44),
1) at the bottom pinned end of strut
1
2 /
1.0
0.5 0 2 /
= =
+
EI L
k
EI L

2) at the top end of strut
2
2 /
0.667
0.5 2(2 ) /(2 ) 2 /
= =
+
EI L
k
EI L EI L

3) Using Fig 3.21a,
cr cr
/ 0.87 k L L = =

( ) ( )
2 2 2
cr 2 2 2
cr
1.32
0.87
EI EI EI
N
L
L k L

= = =

Column Design

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3-1

Chapter 3 Compression members

sin cos sin

= since buckling always

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