Chapter 1: Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving
know how many significant digits are present in a number be able to carry out a mathematical problem and report an answer with the correct number of significant digits Chapter 2: Atoms and Elements know Daltons Postulates understand Thomsons model for an atom understand Rutherfords model for an atom and how his experiments showed this know how to abbreviate the symbol for an atom ex: 1 !" superscript # mass number # protons $ neutrons subscript # atomic number # % protons know how to calculate %protons&neutrons&electrons given the symbol ' numbers know what an isotope is (differ in % of neutrons) not electrons or protons* be able to calculate average atomic masses when given their + abundances, be able to do other similar problems regarding isotopes understand the layout of the periodic table be able to identify: -lkali .etals) -lkaline /arth .etals) 0alogens) 1oble 2ases) Transition .etals) 3anthanides) -ctinides) .etals) 1onmetals) .etalloids be able to predict if a compound is ionic or covalent (metal&nonmetal is ionic) nonmetal&nonmetal is covalent* be able to predict the charges of ions: 2roup 1- atoms form $1 cations 2roup - atoms form $ cations -l forms a $4 cation 1 forms a 54 anion 2roup !- atoms form 5 anions 2roup 6- atoms form 51 anions 7ou cannot predict the charges on transition metals 5 there are too many possibilities be able to convert between grams&moles&atoms, understand the mole and be proficient with -vogadros number Chapter : Mole!ules, Compounds, and Chemi!al E"uations be able to predict&know the charges on ions) including the polyatomic groups given in class (1a is $1) 89: is 5) etc* be able to put ions together with the appropriate subscripts to make neutral ionic complexes be able to calculate the oxidation state of an ion when given the formula for the neutral ionic complex be able to balance reactions be able to calculate molecular weights for compounds be able to calculate + composition of individual elements in a compound (+") etc* be able to apply -vogadros number to get % of atoms be able to determine empirical formulas ' molecular formulas) given +s or amounts be able to name compounds (youre responsible for the names given in class* 5 metal&nonmetal where metal has a fixed ' predictable charge: use metal name $ anion $ ide ending ex: 3i"l lithium chloride note: the name doesnt reflect the ;uantity of either atom present 5 metal&nonmetal where metal is a transition metal: use above method plus Roman numerals to indicate the charge on the metal ex: <e"l iron(==* chloride note: the name doesnt reflect the ;uantity of either atom present 5 nonmetal&nonmetal use prefixes (know 151>) given in class* in front of each element) but you can drop the ?mono@ if in front of the first element ex: 894 sulfur trioxide note: the name D9/8 reflect the ;uantity of both atoms present 5 oxyanions&oxyacids 5 know them ' be able to apply the naming to oxyacids that contain an element other than "l 5ate ending on the anion becomes an Aic ending on the acid /x: 194 5 nitrate 0194 nitric acid 5ite ending on the anion becomes an Aous ending on the acid /x: 19 5 nitrite 019 nitrous acid Chapter #: A"ueous Rea!tion$Solution Stoi!hiometr% moles in # moles out & mass in # mass out (3aw of "onservation of .ass* be able to calculate limiting reagents&theoretical yield&+ yield be able to do problems that involve yields less than 1>>+ be able to do dilution problems using molarity) calculate molarity, be able to apply it in a stoichiometry problem be able to recogniBe&complete the following types of reactions: combustion: hydrocarbon (") 0) maybe 9* $ 9 "9 $ 09 metahthesis: -C $ "D -D $ "C or -C $ " - $ "C combination: - $ C " or more little things combine decomposition: " - $ C something breaks down into smaller bits metathesis reactions can be broken down into: gas5driven) precipitate5driven) or redox redox reactions can be spotted by assigning oxidation numbers to all of the atoms in the reaction, if something changes oxidation numbers from one side of the reaction to the other) then it has gained&lost electrons, 3/9 2/R, 3oss 9f /lectrons # 3/9 # oxidation, 2ain 9f /lectrons # 2/R # reduction, both an oxidation and a reduction must take place in the same reaction, the electrons must come from something and go to another thing .etathesis reactions can be driven to completion by: the formation of a gas product (08) "9) 1) 9) 0) 0"94) 89) or 104* (Dhy 0"94E 0"94 09 $ "9* the formation of a precipitate (be able to use the provided solubility table to predict solubility of salts A a ppt will be a good product) not a reactant a difference in activities of metals (use provided activity series A the higher the metal is on the list) the stronger reactant that metal will beFF the reaction goes in the direction of the weaker metal* be able to write net ionic e;uations: split up the soluble salts (only* into the correct number of charged ions, cancel out anything that is the same on both sides of the arrow, the ions that cancel out are the spectator ions 5 the watch but dont participate in the actual chemical reaction that takes place, the remaining ?stuff@ is the net ionic e;uation, if everything cancels out) then no net reaction occurred A everything is Gust dissolved in solution, C/ "-R/<H3 that you D91T split up covalent items like 09 or solids that dont dissolve Chapter &: 'he (uantum)Me!hani!al Model o* the Atom know the basic shapes of the s) p) d) and f orbitals understand what an orbital is be able to give electron configurations for atoms&ions in the correct filling order know the exceptions to the filling order be able to give the : ;uantum numbers for any given electron when an electron is lost) it is always the one that is furthest away from the nucleus (the one with the highest principle ;uantum number) n) but not always the last electron to fill in the electron configuration