Research

It is a process if gathering information to answer a question

Induction
Induction involves observation and investigation into the relationship between meanings
and actions of human subject
Deduction
Deduction involves the formulation of hypotheses
Basic research
Research done mainly to enhance the understanding of certain problems that commonly
occur in an organization setting and seeking method of solving is called basic research
Applied research
Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to solve
Specific problems currently being experience in an organization
Exploratory research
he purpose of exploratory research is to seek new insights and find out what is
happening
Explanatory research
his research explain a situation or problem usually in the form in the form of casual
relationships
Descriptive research
his type of research sets out to provide an accurate profile of situation! people! or events
Quantitative research
Is a formal! objective! systematic process in which nomarical data is utilized to obtain
information about the world
Qualitative research
In formal! subjective research approach that usually emphasis words rather than numbers
in the collection
Mix method research
In approach is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge! claims on pragmatic
grounds
Paradigm
erm paradigm describe as essentially a collection of believe shared by scientists! a set of
agreement about how problems are to be understood! how we view the world and thus go about
conducting research
Theory
In psychology and education! a common definition of learning is a process that brings
together cognitive! emotional! and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring!
enhancing! or making changes in one"s knowledge! skills! values! and world views
Concept
#n extensional deinition of a concept or term formulates its meaning by specifying its
extension! that is! every object that falls under the defnition of the concept or term in
question
!aria"le
#n operational deinition is a demonstration of a process $ such as a variable! term! or
object $ in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence
and quantity%
Proposition
# proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false% In philosophy!
particularly in logic! a proposition is identified ontologically as an idea! concept! or abstraction
whose token instances are patterns of symbols! marks! sounds! or strings of words
Analysis
Is the job of systematically braking down something into its constituents parts and
describing how they relate to each other it is not random dissection but a methodological
examination
#yntheses
Is the act of making connection between the parts identified in analysis
#u"$ectivity
# deinition is a formal passage describing the meaning of a term &a word or phrase'% he
term to be defined is the definiendum &plural definienda'% # term may have many subtly different
senses or meanings
%ormal and inormal research
In formal research! researcher use agree on definitions of variables on the other hand in
informal research! researcher write in literary! informal style
&itrature revie'
Is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a
particular topic
(hat is meant "y paradigm and 'hat on "asis they dier rom each other ela"orate on the
"asis o philosophical assumptions)
erm paradigm describe as essentially a collection of believe shared by scientists!
a set of agreements about how problems are to be understood! how we view the world and thus
go about conducting research
sr%( )hilosophical
assumptions
positivism interpretivism pragmatism
* ontology Singular reality
&objectivism'
+ultiple realities
&constructionism'
,oth singular and
multiple realities%
- epistemology Distance and
impartiality
&objective'
.loseness
&subjective'
)racticality
/bjective 0 subjective
1 axiology 2nbiased biased +ultiple stances
3 Rhetoric 4ormal style Informal style ,oth informal and
formal style
5 methodology deductive Inductive ,oth qualitative and
quantitative data and
mix them
6 Strategies of
inquiry
7e do survey
experiment and
8rounded theory!
ethnography! case
study and
Sequential! concurrent
and transformative
field work narratives
9 +ethods .lose ended
questions!
numerical data
statisticalanalys
is
/pen ended
questions image
analysis
&qualitative'
,oth quantitative and
qualitative data
analysis
(hat is meant "y research process and 'hat are its elements discussed in detail ho' they
dier in *ualitative and *uantitative research)

:lements of qualitative
research
)rocess of research :lements of quantitative
research
Interpretivism )aradigm )ositivism
)oint of view of participant
2nderstand meaning
individuals give to a
phenomena inductively
.ontextual understanding
Intent of research )oint of view of the researcher
est a theory deductively to
support or refute it
8eneralization
+inor role
;ustifies problem
<ow literature is used +ajor role
;ustifies problem
#sk open ended questions <ow intent is focused #sk close ended questions
est specific variables that
forms hypotheses or questions
7ords and image
=atural settings
Data is collected at micro
level
<ow data collected =umbers
4rom many participants at
many research sites
Data is collected at macro
level
#rtificial settings
ext or images analysis <ow data is analyzed =umerical statistical analysis
hemes Rejecting hypotheses
Researcher is close
Identifies personal stance
Role of researcher Researcher is distant
Remains in background
ake step to remove bias
2sing validity procedures that
rely on the participants! the
researcher! or the reader
<ow data is validated 2sing validity procedures
based on external standards!
such as judges% )ast research!
statistics%
Dierentiate "et'een *ualitative+ *uantitative and mix method research)
>ualitative >uantitative +ix method
.onstructivist paradigm )ositivist paradigm )ragmatic paradigm
8rounded theories case study
narratives
Surveys and experiments Sequential! concurrent and
transformative
/pen ended questions
:merging approaches
.lose ended questions
numeric data
,oth open ended and close
ended questions
heory generation
.ollect participants meanings
+ake interpretation of data
.ollaborate with participants
est a theory and verify
theory
2se undecided approaches
:mploys statistical procedure
.ollect both quantitative and
qualitative data

Elements o research design
Introduction
/bjectives of study
)urpose statement
Research questions
Significance of research
?iterature review
Research method for data collection
:thical considerations
?imitations and delimitations
References