Inmanystructuresthemembersarerequiredtoresistmorethanonekindofloading

(combinedloading).Thesecanoftenbeanalyzedbysuperimposingthestressesand
strainscausebyeachloadactingseparately.
Superpositionofstressesandstrainsispermissibleonlyunderthefollowing
conditions:
a.Thestressesandthestrainsmustbealinearfunctionoftheappliedloads(Hookes
lawmustbeobeyedandthedisplacementsmustbesmall).
b.Theremustbenointeractionbetweenthevariousloads.
COMBINED LOADS
Examples:wideflangebeamsupportedbyacable(combinedbendingandaxial
load),cylindricalpressurevesselsupportedasabeam,andshaftincombinedtorsion
andbending.
1.Selectthepointonthestructurewherethestressesandthestrainsaretobedetermined.
2.Foreachloadonthestructure,determinethestressresultantatthecrosssection
containingtheselectedpoint..
3.Calculatethenormalandshearstressesattheselectedpointduetoeachofthestress
resultant.
4.Combinetheindividualstressestoobtaintheresultantstresses attheselectedpoint.
5.Determinetheprincipalstressesandmaximumshearstressesattheselectedpoint.
6.DeterminethestrainsatthepointwiththeaidofHookeslawforplanestress.
7.Selectadditionalpointsandrepeattheprocess.
t
pr
Ib
VQ
I
My
A
P
= =
=

= =

Method of Analysis:
Thebarshownissubjectedtotwotypesofloads:a
torqueT andaverticalloadP.
Letusselectarbitrarilytwopoints.PointA (topof
thebar)andpointB (sideofthebar inthesame
crosssection).
Theresultingstressesactingacrossthesectionare
thefollowing:
AtwistingmomentequaltothetorqueT.
AbendingmomentM equaltotheloadP times
thedistanceb.
Ashearforce V equalstotheloadP.
Illustration of the Method:
Thetwistingmoment producesatorsional shearstresses
Thestress
1
actshorizontallytotheleftatpointA and
verticallydownwardsatpointB.
ThebendingmomentM producesatensilestressatpointA
However,thebendingmomentproducesnostressatpointB,becauseB is
locatedontheneutralaxis.
3
2
r
T
I
Tr
Polar
torsion

= =
3
4
r
M
I
Mr
bending

= =
TheshearforceV producesnoshearstressatthetopofthe
bar(pointA),butatpointB theshearstressisasfollows:

A
and
1
areactinginpointA,whilethe
1
and
2
areacting
inpointB.
A
V
Ib
VQ
shear
3
4
= =
Notethattheelementisinplanestresswith

x
=
A
,
y
= 0 , and
xy
= -
1
.
AstresselementinpointB isalsoinplanestressandthe
onlystressesactingonthiselementaretheshear
stresses
1
and
2
. Therefore

x
=
y
= 0 and
xy
= - (
1
+
2
).
At point A:
x
=
A
,
y
= 0 , and
xy
= -
1
At point B
x
=
y
= 0 and
xy
= - (
1
+
2
).
Ofinterestarethepointswherethestressescalculatedfromtheflexureandshear
formulashavemaximumorminimumvalues,calledcriticalpoints.
Iftheobjectiveoftheanalysisistodeterminethelargeststressesanywhereinthe
structure,thenthecriticalpointsshouldbeselectedatcrosssectionswherethe
stressresultantshavetheirlargestvalues.
Furthermore,withinthosecrosssections,thepointsshouldbeselectedwhere
eitherthenormalstressesortheshearstresseshavetheirlargestvalues.
SelectionofCriticalAreasandPoints
Forinstance,thenormalstressesduetobending
arelargestatthecrosssectionofmaximum
bendingmoment,whichisatthesupport.
Therefore,pointsC andD atthetopandbottom
ofthebeamatthefixedendsarecriticalpoints
wherethestressesshouldbecalculated.
Stress at which point?
The rotor shaft of an helicopter drives the rotor blades that provide the lifting
force to support the helicopter in the air. As a consequence, the shaft is
subjected to a combination of torsion and axial loading.
For a 50mm diameter shaft transmitting a torque = 2.4kN.m and
a tensile force P = 125kN, determine the maximum tensile stress,
maximum compressive stress, and maximum shear stress in the
shaft.
Solution
The stresses in the rotor shaft are produced by the combined
action of the axial force P and the torque . Therefore the
stresses at any point on the surface of the shaft consist of a
tensile stress
o
and a shear stress
o
.
( )
MPa
m
kN
A
P
66 . 63
05 . 0
4
125
2
= = =

The tensile
stress
The shear stress to is obtained
from the torsion formula
( )
( )
MPa
m kN
I
Tr
P
Torsion
78 . 97
32
05 . 0
2
05 . 0
. 4 . 2
4
=

= =

( ) MPa
xy
y x
MAX
103
2
2
2
= +

33 . 2
103
2
480
= =
MPa
MPa
SF MSST
Knowing the stresses o and o, we can now obtain the principal
stresses and maximum shear stresses . The principal stresses are
obtained from
( )
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
=
The maximum in-plane shear
stresses are obtained using the
formula
Because the principal stresses
1
and
2
have opposite signs, the maximum in-plane
shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses. Therefore,
the maximum shear stress in the shaft is 103MPa.
( )
MPa
MPa
71
135
78 . 97
2
66 . 63 0
2
66 . 63 0
2
1
2
2
2 , 1
=
=
+

+
=

Will it fail if
yield
=480MPa?
( ) ( )( ) ( )
65 . 2
2 . 181
480
2 . 181 71 71 135 135
2 2
= =
= + =
MPa
MPa
SF DET
MPa
VM

A thin wall cylindrical pressure vessel with a circular cross section is

subjected to internal gas pressure p and simultaneously compressed by an
axial load P = 12k. The cylinder has inner radius r = 2.1in. And wall thickness t
= 0.15in. Determine the maximum allowable internal pressure p
allow
based
upon an allowable shear stress of 6500psi in the wall of the vessel.
Solution
The stresses on the wall of the pressure vessel are caused by a combined action of
the internal pressure and the axial force. We can isolate a stress element in point A.
The x-axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pressure vessel and the y-axis is
circumferential. Note that there are no shear stresses acting on the element.
The longitudinal stress
x
is equal to the tensile stress
produced by the internal pressure minus the
compressive stress produced by the axial force.
rt
P
t
pr
A
P
t
pr
x

2 2 2
= =
The circumferential stress
y
is equal to the tensile
stress produced by the internal pressure.
Note that
y
>
x
.
t
pr
y
=
Since no shear stresses act on the element the
above stresses are also the principal stresses
rt
P
t
pr
t
pr
x
y

2 2
2
1
= =
= =
( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) [ ]
psi p
in in
k
in .
in . p
rt
P
t
pr
p
in .
in . p
t
pr
6063 0 . 7
15 . 0 1 . 2 2
12
15 0 2
1 2
2 2
0 . 14
15 0
1 2
2
1
= = =
= = =

substituting numerical values

In-Plane Shear Stresses
The maximum in-plane shear stress is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
psi p
psi p p
Max
3032 5 . 3
2
6063 0 . 7 0 . 14
2
2 1
+ =

=

Since
max
is limited to 6500psi then
psi p psi p psi
allowed
990 3032 4 . 3 65000 = + =
Out-of-Plane Shear Stresses
The maximum out-of-plane shear stress is either
Comparing the three calculated values for the allowable pressure, we see
that (p
allow
)
3
= 928psi governs.
At this pressure, the principal stresses are

1
= 13000psi and

2
= 430psi.
These stresses have the same signs, thus confirming that one of the out-
of-plane shear stresses must be the largest shear stress.
2
2
2
1

=
=
Max
Max
From the first equation we get
From the second equation we
get:
psi p
psi p psi
allowed
2720
3032 5 . 3 65000
=
=
psi p p psi
allowed
928 0 . 7 65000 = =
Allowable internal pressure
A sign of dimensions 2.0mx1.2m is supported by a
hollow circular pole having outer diameter 220mm and
inner diameter 180mm (see figure). The sign offset
0.5m from the centerline of the pole and its lower edge
is 6.0m above the ground.
Determine the principal stresses and maximum shear
stresses at points A and B at the base of the pole due
to wind pressure of 2.0kPa against the sign.
Solution
Stress Resultant: The wind pressure against the sign
produces a resultant force Wthat acts at the midpoint
of the sign and it is equal to the pressure p times the
area A over which it acts:
( )( ) kN m m kPa pA W 8 . 4 2 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 2 = = =
The line of action of this force is at height h = 6.6m above the ground and at
distance b = 1.5m from the centerline of the pole.
The wind force acting on the sign is statically equivalent to a lateral force W
and a torque acting on the pole.
The torque is equal to the force W
times the distance b:
( )( )
m kN T
m kN Wb T
=
= =
2 . 7
5 . 1 8 . 4
The stress resultant at the base of the pole consists of a bending moment M, a
torque and a shear force V. Their magnitudes are:
M = Wh = (4.8kN)(6.6m) = 31.68kN.m
= 7.2kN.m
V = W = 4.8kN
Examination of these stress resultants shows that maximum bending stresses
occur at point A and maximum shear stresses at point B.
Therefore, A and B are critical points where the stresses should be determined.
Stresses at points A and B
The bending moment M produces a tensile stress
a
at point A, but no stress at
point B (which is located on the neutral axis)
( )
( )( )
( )
MPa
m kN
d d
d
M
a
91 . 54
64
18 . 0 22 . 0
11 . 0 68 . 31
64
2
4 4 4
1
4
2
2
=

The torque produces shear stresses

1
at points A and B.
Finally, we need to calculate the direct shear stresses at points A and B
due to the shear force V.
( )
( )( )
( )
MPa
m m kN
d d
d
T
Torsion
24 . 6
32
18 . 0 22 . 0
11 . 0 . 2 . 7
32
2
4 4 4
1
4
2
2
=

The shear stress at point A is zero, and the shear stress at

point B (
2
) is obtained from the shear formula for a circular
tube
The stresses acting on the cross section at points A and B
have now been calculated.
( )
( )
) ( 2
3
2
64
1 2
3
1
3
2
4
1
4
2
2
r r b
r r Q
d d
I
Ib
VQ
=
=

=
=

( )
MPa
m A
V
Max
7637 . 0
01257 . 0
4800 2 2
2
, 2
= = =
Stress Elements
For both elements the y-axis is parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the pole and the x-axis is horizontal.
Point A :

x
= 0

y
=
a
= 54.91MPa

xy
=
1
= 6.24MPa
( )
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
=
Principal stresses at Point A
Substituting
1,2
= 27.5MPa +/- 28.2MPa

1
= 55.7MPa and
2
= - 0.7MPa
The maximum in-plane shear
stresses can be obtained from
the equation
( ) MPa
xy
y x
MAX
2 . 28
2
2
2
= +

Because the principal stresses have opposite signs, the maximum in-plane
shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses.
Then,
max
= 28.2MPa.
Point B :

x
=
y
= 0

xy
=
1
+
2

xy
= 6.24MPa + 0.76MPa = 7.0MPa
Principal stresses at point B are

1
= 7.0MPa
2
= - 7.0 MPa
And the maximum in-plane shear stress is

max
= 7.0MPa
The maximum out-of-plane shear stresses are half of
this value.
Note
If the largest stresses anywhere in the pole are needed, then we must also
determine the stresses at the critical point diametrically opposite point A,
because at that point the compressive stress due to bending has its largest
value.
The principal stresses at that point are

1
= 0.7MPa and
2
= - 55.7MPa
The maximum shear stress is 28.2MPa.
(In this analysis only the effects of wind pressure are considered. Other loads, such as
weight of the structure, also produce stresses at the base of the pole).
A tubular post of square cross section supports a
horizontal platform (see figure).
The tube has outer dimension b = 6in.
And wall thickness t = 0.5in.
The platform has dimensions 6.75in x 24.0in and
supports an uniformly distributed load of 20psi acting
over its upper surface.
The resultant of this distributed load is a vertical
force
P
1
= (20psi)(6.75in x 24.0in) = 3240lb
This force acts at the midpoint of the platform, which
is at distance
d = 9in. from the longitudinal axis of the post.
A second load P
2
= 800lb acts horizontally on the
post at height h = 52in above the base.
Determine the principal stresses and maximum
shear stresses at points A and B at the base of the
post due to the loads P
1
and P
2
.
Stress Resultants
The force P
1
acting on the platform is statically
equivalent to a force P
1
and a moment
M
1
= P
1
d acting on the centroid of the cross section
of the post.
The load P
2
is also shown.
Solution
The stress resultant at the base of the post due to the
loads P
1
and P
2
and the moment M
1
are as follows:
(A) An axial compressive force P
1
= 3240lb
(B) A bending moment M
1
produced by the force P
1
:
M
1
= P
1
d = (3240lb)(9in) = 29160lb-in
(C) A shear force P
2
= 800lb
(D) A bending moment M
2
produced by the force P
2
:
M
2
= P
2
h = (800lb)(52in) = 41600lb.in
Examinations of these stress resultants shows that both M
1
and M
2
produce
maximum compressive stresses at point A and the shear force produces
maximum shear stresses at point B. Therefore, A and B are the critical points
where the stresses should be determined.
Stresses at points A and B
(A) The axial force P
1
produces uniform compressive stresses throughout the
post. These stresses are
P1
= P
1
/ A where A is the cross section area of the
post
A = b
2
(b 2t)
2
= 4t(b-t) = 4 (0.5in)(6in 0.5in) = 11.0in
2

P1
= P
1
/ A = 3240lb / 11.00in
2
= 295psi
(B) The bending moment M
1
produces compressive stresses
M1
at points A
and B. These stresses are obtained from the flexure formula

M1
= M
1
(b / 2) /
where is the moment of inertia of the cross section. The moment of inertia is
= [b
4
- (b -2t)
4
] / 12 = [(6in)
4
(5in)
4
] / 12 = 55.92in
4
Thus,
M1
= M
1
b / 2 = (29160lb.in)(6in) / (2)(55.92in
4
) = 1564psi
(C) The shear force P
2
produces a shear stress at point B but not at point A.
We know that an approximate value of the shear stress can be obtained by
dividing the shear force by the web area.

P2
= P
2
/ A
web
=P
2
/(2t(b 2t)) =800lb / (2)(0.5in)(6in1in)= 160psi
The stress
p2
acts at point B in the direction shown in the above figure.
We can calculate the shear stress
P2
from the more accurate formula. The
result of this calculation is
P2
= 163psi, which shows that the shear stress
obtained from the approximate formula is satisfactory.
D) The bending moment M
2
produces a compressive stress at point A but no
stress at point B. The stress at A is

M2
= M
2
b / 2 = (41600lb.in)(6in) / (2)(55.92in
4
) = 2232psi.
This stress is also shown in the above figure.
Stress Elements
Each element is oriented so that the y-axis is
vertical (i.e. parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
post) and the x-axis is horizontal axis
Point A : The only stress in point A is a
compressive stress
a
in the y direction

A
=
P1
+
M1
+
M2

A
= 295psi + 1564psi + 2232psi = 4090psi
(compression)
Thus, this element is in uniaxial stress.
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress

x
= 0

y
= -
a
= - 4090psi

xy
= 0
Since the element is in uniaxial stress,

1
=
x
and
2
=
y
= - 4090psi
And the maximum in-plane shear stress is

max
= (
1
-
2
) / 2 = (4090psi) = 2050psi
The maximum out-of-plane shear stress has the same magnitude.
Point B:
Here the compressive stress in the y direction is

B
=
P1
+
M1

B
= 295psi + 1564psi = 1860psi (compression)
And the shear stress is

B
=
P2
= 160psi
The shear stress acts leftward on the top face and
downward on the x face of the element.
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress

x
=0

y
= -
B
= - 1860psi

xy
= -
P2
= - 160psi
Substituting
1,2
= - 930psi +/- 944psi

1
= 14psi and
2
= - 1870psi
( )
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
=
The maximum in-plane shear stresses can be obtained from the equation
Because the principal stresses have opposite signs, the maximum in-plane
shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses.
Then,
max
= 944psi.
( ) psi
xy
x
MAX
944
2
2
2
= +

Three forces are applied to a short steel post as

shown. Determine the principle stresses,
principal planes and maximum shearing stress
at point H.
Determine internal forces in Section EFG.
Solution
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) m kN 3 m 100 . 0 kN 30 0
m kN 5 . 8
m 200 . 0 kN 75 m 130 . 0 kN 50
kN 75 kN 50 kN 30
= = =
=
=
= = =
z y
x
x
z x
M M
M
M
V P V
Note: Section properties,
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
4 6 3
12
1
4 6 3
12
1
2 3
m 10 747 . 0 m 040 . 0 m 140 . 0
m 10 15 . 9 m 140 . 0 m 040 . 0
m 10 6 . 5 m 140 . 0 m 040 . 0

= =
= =
= =
z
x
I
I
A
( )( )
( )( )
( ) MPa 66.0 MPa 2 . 23 3 . 80 93 . 8
m 10 15 . 9
m 025 . 0 m kN 5 . 8
m 10 747 . 0
m 020 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 5.6
kN 50
4 6
4 6 2 3 -
= + =

=
+ + =

x
x
z
z
y
I
b M
I
a M
A
P

Evaluate the stresses at H.

Shear stress at H.
( )( ) [ ]( )
( )( )
( )( )
MPa 52 . 17
m 040 . 0 m 10 15 . 9
m 10 5 . 85 kN 75
m 10 5 . 85
m 0475 . 0 m 045 . 0 m 040 . 0
4 6
3 6
3 6
1 1
=


= =
=
= =

t I
Q V
y A Q
x
z
yz

Normal stress at H.
Calculate principal stresses and maximum shearing stress.
=
= = =
= = =
= + = + =
= + = =
98 . 13
96 . 27 2
0 . 33
52 . 17
2 tan
MPa 4 . 7 4 . 37 0 . 33
MPa 4 . 70 4 . 37 0 . 33
MPa 4 . 37 52 . 17 0 . 33
p p
min
max
2 2
max
p
CD
CY
R OC
R OC
R

=
=
=
=
98 . 13
MPa 4 . 7
MPa 4 . 70
MPa 4 . 37
min
max
max
p

The cantilever tube shown is to be

made of 2014 aluminum alloy
treated to obtain a specified
minimum yield strength of
276MPa. We wish to select a stock
size tube (according to the table
below). Using a design factor of
n=4.
The bending load is F=1.75kN, the axial tension is P=9.0kN and the
torsion is T=72N.m. What is the realized factor of safety?
Consider the critical area ( top surface).
I
Mc
A
P
x
+ =
Maximum bending moment = 120F
I
d
kNx mm
A
kN
x

+ =
2
75 . 1 120
9

J
d
J
d
J
Tr
zx
36
2
72
=

= =
( )
2
1
2 2
3
zx x VM
+ =
GPa GPa
n
S
y
VM
0690 . 0
4
276 . 0
= =
For the dimensions of that tube
57 . 4
06043 . 0
276 . 0
= = =
VM
y
S
n

A certain force F is applied at D near the end of the 15-in lever,

which is similar to a socket wrench. The bar OABC is made of AISI
1035 steel, forged and heat treated so that it has a minimum (ASTM)
yield strength of 81kpsi. Find the force (F) required to initiate
yielding. Assume that the lever DC will not yield and that there is no
stress concentration at A.
Solution:
1) Find the critical section
The critical sections will be
either point A or Point O. As the
moment of inertia varies with r
4
then point A in the 1in diameter
is the weakest section.
F
d
in F
d
d
M
I
My
x
6 . 142
14 32
64
2
3 4
=

=

= =

2) Determine the stresses at the

critical section
F
in
in F
d
d
T
J
Tr
zx
4 . 76
) 1 (
15 16
32
2
3 4
=

=

= =

3) Chose the failure

criteria.
The AISI 1035 is a
ductile material. Hence,
we need to employ the
distortion-energy
theory.
lbf
S
F
F
VM
y
zx x xy y x y x VM
416
5 . 194
81000
5 . 194 3 3
2
2
2
2 2
= = =
= + = + + =

Apply the MSS theory. For a point undergoing plane stress with
only one non-zero normal stress and one shear stress, the two non-
zero principal stresses (
A
and
B
) will have opposite signs (Case 2).
( ) ( ) ( )
lbf F
F F
S
S
zx x zx
x
y B A
zx
x
y
B A
388
4 . 76 4 6 . 142 81000
4
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
max
=
+ =
+ = +

=
+

= =

A round cantilever bar is subjected to torsion plus a transverseload at

the free end. The bar is made of a ductile material having a yield
strength of 50000psi. The transverse force (P) is 500lb and the torque
is 1000lb-in applied to the free end. The bar is 5in long (L) and a
safety factor of 2 is assumed. Transverse shear can be neglected.
Determine the minimum diameter to avoid yielding using both MSS
and DET criteria.
Solution
1) Determine the critical section
The critical section occurs at the
wall.
3 4
32
64
2
d
PL
d
d
PL
I
Mc
x

=

= =
3 4
16
32
2
d
T
d
d
T
J
Tc
xy

=

= =
( ) ( )
( )
( )

+ =

+ =

=
+

= +

+
=
2
2
3
2 , 1
2
2
3
2
3
2
3 3
2 , 1
2
2
2
2
2 , 1
1000 5 500 5 500
16
16 16 16 16
2 2 2 2
d
T PL PL
d d
T
d
PL
d
PL
xy
x x
xy
y x y x

in d
n
S
d d
y
MAX
MAX
031 . 1
000 , 25
2
50000
2
4 . 13715
2
) 8 . 980 ( 26450
2
3 1
3 3
3 1

= = =
=

=

3
1
26450
d
=
3
2
8 . 980
d
=
The stresses are in the wrong
order.. Rearranged to
3
1
26450
d
=
3
3
8 . 980
d
=
MSS
in d
n
S
d
d d d d
y
VM
VM
025 . 1
2
50000 26950
8 . 980 26450 8 . 980 26450
3
3 3
2
3
2
3
3 1
2
3
2
1

= =

= + =

DET
The factor of safety for a machine
element depends on the particular
point selected for the analysis. Based
upon the DET theory, determine the
safety factor for points A and B.
This bar is made of AISI 1006 cold-drawn steel (S
y
=280MPa) and it is
loaded by the forces F=0.55kN, P=8.0kN and T=30N.m
Solution:
Point A
2 3 2 4
4 32
4 64
2
d
P
d
Fl
d
P
d
d
Fl
Area
P
I
Mc
x

+ = +

= + =
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
MPa
x
49 . 95
02 . 0
10 8 4
02 . 0
1 . 0 10 55 . 0 32
2
3
3
3
= + =

( )
( )
MPa
d
T
J
Tr
xy
10 . 19
020 . 0
30 16 16
3 3
= = = =

( ) ( ) [ ]
77 . 2
1 . 101
280
1 . 101 1 . 19 3 49 . 95 3
2
1
2
2 2 2
= = =
= + = + =
VM
y
xy x VM
S
n
MPa

Point B
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) [ ]
22 . 6
02 . 45
280
02 . 45 43 . 21 3 47 . 25
43 . 21
02 . 0
4
3
10 55 . 0 4
02 . 0
30 16
3
4 16
47 . 25
02 . 0
10 8 4 4
2
1
2
2
2
3
3 3
2
3
2
= =
= + =
=

+ = + =
= = =
n
MPa
MPa
A
V
d
T
MPa
d
P
VM
xy
x

The shaft shown in the figure below is supported by two bearingsand carries two V-
belt sheaves. The tensions in the belts exert horizontal forces on the shaft, tending to
bend it in the x-z plane. Sheaves B exerts a clockwise torque on the shaft when
viewed towards the origin of the coordinate system along the x-axis. Sheaves C
exerts an equal but opposite torque on the shaft. For the loading conditions shown,
determine the principal stresses and the safety factor on the element K, located on the
surface of the shaft (on the positive z-side), just to the right of sheave B. Consider
that the shaft is made of a steel of a yield strength of 81ksi
Shearing force = 165lb
Bending Moment = -1540lb-in
( )
( )
ksi
r
r M
I
Mc
x
031 . 8
625 . 0
1540
4
4
3 4
=

= = =

( )
( )
ksi
r
T
J
Tr
xz
868 . 2
625 . 0
1100 2 2
3 3
= = = =

( ) ( )
( )
ksi ksi
xy
x x
xy
y x y x
92 . 0 95 . 8
868 . 2
2
03 . 8
2
03 . 8
2 2 2 2
2 1
2
2
2 , 1
2
2
2
2
2 , 1
= =
+

=
+

= +

+
=

( )
2 . 8
935 . 4
2
81
2
..
935 . 4
2
92 . 0 95 . 8
2
.....
3 1
= = = =
=

=

=
Max
Y
Max
S
n Factor Safety
ksi MSS

( ) ( ) ( )( )
58 . 8
44 . 9
81
..
44 . 9 92 . 0 95 . 8 92 . 0 95 . 8 ......
2 2
3 1
2
3
2
1
= = = =
= + = + =
VM
y
VM
S
n Factor Safety
ksi DET

A horizontal bracket ABC consists of two perpendicular arms AB and BC, of
1.2m and 0.4m in length respectively. The Arm AB has a solid circular cross
section with diameter equal to 60mm. At point C a load P
1
=2.02kN acts
vertically and a load P
2
=3.07kN acts horizontally and parallel to arm AB.
For the points p and q, located at support A, calculate:
(1)The principal stresses.
(2) the maximum in-plane shear stress.
1.2m
q