Energy

MMBTU
1
1
1
1
1
1

MMBTU =
BTU
=
Joules
=
Calories =
kilo-calories
=
kWh
=

1
1.0E-06
9.48E-10
3.97E-09
3.97E-06
3.4E+09

BTU
1,000,000
1
9.48E-04
3.97E-03
3.969
3412

Joules
Calories
kilo-calories
1.06E+09
2.52E+08
2.52E+05
1055
252
0.252
1
0.2388
2.39E-04
4.187
1
0.001
4187
1000
1
3.6E+06
8.6E+05
8.6E+02

kWh
293
2.93E-04
2.78E-07
1.16E-06
1.16E-03
1

1
1
1
1

BTU
therm
100,000
MBTU
1,000
MMBTU
1,000,000
quadrillion BTU1.00E+15

1
1
1

kilowatt-hour (kWh)
megawatt-hour (MWh)
gigawatt-hour (GWh)

watt-hours (Wh)
kilowatt-hours (kWh)megawatt-hours (MWh)
1,000
1
1,000,000
1,000
1
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000

t-hours (MWh)

Lower and Higher Heating Values of Gas, Liquid and Solid Fuels
Fuels
Gaseous Fuels @ 32 F and 1 atm

Lower Heating Value (LHV) [1]

Higher Heating Value (HHV) [1]

Density

Btu/ft3 [2]

Btu/lb [3]

MJ/m3 [4]

MJ/kg [4]

Btu/ft3 [2]

Btu/lb [3]

MJ/m3 [4]

MJ/kg [4]

grams/ft3

983
290
1458

20,267
51,682
20,163

37
11
54

47.142
120.212
46.898

1089
343
1,584

22,453
61,127
21,905

41
13
59

52.225
142.182
50.951

22.00
2.55
32.80

Btu/gal [2]

Btu/lb [3]

MJ/ltr [4]

MJ/kg [4]

MJ/ltr [4]

MJ/kg [4]

grams/gal

129,670
116,090
113,602
113,927
128,450
129,488
116,920
111,520
140,353
57,250
76,330
99,837
83,127
116,090
84,950
74,720
68,930
72,200
119,550
123,670
117,059
122,887
115,983
30,500
93,540
96,720
100,480
94,970
90,060
95,720
84,250

18,352
18,679
18,211
18,272
18,397
18,320
19,320
19,081
16,968
8,639
11,587
14,775
12,721
18,679
20,038
20,908
12,417
10,061
16,134
18,593
18,729
18,908
18,590
51,621
15,094
15,613
15,646
19,466
19,287
19,271
19,904

36
32
32
32
36
36
33
31
39
16
21
28
23
32
24
21
19
20
33
34
33
34
32
9
26
27
28
26
25
27
23

42.686
43.448
42.358
42.500
42.792
42.613
44.939
44.383
39.467
20.094
26.952
34.366
29.589
43.448
46.608
48.633
28.882
23.402
37.528
43.248
43.564
43.980
43.240
120.071
35.108
36.315
36.393
45.277
44.862
44.824
46.296

39
35
34
34
38
39
35
33
42
18
24
30
25
35
25
24
21
22
36
36
35
36
35
10
28
29
30
29
27
29
25

45.543
46.536
45.433
45.577
45.767
45.575
48.075
47.654
42.210
22.884
29.847
37.334
31.862
46.536
50.152
55.206
31.681
25.670
40.168
45.472
46.628
46.818
46.314
141.802
37.957
39.247
39.323
49.210
49.096
48.238
50.236

3,205
2,819
2,830
2,828
3,167
3,206
2,745
2,651
3,752
3,006
2,988
3,065
2,964
2,819
1,923
1,621
2,518
3,255
3,361
3,017
2,835
2,948
2,830
268
2,811
2,810
2,913
2,213
2,118
2,253
1,920

Solid Fuels

Btu/ton [2]

Btu/lb [5]

MJ/tonne [4]

MJ/kg [4]

MJ/tonne [4]

MJ/kg [4]

Coal (wet basis) [6]

Bituminous coal (wet basis) [7]
Coking coal (wet basis)
Farmed trees (dry basis)
Herbaceous biomass (dry basis)
Corn stover (dry basis)
Forest residue (dry basis)
Sugar cane bagasse
Petroleum coke

19,546,300
22,460,600
24,600,497
16,811,000
14,797,555
14,075,990
13,243,490
12,947,318
25,370,000

9,773
11,230
12,300
8,406
7,399
7,038
6,622
6,474
12,685

22,732
26,122
28,610
19,551
17,210
16,370
15,402
15,058
29,505

22.732
26.122
28.610
19.551
17.210
16.370
15.402
15.058
29.505

23,968
27,268
29,865
20,589
18,123
17,415
16,473
16,355
31,308

23.968
27.268
29.865
20.589
18.123
17.415
16.473
16.355
31.308

Natural gas
Hydrogen
Still gas (in refineries)
Liquid Fuels
Crude oil
Conventional gasoline
Reformulated or low-sulfur gasoline
CA reformulated gasoline
U.S. conventional diesel
Low-sulfur diesel
Petroleum naphtha
NG-based FT naphtha
Residual oil
Methanol
Ethanol
Butanol
Acetone
E-Diesel Additives
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Dimethyl ether (DME)
Dimethoxy methane (DMM)
Methyl ester (biodiesel, BD)
Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD)
Renewable Diesel I (SuperCetane)
Renewable Diesel II (UOP-HDO)
Renewable Gasoline
Liquid Hydrogen
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE)
Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME)
Butane
Isobutane
Isobutylene
Propane

Btu/gal [2] Btu/lb [3]

138,350
124,340
121,848
122,174
137,380
138,490
125,080
119,740
150,110
65,200
84,530
108,458
89,511
124,340
91,410
84,820
75,610
79,197
127,960
130,030
125,294
130,817
124,230
36,020
101,130
104,530
108,570
103,220
98,560
103,010
91,420

19,580
20,007
19,533
19,595
19,676
19,594
20,669
20,488
18,147
9,838
12,832
16,051
13,698
20,007
21,561
23,734
13,620
11,036
17,269
19,549
20,047
20,128
19,911
60,964
16,319
16,873
16,906
21,157
21,108
20,739
21,597

Btu/ton [2] Btu/lb [5]

20,608,570
23,445,900
25,679,670
17,703,170
15,582,870
14,974,460
14,164,160
14,062,678
26,920,000

10,304
11,723
12,840
8,852
7,791
7,487
7,082
7,031
13,460

Source:
GREET Transportation Fuel Cycle Analysis Model, GREET 1.8b, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, released May 8, 2008.
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/index.html
Notes:
[1] The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25C) and returning the temperature of
the combustion products to 150C, which assumes the latent heat of vaporization of water in the reaction products is not recovered. The LHV are the useful calorific values in boiler combustion plants
and are frequently used in Europe.
The higher heating value (also known as gross calorific value or gross energy) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25C) once it is combusted and
the products have returned to a temperature of 25C, which takes into account the latent heat of vaporization of water in the combustion products. The HHV are derived only under laboratory
conditions, and are frequently used in the US for solid fuels.
[2] Btu = British thermal unit.
[3] The heating values for gaseous fuels in units of Btu/lb are calculated based on the heating values in units of Btu/ft3 and the corresponding fuel density values. The heating values for liquid fuels in
units of Btu/lb are calculated based on heating values in units of Btu/gal and the corresponding fuel density values.
[4] The heating values in units of MJ, are converted from the heating values in units of Btu.
[5] For solid fuels, the heating values in units of Btu/lb are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/ton.
[6] Coal characteristics assumed by GREET for electric power production.
[7] Coal characteristics assumed by GREET for hydrogen and Fischer-Tropsch diesel production.

Biomass Energy Data Book -- 2010 -- http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb

en
si
ty

Vo

lu

as

Pr

es
su
r

Conversion Factors
psi
inches of water (60F)
inches Hg (32F)
Atmosphere
mm Hg (32F)
Bar
kgf/cm2
Pascal

Pressure psi
1
0.036091
0.491154
14.696
0.0193368
14.5038
14.223
1.45038 104

inches of water
(60F)
= 27.708
1
13.609
407.19
0.53578
401.86
394.1
4.0186 103

inches Hg (32F)
= 2.0360
0.073483
1
29.921
0.03937
29.53
28.959
2.953 104

Atmosphere
= 0.068046
2.4559 10-3
0.033421
1
1.31579 103
0.98692
0.96784
9.8692 106

lb (avoir.)
grain
ounce (avoir.)
kg

lb (avoir.)
1
1.4286 104
0.0625
2.20462

grain
= 7000
1
437.5
1.5432 104

ounce (avoir.)
= 16
2.2857 103
1
35.274

kg
= 0.45359
6.4800 105
0.02835
1

cubic inch
cubic foot
gallon
litre
cubic metre (m3)

cubic inch
1
1728
231
61.02374
6.102374 104

cubic foot
= 5.787 104
1
0.13368
0.035315
35.315

gallon
= 4.329 103
7.48052
1
0.264173
264.173

litre
= 0.0163871
28.317
3.7854
1
1000

lb/ft3

lb/gal

g/cm3

kg/m3

mm Hg (32F)
= 51.715
1.8665
25.4
760
1
750.062
735.559
7.50 103

cubic metre (m3)

= 1.63871 105
0.028317
0.0037854
0.001
1

Sp

ec
Vo ific
lu
m
e

en
si

ty

Conversion Factors
lb/ft3
lb/gal
g/cm3
kg/m3

ft3/lb
gal/lb
cm3/g
m3/kg

1
7.48055
62.428
0.062428

= 0.133680
1
8.34538
0.008345

= 0.016018
0.119827
1
0.001

= 16.018463
119.827
1000
1

ft3/lb

gal/lb
= 7.48055
1
0.119827
119.827

cm3/g

m3/kg

= 62.4280
8.34538
1
1000

= 0.0624280
0.008345
0.001
1

1
0.13368
0.016018
16.018463

Conversion Factors
Bar
= 0.068948
2.4884 103
0.033864
1.01325
1.3332 103
1
0.980665
105

kgf/cm2
= 0.07030696
2.537 103
0.034532
1.03323
1.3595 103
1.01972
1
1.01972 105

Pascal
= 6894.8
248.84
3386.4
1.01325 105
133.32
105
9.80665 104
1

Conversion Factors

Temperature

Scale
Kelvin
Celsius
Rankine
Fahrenheit

Temperature

xK=
xC =
xR =
xF =

K
x
x + 273.15
x/1.8
(x + 459.67)/1.8

C
x 273.15
x
(x 491.67)/1.8
(x 32)/1.8

R
1.8x
1.8x + 491.67
x
x + 459.67

F
1.8x 459.67
1.8x + 32
x 459.67
x

Temperature Interval

1K=
1C =
1R =
1F =

K
1
1
5/9
5/9

C
1
1
5/9
5/9

R
9/5 = 1.8
9/5 = 1.8
1
1

F
9/5 = 1.8
9/5 = 1.8
1
1

Convert from
COP
EJ
g
g
g
g/kg
g/m3
ha
J
J
J
J
J/kg
J/m2
J/m3
J/m3
kg
kg/(Pasm)
kg/(Pasm2)
kg/m2
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/s
kg/s
kJ/(kgK)
kJ/kg
kJ/m3
km
km
km/h
kN
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kW
kW
kW
kW
L
L
L
L
L/(sm2)
L/s
L/s
L/s

Convert to
EER
quad (1015 Btu)
grain (1/7000 lb)
ounce (mass, avoirdupois)
pound (lb) (avoirdupois, mass)
gr/lb
gr/gal
acre (43,560 ft2)
Btu (International Table)
Btu (thermochemical)
calorie (thermochemical)
ftlbf (work)
ftlbf /lb (specific energy)
Btu/ft2 (International Table)
Btu/ft3 (International Table)
Btu/gal
pound (lb) (avoirdupois, mass)
permeability at 32F (perm inch)
permeance at 32F (perm)
lb/ft2
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon
lb/ft3 (density, )
lb/gallon
b/h
lb/min
Btu/lbF (specific heat cp)
Btu/lb
kW/1000 cfm
mile
mile, nautical
mile per hour (mph)
kip (1000 lbf)
atmosphere (standard)
bar
inches of mercury (60F)
millibar
mm of mercury (60F)
psi
horsepower (boiler) (33,470 Btu/h)
horsepower (550 ftlbf /s)
lb/h [steam at 212F (100C)]
ton, refrigeration (12,000 Btu/h)
barrel (42 U.S. gal, petroleum)
ft3
gallon (U.S., *231 in3)
quart (liquid, U.S.)
gpm/ft2
ft3/min, cfm
ft3/s, cfs
gpm

Multiplier
3.4130
0.9479
15.4321
0.0353
2.205E-03
6.9930
0.0585
2.4710
9.478E-04
9.485E-04
0.2390
0.7375
0.3344
8.8055E-05
2.6839E-05
3.5879E-06
2.2046
6.879E+11
1.748E+10
0.2049
0.1335
0.0625
0.0083
7937
132.2926
0.2388
0.4299
0.4719
0.6215
0.5400
0.6214
0.2247
9.869E-03
0.01
0.2967
10
7.5188
0.1450
0.1019
1.3410
3.5174
0.2843
6.289E-03
3.531E-02
0.2642
1.0567
1.4725
2.1189
0.0353
15.8479

lx
m
m
m/s
m/s
m/s
m2
m2
m2
m2
(m2K)/W
(m2K)/W
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Mg
mg/kg
Mg; t (tonne)
MJ
MJ
mL
mL
mL
mL
mL/J
mL/s
mL/s
mm
mm
mm/m
mm2
mm2/s
mm2/s
mm3
mm4
mNm
mNm
MPa
mPa
mPas
mPas
mPas
N
N
N
N
N/m
Nm

footcandle
ft
yd
ft/min, fpm
ft/s, fps
mile per hour (mph)
acre (43,560 ft2)
ft2
square (100 ft2)
yd2
clo
ft2h F/Btu (thermal resistance R)
barrel (42 U.S. gal, petroleum)
bushel (dry, U.S.)
ft3
litre
pint (liquid, U.S.)
yd3
ton, long (2240 lb)
ppm (by mass)
ton, short (2000 lb)
kWh
therm (U.S.)
in3 (volume)
ounce (liquid, U.S.)
tablespoon
teaspoon
gpm/ton refrigeration
gph
in3/min (SCIM)
ft
inch
in/100 ft, thermal expansion
in2
centistokes (kinematic viscosity )
ft2/s (kinematic viscosity )
in3 (section modulus)
in4 (section moment)
inlbf (torque or moment)
ounce inch (torque, moment)
kip/in2 (ksi)
micron (m) of mercury (60F)
centipoise (dynamic viscosity )
lb/fth (dynamic viscosity )
lb/fts (dynamic viscosity )
dyne
kilopond (kg force)
ounce (force or thrust)
lbf (force or thrust)
lbf /ft (uniform load)
ftlbf (torque or moment)

0.0929
3.2808
1.0936
196.8504
3.2808
2.2371
2.471E-04
10.7639
0.1076
1.1960
6.4516
5.6783
6.325
28.3773
3.531E+01
1000
2113.38
1.3079
0.9843
1.0000
1.1025
0.2778
0.0095
0.0610
0.0338
0.0667
0.2000
55.8659
0.9524
3.6614
3.281E-03
0.0394
1.2005
0.0016
1
1.0764E-05
6.102E-05
2.403E-06
0.0088
0.1416
0.1450
7.519E-03
1
2.4190
6.711E-04
1.000E-05
0.1019
3.5971
0.2248
0.0685
0.7376

Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa/m
Pas
W
W
W
W
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
W/(m2K)
W/m2
W/m2
W/m2

dyne/cm2
ft of water
inches of water (60F)
mm of water (60F)
lbf /ft2
torr (1 mm Hg at 0C)
ft of water per 100 ft pipe
lbf s/ft2 (dynamic viscosity )
Btu/h
EDR hot water (150 Btu/h)
EDR steam (240 Btu/h)
ftlbf /min (power)
Btuft/hft2 F
Btuin/hft2 F (thermal conductivity k)
Btu/hft2 F (overall heat transfer coefficient U)
Btu/hft2
met
watt per square foot

10
3.346E-04
4.016E-03
0.1020
0.0209
0.0075
1.019E-02
0.0209
3.4121
2.275E-02
1.422E-02
44.2478
0.5778
6.9335
0.1761
0.3170
0.0172
0.0929

Convert from
acre (43,560 ft2)
acre (43,560 ft2)
atmosphere (standard)
bar
barrel (42 U.S. gal, petroleum)
barrel (42 U.S. gal, petroleum)
Btu (International Table)
Btu (thermochemical)
Btu/ft2 (International Table)
Btu/ft3 (International Table)
Btu/gal
Btuft/hft2 F
Btuin/hft2 F (thermal conductivity k)
Btu/h
Btu/hft2
Btu/hft2 F (overall heat transfer coefficient U)
Btu/lb
Btu/lbF (specific heat cp)
bushel (dry, U.S.)
calorie (thermochemical)
centipoise (dynamic viscosity )
centistokes (kinematic viscosity )
clo
dyne
dyne/cm2
EDR hot water (150 Btu/h)
EDR steam (240 Btu/h)
EER
ft
ft
ft/min, fpm
ft/s, fps
ft of water
ft of water per 100 ft pipe
ft2
ft2h F/Btu (thermal resistance R)
ft2/s (kinematic viscosity )
ft3
ft3
ft3/min, cfm
ft3/s, cfs
ftlbf (torque or moment)
ftlbf (work)
ftlbf /lb (specific energy)
ftlbf /min (power)
footcandle
gallon (U.S., *231 in3)
gph
gpm

Convert to

Multiplier

ha
m2
kPa
kPa
L
m3
J
J
J/m2
J/m3
J/m3

0.4047
4046.873
101.325
100
159
0.1580987
1055.056
1054.35
11,356.53
37,258.95
278,717.18
1.730735
0.1442279
0.2930711
3.154591
5.678263
2.326
4.1868

W/(mK)
W/(mK)
W
W/m2
W/(m2K)
kJ/kg
kJ/(kgK)
m3
J
mPas
mm2/s
(m2K)/W
N
Pa
W
W
COP
m
mm
m/s
m/s
Pa
Pa/m
m2
2
(m K)/W
mm2/s
L
m3
L/s
L/s
Nm
J
J/kg
W
lx
L
mL/s
L/s

0.0352394
4.184
1
1
0.155
1.0 105
0.1
43.9606
70.33706
0.293
0.3048
304.8
0.00508
0.3048
2989
98.1
0.092903
0.17611
92,900
28.316846
0.02832
0.471947
28.316845
1.355818
1.356
2.99
0.0226
10.76391
3.785412
1.05
0.0631

gpm/ft2
gpm/ton refrigeration
grain (1/7000 lb)
gr/gal
gr/lb
horsepower (boiler) (33,470 Btu/h)
horsepower (550 ftlbf /s)
inch
inches of mercury (60F)
inches of water (60F)
in/100 ft, thermal expansion
inlbf (torque or moment)
in2
in3 (volume)
in3/min (SCIM)
in3 (section modulus)
in4 (section moment)
kWh
kW/1000 cfm
kilopond (kg force)
kip (1000 lbf)
kip/in2 (ksi)
litre
met
micron (m) of mercury (60F)
mile
mile, nautical
mile per hour (mph)
mile per hour (mph)
millibar
mm of mercury (60F)
mm of water (60F)
ounce (mass, avoirdupois)
ounce (force or thrust)
ounce (liquid, U.S.)
ounce inch (torque, moment)
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon
permeance at 32F (perm)
permeability at 32F (perm inch)
pint (liquid, U.S.)
pound (lb) (avoirdupois, mass)
pound (lb) (avoirdupois, mass)
lbf (force or thrust)
lbf /ft (uniform load)
lb/fth (dynamic viscosity )
lb/fts (dynamic viscosity )
lbf s/ft2 (dynamic viscosity )
b/h
lb/min
lb/h [steam at 212F (100C)]
lbf /ft2

L/(sm2)
mL/J
g
g/m3
g/kg
kW
kW
mm
kPa
Pa
mm/m
mNm
mm2

0.6791
0.0179
0.0648
17.1
0.143
9.81
0.7457
25.4
3.37
249
0.833
113

645.16
mL
16.3874
mL/s
0.273117
mm3
16,387
mm4
416,231
MJ
3.6
kJ/m3
2.11888
N
9.81
kN
4.45
MPa
6.895
m3
0.001
W/m2
58.15
mPa
133
km
1.609
km
1.852
km/h
1.609344
m/s
0.447
kPa
0.1
kPa
0.133
Pa
9.8
g
28.35
N
0.278
mL
29.6
mNm
7.06
3
kg/m
7.489152
kg/(Pasm2) 5.72135 1011
12
kg/(Pasm) 1.45362 10
3
m
4.73176 104
kg
0.453592
g
453.592
N
4.448222
N/m
14.5939
mPas
0.4134
mPas
1490
Pas
47.88026
kg/s
0.000126
kg/s
0.007559
kW
0.2843
Pa
47.9

lb/ft2
lb/ft3 (density, )
lb/gallon
ppm (by mass)
psi
quad (1015 Btu)
quart (liquid, U.S.)
square (100 ft2)
tablespoon
teaspoon
therm (U.S.)
ton, long (2240 lb)
ton, short (2000 lb)
ton, refrigeration (12,000 Btu/h)
torr (1 mm Hg at 0C)
watt per square foot
yd
yd2
yd3

kg/m2
kg/m3
kg/m3
mg/kg
kPa
EJ
L
m2
mL
mL
MJ
Mg
Mg; t (tonne)
kW
Pa
W/m2
m
m2
m3

4.88
16
120
1
6.895
1.055
0.9463
9.29
15
5
105.5
1.016
0.907
3.517
133
10.76
0.9144
0.8361
0.7646