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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Living in this modern society, technology is very much involved. Every person is
recognized with the device or gadget, he carries; that is the result of a technologically
inclined society. Eventually, living without technology is like a soldier without gun; that
is how people are so much dependent with technology today.
Nowadays, some customers such as hospitals, manufacturing, industries,
commercial establishments, schools, buildings and homes are dependent on electrical
devices and equipment. These devices are controlled by modern technology for their
operations, controls and processes. This includes remote sensing, SCADA, HMI, micro
controller sensors and PLC. They are used for automatic control of lights and switches,
and for remotely controlled operation of equipment or machine. These modern
technologies save time, costs, and labor.
The researcher conceptualized this study about the modern technology using HMI
in the school specifically the laboratory room. Laboratory should be conducive to
learning so that students are encouraged to study. It is a room where the students have the
basic knowledge in theoretical aspects before they ought to gain knowledge outside. So,
the study is focus on the development of a modernized laboratory equipped with
automatic controls. Before laboratory is just a room with equipment, many lights, and

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switches. They are using manual switching of the facilities inside a laboratory room
which is done manually. The turning on and off the equipment gave waste time and
energy. The conceptualization of a modern laboratory gave the students an edge in
modern technology as well as application.
The common problems encountered in a laboratory room are poor illumination
and ventilation. In laboratories and classrooms effectively and efficiently required
illumination level and proper ventilation. Having a proper illumination is necessary
because inadequate lighting affects the eyes of an individual and it can have physical
effects that can influence someones mood and motivation. On the other hand, ventilation
also affects the persons mood ability to concentrate and response to different situation.
In addition, there are some cases wherein the power and the lighting outlets are left
behind and still consuming power from the source this may lead to fire and the like
circumstances.
Through careful investigation and exploration of the existing development and
products of technology the proper illumination, ventilation and centralized control for
lighting and power outlet are the major problem to be solved on this study. The
researchers thought of developing a PLC-based Automated Laboratory Room with
innovated fixtures.

Objectives of the study
General objectives

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The general objective of the study is to develop a Human Machine
Interface based Automated Laboratory Room

Specific objective
1. To design a program for PLC with the following characteristics:
Manual and Automatic control of lighting and power outlet;
Human Machine Interface (HMI)based control for all electrical
consuming devices; and
Automatic control of the ventilation of the laboratory room.
2. Develop a program for HMI for automated control of ventilation, lighting
and
3. Fabricate a whiteboard via tool cabinet using locally accessible materials;
3. Test the prototype according to design parameters; and
4. To evaluate the acceptability of the prototype on its functionality,
aesthetics, workability, durability, economy, safety and saleability.

Scope and limitations
This study involves the design, fabrication, installation, test and evaluation of a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based automated laboratory room with innovated
fixtures is significant to the areas where proper illumination and ventilation is cautiously

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observed. An example of this is the typical laboratory room especially in the place where
the light and humidity coming from the environment improves the required luminance
and ventilation on the entire laboratory room.

The program is design for the following loads; eight (8) 50 watts CFL (Compact
fluorescent light), two (2) 18 watts T8 fluorescent lamps and seven (7) universal outlets
which could be found in local electrical stores. Furthermore four (4) orbit electric fans to
enhance the ventilation of the said laboratory room, in addition the white board and the
cabinets were reconditioned to maximize the space inside the laboratory room. Two (2)
exhaust fans were installed to minimize the humidity inside the laboratory room. A
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) will be installed to monitor the real-time events inside
the laboratory room. The program of the Human Machine Interface (HMI) was based on
the number of input and output encoded by the PLC.

The prototypes were evaluated by instrumentation and control engineering
technology professors and 50 selected students from different courses using the TUP
evaluation instrument for developed prototype.

The study is limited and installed in a laboratory room said room has dimension
of 6.50 and 9.00 meters. And the program of the human machine interface is limited to
the number of inputs and outputs encoded in the programmable logic controller. The
prototype cant be manually operated unless the computer is shut down.


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Chapter 2
Conceptual Framework
This presents the review of related literature and studies underlying the
framework of the study it includes the conceptual model of the study and the operational
definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature
I ntroduction
According to amxcampus.com at 21st century, automated classrooms are not only
a return on investment but also essential in implementing effective learning
environments. Easy to use solutions for the educator that do not require any prior training
or technology experience are the key. After all, technology is meant to simplify the
educators life, not further complicate it.

Automation

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Automation is the use of machines, control systems and information
technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services.
The correct incentive for applying automation is to increase productivity, and/or quality
beyond that possible with current human labor levels so as to realize economies of scale,
and/or realize predictable quality levels. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a
step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators
with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation
greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements while increasing
load capacity, speed, and repeatability. Automation plays an increasingly important role
in the world economy and in daily experience.
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries
beyond manufacturing . Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely
by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such
as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of
human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy
by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits
to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for
the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st
centuries.
The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic, was not widely used
before 1947, when General Motors established the automation department. At that time
automation technologies were electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic. Between

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1957 and 1964 factory output nearly doubled while the number of blue collar workers
started to decline.

The main advantages of automation are:
Increased throughput or productivity.
Improved quality or increased predictability of quality.
Improved robustness (consistency), of processes or product.
Increased consistency of output.
Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses.
The following methods are often employed to improve productivity, quality, or
robustness.
Install automation in operations to reduce cycle time.
Install automation where a high degree of accuracy is required.
Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.
Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space,
volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.)
Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed,
endurance, etc.
Economic improvement: Automation may improve in economy of enterprises,
society or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation,

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technology recovers its investment; or when a state or country increases its income
due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.
Reduces operation time and work handling time significantly.
Frees up workers to take on other roles.
Provides higher level jobs in the development, deployment, maintenance and running
of the automated processes.
The main disadvantages of automation are:
Security Threats/Vulnerability: An automated system may have a limited level of
intelligence, and is therefore more susceptible to committing errors outside of its
immediate scope of knowledge (e.g., it is typically unable to apply the rules of simple
logic to general propositions).
Unpredictable/excessive development costs: The research and development cost of
automating a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.
High initial cost: The automation of a new product or plant typically requires a very
large initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the
cost of automation may be spread among many products and over time.
In manufacturing, the purpose of automation has shifted to issues broader than
productivity, cost, and time. Source: .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

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A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital
computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on
factory assembly lines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for
multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to
electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine
operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an
example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input
conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
Hence, a programmable logic controller is a specialized computer used to control
machines and processes. It therefore shares common terms with typical PCs like central
processing unit, memory, software and communications. Unlike a personal computer
though the PLC is designed to survive in a rugged industrial atmosphere and to be very
flexible in how it interfaces with inputs and outputs to the real world.
Source: http://makox.com/plc-scada/1-introduction

Figure 1.Programmable Logic Controller

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Types and Uses
Unitary PLC
The Unitary PLC is typically the smallest and least expensive. It would be used in
a small machine or fixed application such as overhead door controls or a stand-alone
parts inspection system. They are not expandable so the application is limited to on-board
I/O. There are, however, some very powerful units available with built in GSM, color
screens, and web servers. Most have 1 or 2 analog I/O channels as well as a high speed
input and pulse train output for simple motion control.
Modular PLC
The Modular PLCs start with a processor with a few or no on-board I/O. They
typically mount to a DIN rail and sometimes require a separate power supply. Additional
I/O as well as specialty modules also snap onto the DIN rail and plug into the processor
or adjacent module. Modular PLCs are used in applications where a higher I/O count is
needed or when using specialty modules such as quadrature encoders, thermocouple
inputs, etc. They are also useful in small applications that have options or upgrades
available to the end user. Systems can be expanded (within certain limits) without adding
additional rack space

Rack style PLC

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Rack style PLCs is usually more expensive, expandable, and powerful than
unitary or modular PLCs. The rack provides a power and communication backplane that
greatly increases the communication rate between the processor and the modules as well
as allowing some specialty modules to communicate with each other without the
processor. In some brands, multiple processors can be in the same rack and share the
inputs. Racks also allow for redundant processors for critical systems such as waste water
pumps or fire control systems. The types of modules available for rack systems are far
more extensive than modular systems. The number of available I/O points is also much
higher in the rack systems. Around 1000 for some modular PLCs versus over 100,000 for
the same brand of rack system.
Advantages of Programmable Logic Controller
Flexibility
At first, any production engine is electronically controlled, requiring each control,
for example, 12 machines requires 12 controllers. Now by using the model of the PLC
can control any of the 12 machines. Each machine is controlled by its own respective
programs.

Implementing change and error correction
by using the type of relay that is connected to the panel, program changes will
take time to re-connect panels and equipment. While using the PLC, to make changes to
the program, does not require a long time is by way of a change in software. And if the

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program error occurs, then the error can be directly detected by monitoring its existence
directly. The change is very simple; just change its ladder diagram.

Low price
PLC is simpler in shape, size, and other devices that support it, so the price can be
reached. Current can be purchased the following PLC timers, counters, and analog inputs
in a single CPU package. PLC is easy to get, and now many in the market with different
brands and types.

Contact number is much
PLC has a number of contacts for each coil are many available. For example, the
panel that connects the relay has 5 contacts and all use while on the design changes
needed 4 more contact means required the addition of a single relay again. This means
that the time required performing the installation. By using PLC, typing required just to
make contact again 4 pieces. Hundreds of contacts can be used from a single relay, if the
memory on the computer is still possible.

Monitoring results
The series of PLC programs can be first, tested, examined and modified at the
office or laboratory, so the time efficiency can be achieved. To test the PLC program
does not have to be installed first to the instrument to be executed, but can be seen
directly in the PLC CPU or seen in the supporting software.


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Visual observation
Operation of the circuit can be seen during the PLC operated directly via the CRT
screen. If there are errors or mistakes that other operations can be immediately known.
Logic path will light up on the screen so that repairs can be done quickly through visual
observation. Even some PLC can provide an error message if it occurs.

The operating speed
operating speed of the PLC exceeds the operating speed than relay at work, which
in a few micro-seconds so as to determine the speed of the output of the tools used.

Boolean or ladder method
PLC programs can be done with a ladder diagram by the technician or also use
Boolean or digital system for the programmers. PLC which is easier and can be simulated
in software supporters.

Reliability
Solid state equipment is generally more resistant than mechanical relays or timers.
PLC is able to work in severe environmental conditions, such as shock, dust, high
temperatures, and so on.

Simplification ordering parts
PLC is one piece of equipment with a delivery time. If the PLC arrives, then all
relays, counters, and other components also arrived. If the relay panel designs as much as

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10 pieces, it would require 10 different supplier delivery times, so if you forgot to order
one relay will result in delays in processing a panel.


Documentation
Print series PLC can be done real soon in part or whole without the need to look
at a series of blueprints that are not necessarily up to date, and also do not need to check
the wiring to the circuit path.


Security
PLC programs cannot be changed by anyone and can be made password. While
the regular relay panel allows for changes that are difficult to detect.

Facilitate change by reprogramming.
PLC can be quickly re-programmed; it is possible to mix the production process,
while the other is running production.
Source: http://www.electricityguide.info/2013/04/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
plc.html

Human Machine I nterface (HMI )
Human Machine Interface (HMI), also referred to as User Interface, Operator
Panel or Terminal, provides a means of controlling, monitoring, managing and/or

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visualizing device processes. An example is an operator panel which allows an industrial
machine operator to interact with a machine in a graphical, visual way. With controls and
read-outs graphically displayed on the screen, the operator can use either external buttons
or the touch screen to control the machinery. Ranging from simple segmented displays to
high resolution LCD panels, HMIs can be located on the machine, in battery-operated,
portable handheld devices and also in centralized control rooms. They are used in
machine and process control to connect the sensors, actuators and machines on the
factory oor to I/O control and PLC application systems.
An industrial HMI systems usability is determined by its processing power, its
ability to render complex and reality-like screens, its fast response time to user input and
its exibility to handle various levels of operator interactions. HMIs require dynamically
changing graphics which, in turn, require a high-performance solution that can achieve
the 60 frame-per second refresh rate that is required at the right resolution. They also
have to support multiple connectivity and communications protocols to communicate
between the operator and various machines and control systems.
Source: http://www.carotron.com/articles/hmi-benefits/



Advantages of Human Machine I nterface (HMI )

High quality graphics for realistic representations of machinery and
processes

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This will give the operator and the management a very realistic view of the plant.
The operator can control plant without in one central location, this could be very useful
when there is a security concerns. The operator does not need to be close to the
equipment to control of monitor.
Alarms (Real Time / Historical)
Viewing alarms will help the operator to locate and react faster to any malfunction of
any anomalies. Some of the alarms could be of preventive type, for example to create a
warning alarm on a hydraulic tank oil level before the oil level really reaches a critical
point. Historical Alarm logging is very useful to track problems. It could be used to
optimize process. This in turn would increase productivity and reduce lost time.

Trends (Real Time / Historical)
Trends are very useful with PID's. You can view the curve used to reach a certain set
point. Study of certain values will result in optimizing your process, and it will certainly
make if much more efficient.


Recipe Manager
Simple and complex recipe could be controlled with HMI. This is very useful and
very effective way to execute recipes.

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Simulation
Some of the high quality HMI's will be so flexible that you can simulate a plant in
your office. This will help PLC program developers test their program without having a
single equipment or devices. This kind of simulation is used more and more to reduce
startup time.
Messaging
This is a very interesting functionality. You can message, page or fax someone when
a certain event happens. For example lets say the oil level in the hydraulic tank has
reaching a low level. Then low oil level will be triggered and it will page the person in
charge to fill up the tank.
Animate equipment and instrument based on operator standards.
They say one picture is better than 100 words. Now this is not only a picture it is an
animated one. This will really improve the whole view of the process. Any anomalies
will be detected much easier.
Reduce the cost of hardware
An HMI can replace hundreds of Push buttons, selectors, Lights and so on. As a result
less consoles and panels and definitely less cables all over the plant.

Communication

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Today most HMI's can communicate with many different brands of PLC's. Here is
a list of most used communications.
Source: http://www.kronotech.com/HMI/advantages.htm

Relay
A relay is an electromagnetic switching device consisting of an armature which is
moved by an electromagnet to operate one or more switch contacts.
Some advantages of relays are that they provide amplification and isolation and
are straightforward. They can switch difficult voltages with complete isolation and no
worries about level translation.
Relay disadvantages, compared to solid-state switching, include power efficiency,
noise (both mechanical and electrical, including "contact bounce"), size, speed, and
reliability. Analog switches are commonly used instead of relays in signal switching
applications. Driving a relay can be tricky because it's an inductive load. Special relay
drivers are often used. Contact bounce is another issue. Search the Maxim site for the
term "relay" to see application notes on relay driving and for relay driving products.

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Figure 2.Relays

Application
Amplifying a digital signal, switching a large amount of power with a small
operating power. Some special cases are:
o A telegraph relay, repeating a weak signal received at the end of a long
wire
o Controlling a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some
types of modems or audio amplifiers,
o Controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the
starter solenoid of an automobile,
Detecting and isolating faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening
and closing circuit breakers (protection relays).


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A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging
Isolating the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at
different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a
low-voltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low
voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as
needs change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy detectors to
conserve energy,
Logic functions. For example, the Boolean AND function is realized by
connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting
normally open contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform
the XOR (exclusive or) function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are
accomplished using normally closed contacts. The Ladder programming language
is often used for designing relay logic networks.
o The application of Boolean Algebra to relay circuit design was formalized
by Claude Shannon in A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching
Circuits
o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as
logical elements in digital computers. See electro-mechanical computers
such as ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3.
o Safety-critical logic. Because relays are much more resistant than
semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical
logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery.

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Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a
set of contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper
disk between the armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the
disk maintains magnetic field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a
slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston
filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly. The time period can be varied by
increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical
clockwork timer is installed.
Vehicle battery isolation. A 12 V relay is often used to isolate any second battery
in cars, 4WDs, RVs and boats.
Switching to a standby power supply.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relays
Panel Board
A distribution board (or panel board) is a component of an electricity supply
system which divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit, in a common enclosure. Normally, a
main switch, and in recent boards, one or more Residual-current devices (RCD) or
Residual Current Breakers with Over current protection (RCBO), will also be
incorporated.
Source: http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/rewilliams/panelboard.html


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Figure 3. Panel Board
Screw Terminal
A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is held by the
tightening of a screw. The wire may be wrapped directly under the head of a screw, may
be held by a metal plate forced against the wire by a screw, or may be held by set screws
in the side of a metal tube. The wire may be directly stripped of insulation and inserted
into the terminal, or may be inserted first into a connecting lug which is then inserted in
the terminal.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw-terminal


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Figure 4. Screw Terminal Block
Touch screen monitor
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input device. The
screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the computer by touching pictures
or words on the screen
.
Figure 5. Touch Screen Monitor
There are three types of touch screen technology:
Resistive
A resistive touch screen panel is coated with a thin metallic electrically
conductive and resistive layer that causes a change in the electrical current which is
registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing. Resistive touch
screen panels are generally more affordable but offer only 75% clarity and the layer can
be damaged by sharp objects. Resistive touch screen panels are not affected by outside
elements such as dust or water.

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Surface wave
Surface wave technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touch screen
panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in the
ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information to
the controller for processing. Surface wave touch screen panels are the most advanced of
the three types, but they can be damaged by outside elements.
Capacitive
A capacitive touch screen panel is coated with a material that stores electrical
charges. When the panel is touched, a small amount of charge is drawn to the point of
contact. Circuits located at each corner of the panel measure the charge and send the
information to the controller for processing. Capacitive touch screen panels must be
touched with a finger unlike resistive and surface wave panels that can use fingers and
stylus. Capacitive touch screens are not affected by outside elements and have high
clarity.

Advantages of a Touch Screen Computer


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Touch screen devices have limited buttons that will possibly break after 3 4
years
Touch screen devices usually have more simple user interfaces Ex. iPod Apps
Having less or not buttons means that you can put more effort into having a big
screen
For the people worried about hygiene, most devices are easy to clean, some are
even dirt, dust and grease resistant
For people new or uncomfortable with normal desktops, touch screens are easy to
use helping more people get used to using computers.

Disadvantages of a Touch Screen Monitor
The screen has to be big enough to be able to touch the buttons without missing
Having a big bright screen and needing massive computing power to run this
means a very low battery life
In direct sunlight it is much less efficient and most of the time very difficult to
read the screen
If a touch screen devise were to crash the whole screen would be unresponsive,
and because of the lack of buttons recovering it would be very difficult
The screens will get very dirty
You have to be within arms reach of the device
They usually cost more than ordinary devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the
hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The
term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The
form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history,
but their fundamental operation remains much the same.
A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing.
Some integrated circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs are
called multi-core processors.
Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which
performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts
instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when
necessary.
Not all computational systems rely on a central processing unit. An array
processor or vector processor has multiple parallel computing elements, with no one unit
considered the "center". In the distributed computing model, problems are solved by a
distributed interconnected set of processors.
The abbreviation CPU is sometimes used incorrectly by people who are not
computer specialists to refer to the cased main part of a desktop computer containing the
motherboard, processor, disk drives, etc., i.e., not the display monitor or keyboard.

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Figure 6. Central Processing Unit
Operation of CPU
The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they
take, is to execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The instructions are
kept in some kind of computer memory. There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in
their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and write back.
The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a
number or sequence of numbers) from program memory. The location in program
memory is determined by a program counter (PC), which stores a number that identifies
the current position in the program. After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented
by the length of the instruction word in terms of memory units. Often, the instruction to
be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stall while
waiting for the instruction to be returned. This issue is largely addressed in modern
processors by caches and pipeline architectures.

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The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory is used to determine what the
CPU is to do. In the decode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have
significance to other portions of the CPU. The way in which the numerical instruction
value is interpreted is defined by the CPU's instruction set architecture (ISA). Often, one
group of numbers in the instruction, called the opcode, indicates which operation to
perform. The remaining parts of the number usually provide information required for that
instruction, such as operands for an addition operation. Such operands may be given as a
constant value (called an immediate value), or as a place to locate a value: a register or a
memory address, as determined by some addressing mode. In older designs the portions
of the CPU responsible for instruction decoding were unchangeable hardware devices.
However, in more abstract and complicated CPUs and ISAs, a micro program is often
used to assist in translating instructions into various configuration signals for the CPU.
This micro program is sometimes rewritable so that it can be modified to change the way
the CPU decodes instructions even after it has been manufactured.
After the fetch and decode steps, the execute step is performed. During this step,
various portions of the CPU are connected so they can perform the desired operation. If,
for instance, an addition operation was requested, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) will be
connected to a set of inputs and a set of outputs. The inputs provide the numbers to be
added, and the outputs will contain the final sum. The ALU contains the circuitry to
perform simple arithmetic and logical operations on the inputs (like addition and bitwise
operations). If the addition operation produces a result too large for the CPU to handle, an
arithmetic overflow flag in a flags register may also be set.

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The final step, write back, simply "writes back" the results of the execute step to
some form of memory. Very often the results are written to some internal CPU register
for quick access by subsequent instructions. In other cases results may be written to
slower, but cheaper and larger, main memory. Some types of instructions manipulate the
program counter rather than directly produce result data. These are generally called
"jumps" and facilitate behavior like loops, conditional program execution (through the
use of a conditional jump), and functions in programs. Many instructions will also change
the state of digits in a "flags" register. These flags can be used to influence how a
program behaves, since they often indicate the outcome of various operations. For
example, one type of "compare" instruction considers two values and sets a number in the
flags register according to which one is greater. This flag could then be used by a later
jump instruction to determine program flow.
After the execution of the instruction and write back of the resulting data, the
entire process repeats, with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next-in-
sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter. If the
completed instruction was a jump, the program counter will be modified to contain the
address of the instruction that was jumped to, and program execution continues normally.
In more complex CPUs than the one described here, multiple instructions can be fetched,
decoded, and executed simultaneously. This section describes what is generally referred
to as the "classic RISC pipeline", which in fact is quite common among the simple CPUs
used in many electronic devices (often called microcontroller). It largely ignores the
important role of CPU cache, and therefore the access stage of the pipeline.


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I llumination
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or
aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial lights like lamps and light
fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using
windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during
daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which
represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can
enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive
psychological effects on occupants.
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part
of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.



Lighting Fixtures
Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most
important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to
avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in
themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and
is in keeping with safety codes.
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug
efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used

31

energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can
also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the
surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher
efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality
and the visual comfort probability.
Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain
applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of
a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of
the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin;
daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more
energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures
correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or
color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of
the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.


Types of Lighting
Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending
largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.
Task lighting is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for
purposes such as reading or inspection of materials. For example, reading poor-
quality reproductions may require task lighting levels up to 1500 lux (150 foot-

32

candles), and some inspection tasks or surgical procedures require even higher
levels.
Accent lighting is mainly decorative, intended to highlight pictures, plants, or
other elements of interior design or landscaping.
General lighting (sometimes referred to as ambient light) fills in between the two
and is intended for general illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be a
basic lamp on a table or floor, or a fixture on the ceiling. Outdoors, general
lighting for a parking lot may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 foot-candles)
since pedestrians and motorists already used to the dark will need little light for
crossing the area.

Methods of Lighting
Down lighting
Fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This tends to be the
most used method, used in both offices and homes. Although it is easy to design it has
dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of
fittings. The introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved this by approx. 90%
when compared to a halogen downlight or spotlight. LED lamps or bulbs are now
available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps.
Up lighting
Often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back down. It is commonly
used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform general

33

luminance levels. Up lighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a
space and can minimize disabling glare on computer displays and other dark glossy
surfaces. It gives a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation.
However indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the
surface. While indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow free light effect it
can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting principle.
Front lighting
is also quite common, but tends to make the subject look flat as its casts
almost no visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends
to produce glare near eye level. Backlighting either around or through an object is
mainly for accent.

Fluorescent Lamp
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a very low pressure mercury-vapor gas-
discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. The electric current (in the
gas) excites mercury vapor which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes
a phosphor coating on the inside of the bulb to fluoresce, producing visible light. A
fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light much more efficiently
than incandescent lamps.
The luminous efficacy of a compact fluorescent light bulb is about 60 lumens per
watt, four times the efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb. For conventional tube
fluorescent lamps the fixture is more costly because it requires a heavy ballast to regulate

34

the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial
cost. In fact, it is estimated that a legitimate, qualified fluorescent light bulb can result in
savings of $6.00 per year. The compact fluorescent light's ballast is contained in the base
of the bulb, where the frequency of the AC current is boosted electronically to 60
kilohertz. At this frequency only very small ballast is needed.
The compact fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular sizes as
incandescent and is used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. Because they contain
mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous waste. The Agency
commends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe
disposal.

Figure 7. Fluorescent Lamp



Principles of operation

35

The fundamental means for conversion of electrical energy into radiant energy in
a fluorescent lamp relies on inelastic scattering of electrons. An incident electron collides
with an atom in the gas. If the free electron has enough kinetic energy, it transfers energy
to the atom's outer electron, causing that electron to temporarily jump up to a
higher energy level. The collision is 'inelastic' because a loss of kinetic energy occurs.
This higher energy state is unstable, and the atom will emit an ultraviolet photon as the
atom's electron reverts to a lower, more stable, energy level. Most of the photons that are
released from the mercury atoms have wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the
spectrum, predominantly at wavelengths of 253.7 and 185 nanometers (nm). These are
not visible to the human eye, so they must be converted into visible light. This is done by
making use of fluorescence. Ultraviolet photons are absorbed by electrons in the atoms of
the lamp's interior fluorescent coating, causing a similar energy jump, then drop, with
emission of a further photon.
The photon that is emitted from this second interaction has a lower energy than
the one that caused it. The chemicals that make up the phosphor are chosen so that these
emitted photons are at wavelengths visible to the human eye. The difference in energy
between the absorbed ultra-violet photon and the emitted visible light photon goes toward
heating up the phosphor coating.
When the light is turned on, the electric power heats up the cathode enough for it
to emit electrons (thermionic emission). These electrons collide with and ionize noble
gas atoms inside the bulb surrounding the filament to form plasma by the process
of impact ionization. As a result of avalanche ionization, the conductivity of the ionized
gas rapidly rises, allowing higher currents to flow through the lamp.

36

The fill gas helps determine the operating electrical characteristics of the lamp,
but does not give off light itself. The fill gas effectively increases the distance that
electrons travel through the tube, which allows an electron a greater chance of interacting
with a mercury atom. Argon atoms, excited to a metastable state by impact of an electron,
can impart this energy to a neutral mercury atom and ionize it, described as the Penning
effect. This has the benefit of lowering the breakdown and operating voltage of the lamp,
compared to other possible fill gases such as krypton.

Compact fluorescent lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-
saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace
an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent
lamps. The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an
incandescent bulb and compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of
visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen
times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save
over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all
fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury, which complicates their disposal. In many
countries, governments have established recycling schemes for CFLs and glass generally.
CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of
incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color

37

of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as
subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.
CFLs are available in a variety of styles or shapes. Some have two, four, or six
tubes. Older models, and specialty models, have separate tubes and ballasts. Some CFLs
have the tubes and ballast permanently connected. This allows you to change the tubes
without changing the ballast. Others have circular or spiral-shaped tubes. In general, the
size or total surface area of the tube determines how much light the bulb produces.
The following CFL bulb models come with standard sockets for easy installation
in most common household applications.

Figure 8. Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Spiral Lamps
These bulbs are designed as a continuous tube in a spiral shape which has similar
outside shape and light casting qualities to a standard incandescent bulb. Spiral CFL
bulbs are made in several sizes to fit most common fixtures.

38

Triple Tube Lamps
These CFLs have more tubing in a smaller area, which generates even more light
in a shorter bulb. They pack high light output into a very small space and can be used in
fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs, such as table lamps, reading lamps, open
hanging lamps, and bare bulb applications.

Standard Lamps
These are regular CFL spiral lamps which are placed inside a dome cover and
fitted with a standard base which fits common lamp sockets. They are designed to give
the appearance of the traditional light bulb for consumers looking for the more familiar
light bulb appearance. The glass diffuser provides a quality of light similar to the 'soft-
white' type of incandescent bulbs.
Globe Lamps
This shape is commonly used in bathroom vanity mirrors or open hanging lamps,
and bare bulb applications. Bathroom vanities usually require multiple bulbs, which
generate radiant heat. The CFL globe will reduce this heat buildup while saving energy.
The glass diffuser provides a soft-white light.
Flood Lamps

39

These lamps are designed to be ideal for recessed and track lighting fixtures,
indoors and outdoors. They provide diffused, soft, white light, and generate less heat than
will an incandescent flood or a halogen bulb. CFL flood lamps are available in varying
sizes and wattages.

Candelabra
The screw-in torpedo-shape and the small-base of this bulb is designed for smaller
light fixtures throughout the house, from chandeliers to sconces. To use a smaller
candelabra-based bulb in a regular socket, you can use a socket reducer.

Energy efficiency of CFL bulbs
Because the eye's sensitivity changes with the wavelength, the output of lamps is
commonly measured in lumens, a measure of the power of light as perceived by the
human eye. The luminous efficacy of lamps is the number of lumens produced for each
watt of electrical power used. The luminous efficacy of a typical CFL is 5070 lumens
per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 1017 lm/W. Compared to a
theoretical 100%-efficient lamp (680 lm/W), these lamps have lighting efficiency ranges
of 710% for CFLs and 1.52.5% for incandescent.
Because of their higher efficiency, CFLs use between one-seventh and one-third

of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps. Fifty to seventy percent of the world's
total lighting market sales were incandescent in 2010. Replacing all inefficient lighting

40

with CFLs would save 409 terawatt hours (TWH) per year, 2.5% of the world's electricity
consumption. In the US, it is estimated that replacing all the incandescent would save 80
TWH yearly. Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps (ILs), a phase-
out of ILs would result in less carbon dioxide (CO
2
) being emitted into the atmosphere.
Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual
CO
2
reductions of 230 Mt (million tons), more than the combined yearly CO
2
emissions
of the Netherlands and Portugal.


Electrical power equivalents for differing lamps
Minimum light
output (lumens)
Electrical power consumption (Watts)
Incandescent Compact
fluorescent
LED
450 40 913 4-9
800 60 1315 10-15
1,100 75 1825 17
1,600 100 2330 22

41

2,600 150 3052 Not
available
Table 1. Electrical power equivalents for different lamps
If a building's indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat produced
due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climates or in office or industrial
buildings where conditioning is often required, CFLs reduce the load on the cooling
system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in savings in
electricity in addition to the energy efficiency savings of the lamps themselves. However
in cooler climates in which buildings require heating, the heating system needs to replace
the reduced heat from lighting fixtures.

Ventilation
Ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any
space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or
remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide).
Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce
outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the
interior air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation
of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining

42

acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be
divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.
"Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess
humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement
with outside air. However, in humid climates much energy is required to remove excess
moisture from ventilation air.
Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to control odors and
sometimes humidity. Kitchens have additional problems to deal with such as smoke and
grease Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate and noise level. If
ducting for the fans traverse unheated space the ducting should be insulated as well to
prevent condensation on the ducting. Direct drive fans are available for many
applications, and can reduce maintenance needs.
Ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of
reducing the perceived temperature because of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of
the occupants. Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in
the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor. Ceiling fans
do not provide ventilation as defined as the introduction of outside air.
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use
of a fan or other mechanical system. It can be achieved with open able windows or trickle
vents when the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits. In more
complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and flow out upper
openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the

43

building naturally through openings in the lower areas. These systems use very little
energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort. In warm or humid
months, in many climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation may
not be possible so conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups. Air-side
economizers perform the same function as natural ventilation, but use mechanical
systems' fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool
outdoor air when appropriate.

Effect of temperature
The light output and performance of fluorescent lamps is critically affected by the
temperature of the bulb wall and its effect on the partial pressure of mercury vapor within
the lamp. Each lamp contains a small amount of mercury, which must vaporize to support
the lamp current and generate light. At low temperatures the mercury is in the form of
dispersed liquid droplets. As the lamp warms, more of the mercury is in vapor form. At
higher temperatures, self-absorption in the vapor reduces the yield of UV and visible
light. Since mercury condenses at the coolest spot in the lamp, careful design is required
to maintain that spot at the optimum temperature, around 40 C.
By using an amalgam with some other metal, the vapor pressure is reduced and
the optimum temperature range extended upward; however, the bulb wall "cold spot"
temperature must still be controlled to prevent migration of the mercury out of the
amalgam and condensing on the cold spot. Fluorescent lamps intended for higher output
will have structural features such as a deformed tube or internal heat-sinks to control cold

44

spot temperature and mercury distribution. Heavily loaded small lamps, such as compact
fluorescent lamps, also include heat-sink areas in the tube to maintain mercury vapor
pressure at the optimum value.

Mechanical fan
A mechanical fan is a machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically
a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades which act
on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, a rotor, or a
runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing or case. This may direct the
airflow or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans
are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used,
including hydraulic motors and internal combustion engines.
Fans produce air flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than
ambient pressure), as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a
comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to an air stream,
and devices that take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines, often
have designs similar to that of a fan.
Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort ,
vehicle and machinery cooling systems, ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing ,
removing dust , drying (usually in combination with heat) and to provide draft for a fire.
While fans are often used to cool people, they do not actually cool air (if
anything, electric fans warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors), but work by

45

evaporative of sweat and increased heat conduction into the surrounding air due to the
airflow from the fans. Thus, fans may become ineffective at cooling the body if the
surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity.


Figure 9. Mechanical Fan

Exhaust Fan
An exhaust fan is a fan which is used to control the interior environment by venting out
unwanted odors, particulates, smoke, moisture, and other contaminants which may be
present in the air. Exhaust fans can also be integrated into a heating and cooling system.
Common locations for exhaust fans include bathrooms and kitchens, and these fans are
usually very easy to install, so they can be situated in many other locations as well. For
installation, people do need a few tools, and they must be comfortable working with
electricity to wire the fan in place.

46

A classic use for an exhaust fan is in an environment like a kitchen or a bathroom.
These locations tend to get filled with steam, and steam can promote the development of
mold, which is not desirable. An exhaust fan can be used to vent the warm, moist air to
the outside, where it can disperse harmlessly. Exhaust fans can also vent cooking odors
outside so that they do not linger indoors, and when people cook smoky foods, the fan
can help keep the air in and around the kitchen clear.
For temperature control, an exhaust fan can be used in the hot months to push
warm air outside, creating negative pressure inside the house. This promotes air flow by
drawing in air from the outside, and the outdoor air may be cooler, contributing to
cooling in the house. Using an exhaust fan can be an alternative to air conditioning, or a
supplement to an air conditioning system.
These fans can also be useful in garages and workshops to ventilate the space.
Since these areas can sometimes acquire strong smells and people may work with
potentially dangerous chemicals in them, exhaust fans can be used for comfort and safety.
An exhaust fan is especially important when people are working with things like solvents,
which are not healthy or safe to inhale. Likewise, it is important to vent fumes from
paints, varnishes, and similar types of treatments.
Such fans have uses outside the home as well. Any enclosed space can be vented
with an exhaust fan, ranging from a large storage warehouse to a storefront. These fans
are also used in settings like science labs to provide ventilation which will pull potentially
hazardous substances away from people working in the lab. Similarly, they are used to

47

vent operating rooms so that anesthetic gases are dispersed, and restaurants rely on heavy
duty exhaust fans to keep their kitchens clear
.
Figure 10. Exhaust Fan


Types of Exhaust Fans
Exhaust fans are classified into various types, mainly depending on the type of
mount and the location where you need to install the fans. The different types are:

Ceiling Mounted Exhaust Fans
As the name suggests, ceiling exhaust fans are those which are installed in the
ceiling. Such fans expel stale air from your home upwards through the roof. The fan is
connected to ducting, which is exhausted outside the home via an external vent, like a
roof cap or soffit exhaust vent.

Inline Exhaust Fans

48

Unlike ceiling exhaust fans that are installed directly into the ceiling, inline
exhaust fans are typically mounted in-between ducting, hence the name inline fan. For
instance, if you wanted to ventilate an area that did not have clearance or space for a
ceiling mount fan, you would make use of inline exhaust fans to ventilate such areas. The
exhaust fan would be placed in between the ductwork and the stale air would travel
through the ducts and ultimately be expelled from your home. Since inline fans are not
mounted directly to the ceiling, they are very quiet. When installing an inline fan, to
reduce noise, we recommend using an insulated flex duct that is at least eight feet long
from the intake port on the ceiling to the inline fan.

Inline exhaust fans are ideal for exhausting areas or rooms where you cannot, or
do not wish to install the exhaust fan directly. Since these types of exhaust fans are
mounted in remote areas, they are also referred to as remote mounted exhaust fans. Inline
exhaust fans can either be single-port (exhausting from a single area) or multi-port
(exhausting from multiple areas).

Wall Mounted Exhaust Fans
These exhaust fans are installed on walls. Since they are installed on exterior
walls of the home and not on interior walls, the stale air has a direct route to the outside
of your home and thus no duct work is required in installing these exhaust fans.

Combination Exhaust Fans

49

Exhaust fans are also available as combination units. You have the choice of a
fan-light combination where the exhaust fan provides illumination as well, or heat-fan-
light combination wherein you get a heater, light and ventilating fan all in a single device.



Exterior Remote Mounted Exhaust Fans
While most other exhaust fans are installed inside your home and push stale air
out, exterior remote mounted fans are installed outside your home and pull out stale
indoor air instead of pushing it out. The main benefit of these exhaust fans is that
regardless of however noisy they are, most of the noise remains outside your home.

Kitchen Range Exhaust Fans
These fans are mounted inside the range hood over your kitchen stove. Such fans
not only help to rid your kitchen of stale air but also help to expel bad odors and reduce
moisture levels in your cooking area. These several types of exhaust fans can be used for
complete ventilation of your home including intermittent local ventilation for baths,
kitchens, dryer rooms; continuous whole house ventilation throughout your home, and for
exhausting hard-to-air spaces such as crawl spaces, attics, and basements.

Push Button
A push-button or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling
some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material,

50

usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human
finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased
switches, though even many un-biased buttons require a spring to return to their un-
pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such
as press, depress, mash, and punch.




Figure 11, Push Button

Preliminary Evaluation
Researchers evaluated the suitability of each unit based on Seven Criteria:
Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety and
Saleability , before taking the final evaluation.

51

FUNCTIONALITY of the prototype was capable of meeting the required
results and system functions under a specified condition and was found out that
was ease of operation, provisions for comfort and convenience, user friendliness.
WORKABILITY it is said to be workable because all the materials, tools
and equipment are available as well as the technical expertise
DURABILITY has been also proven through using high quality materials
exclusive design and strong workmanship.
AESTETICS the prototype was capable of meeting the required result
and system function under a specified condition and was found out that it has
color appeal, attractiveness of design and has appropriate size.
SAFETY all wiring is properly organized and has protective devices for
preventing and protecting from electrical shock and over current. The sharp edges
of this proto type.
ECONOMY of the prototype was capable of meeting the estimated
budget under a specified condition and was found out that was economy in terms
of material, labor spent and machines required.
SALEABILITY the prototype has the capability to be sold in market.


Final Evaluation
The final evaluation was made to determine the projects Functionality, Aesthetics,
Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety and Saleability. It is based for the authorized
persons who evaluated the project

52


Criteria for Evaluation
1. FUNCTIONALITY spontaneous operation, refers to capability of the
needs when device is used under specified conditions
2. WORKABILITY the availability of the materials, tools, machines,
and technical expertise.
3. DURABILITY quality and life span of materials, quality of
workmanship and quality of design.
4. AESTETICS attractiveness and appropriateness of the design; the
appeal of the product.
5. SAFETY absence of hazardous materials, absence of sharp edges,
provision of protective devices.
6. ECONOMY -
7. SALEABILITY capable of being sold; finding a ready market.









53








Conceptual Model of the study
On the basis of the foregoing concepts, theories and findings of related literature,
studies and insights taken from them, a conceptual model was developed as shown
below.

INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT









Knowledge requirements
Programmable
Logic Controller
Basic computer
manipulation
Illumination
Ventilations
Human Machine
Interface

Hardware Requirements
PLC Connector
Touch Panel
Orbit fan
Exhaust fan
Fluorescent lamp
Compact fluorescent
lamp
Relays
CPU
Software requirements

Design

Programming

Wiring
/Installation

Testing


Development of
Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC)
based automated
classroom with
innovated fixtures

54




s


The conceptual model, as illustrated in the figure shows the different stages of the
processes involved in order to achieve the objective of the study.
It is a semi-general guide of researchers in carrying out this project. The input
stage consists of knowledge requirement gathered needed to come up with the design. It
consists of Programmable Logic Controller, Basic computer manipulation, Mitsubishi
software design and assigning, Ventilation, and Human Machine interface. Hardware
Requirements, PLC, PLC Connector, Touch Panel, Orbit fan, Exhaust fan, fluorescent
lamp, Compact fluorescent lamp, Relays, CPU. Software requirements, GT designer, GX
developer.
The process block is composed of project analysis, project design, fabrication, and
assembly and testing. Having had an acceptable output, it was subjected for evaluation
based on a set forth criteria, which was adopted from the College of Industrial
Technology Prototype evaluation instrument.


Evaluation


55








Chapter 3
Research Methodology
In this chapter presents the methodologies used in the study in developing
the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based Laboratory room with innovated
fixtures; it tackles the project design, project developments, construction and assembly,
and evaluation procedure.
Project Design
The design model and the block diagram of the study are represented by
the figure shown in Figure 12 and 13 respectively. As shown in Figure 13, the PLC based
laboratory room is composed of (8) 50 watts CFL (Compact fluorescent light), two (2) 18
watts T8 fluorescent lamps and seven (7) universal outlets. Furthermore four (4) orbit
Programmable
Logic Controller

56

electric fans, two (2) exhaust fans, Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) and a touch screen
monitor.







Figure. 12.Block Diagram

Automatic
Control(HMI)
Manual
Control

PANEL BOARD
LOADS

57

Laboratory Room Wiring Lay-out

Figure 12. describes the process of the project: Programmable logic
controller is an input signal that will send signal to Human Machine Interface and Manual
Controls, then it reads the signal and the output will be send to the relay which is located
inside the panel board, once it energize the load will change its switching position.





PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
A. Design
The following are the steps and procedures in designing the project;
1. Locate the area where the plastic molding, panel board, CPU, Programmable
Logic Controller, and the touch panel is to be placed.
2. Mark all the areas where the holes should be drilled.
3. Install all electrical equipment and devices.

58

B. Wiring
The following are the steps and procedures in wiring the project;
1. Drill holes for tux placement.
2. Place Plastic moldings where the holes are drilled.
3. Measure wires from each load to the panel board, in Programmable Logic
Controller and Touch Panel.
4. Install and connect all electrical equipment and devices to the source.

C. Construction of Wooden Structure for the Touch Panel
The following are the steps and procedures in constructing a wooden structure for
the touch panel:
1. Prepare the tools and materials needed.
2. Construct the assembly of the wooden structure based on the given design and
measurements. See figure 13
3. Secure all parts.
4. Apply paint to enhance the appearance of the wooden structure.


17.5 cm
35.5 cm

59








Figure 13: base for HMI
D. Construction of a White Board with tool cabinet.
The following are the steps and procedures in constructing a white board with tool
cabinet:
1. Prepare the tools and materials needed.
2. Fabricate the white board with tool cabinet based on the given design and
measurements. See figure 14.
3. Secure all parts.
4. Apply paint to enhance the appearance of the white boards body.
5. Situate at the specific place where it is to be installed.

55 cm
56 cm
58.5 cm
125 cm
244.3 cm
122 cm
48 cm
19.8 cm

60









Figure 14: White Board via tool cabinet
Operation and Testing Procedures
A series of test were being conducted in order to determine the capabilities and
limitations of the project.

Operation Procedure
To determine the functionality of the assembled system device, the following
procedure must be followed:
Automatic Control
1. Put the selector switch on Automatic position
122 cm
86 cm

61

2. Turn on the computer
3. Press the button on the welcome screen.
4. After pressing the push button the lights, fan, and outlets will
automatically open with 1 second interval.
5. The status screen will appear in the screen containing legends to show that
the utilities are in either ON or OFF state
6. Test the buttons if working
7. To check the status of all utilities, the evaluators can easily go back to
status screen by simply pressing the status button.
8. Record all results
Manual Control
1. Put the selector switch on manual position.
2. Check the utilities if they are working
3. By pressing the buttons designated by labels.
Front lighting
Back lighting
Outlet, Exhaust fan, Electric fan
4. By pressing every push button. The program is set to open in singles by
one press.
5. Record all the results.

Testing Procedures

62

The initial test is to test if all components are of good condition, and then subject
them for supplementary testing if the objective of having a Programmable Logic
Controller based automated laboratory room is met. The procedures are as follows:

Testing Procedures for Lighting and Ventilation System
1. Turn on the source
2. Open the touch panel and switch on the lighting button on the touch
panel.
3. Make sure that all components are properly installed.
4. Record the results
Testing the Program
1. Check the connection on the PLC according to the desired program.
2. Check the Ladder Diagram.
3. Record the results.
Project Evaluation Procedure
A survey questionnaire was formulated and validated prior to distribution to the
respondents for the researchers project .Please refer to the appendices for sample
questionnaire.


63

Evaluation Procedure
The evaluation process was conducted using the TUP evaluation
instrument for developed prototype with the following indicators, namely: functionality,
aesthetics, workability, durability, economy, safety and saleability.
Evaluation sheets were distributed to 50 respondents from different
courses in Technological University of the Philippines. Before accomplishing evaluation
sheet, the details and specifics of the prototype and its operation as well as the criteria for
evaluation were explained and clarifications were answered thoroughly. The prototype
was given appropriate ratings by the evaluators and results were tabulated and computed.
The Likerts Scale in Table 2 was utilized to determine the level of
performance of the prototype based on the different criteria. Table 3 was used to
determine the degree of the mean ratings.




Table
Table 2:Likert Scale
Numerical Scale Interpretation

64

5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
1 Poor

Table 3: Descriptive Evaluation of the Mean
Numerical Scale Interpretation
4.51 - 5.00 Excellent
3.51 - 4.50 Very Good
2.51 - 3.50 Good
1.51 - 2.50 Fair
1.00 - 1.50 Poor

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


65

PROJECT DESCRIPTION


The switches of the electrical consuming devices are controlled in a touch screen
monitor with C.P.U. which is connected to the H.M.I. or the Programmable Logic
Controller. The lighting, ventilation and the power outlets are to be controlled by a P.L.C.
whether the user desires to turn it ON or OFF. The user is given two options to activate
and deactivate the electrical consuming devices, such as H.M.I mode and Manual mode.
In H.M.I. mode the user is granted to turn ON the devices through the visually interactive

66

interface buttons in the touch screen monitor. In Manual mode, the user is set to select
three manual buttons which are the Lighting buttons (a separate button for bay 1 and bay
2) and a button for fans and outlets.
The key benefits of this project are having options to choose H.M.I. mode
(automatic) and Manual mode by developing an electrical wiring in the panel board. With
this, the operation will be much easier and time saver according to users preferences.

PROJECT STRUCTURE
CFL (COMPACT FLUORESCENT LI GHT)

This type of device is a 50-WATT CFL light. It provides adequate light in rooms
decent enough for low-light conditions.



67


18 WATTS T8 FLUORESCENT LAMPS


The T8 Fluorescent lamp turns on quickly because it has no starters like the
traditional fluorescent lamps.
UNI VERSAL OUTLETS

The universal outlets provide connection to the input load of the devices. This
outlet can be also be used that has European power plugs.

68


ORBI T ELECTRIC FANS

Orbit electric fans provide ventilation in the room. It helps in giving necessary
cool temperature in the room.
EXHAUST FANS

The exhaust fans helps in eliminating undesirable heat in the room.



69



HUMAN MACHI NE I NTERFACE (HMI )

The HMI was used as an input signal that act as the main controller of the project.
This will give the professors and the students a very realistic view of the laboratory room.
The students can control the lighting, ventilation and power in one central location
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNI T (CPU)


70

The CPU is the hardware of HMI that carries out the instruction of the HMI
program. execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program

CLOSED-CI RCUI T TELEVI SI ON (CCTV)

The CCTV is a video-camera suited to monitor people inside the laboratory room.
It is connected to the television, and updates in real-time movement in the room.

PROGRAMMBLE LOGI C CONTROLLER (PLC)


71

The PLC is the main controller that operates the whole system.Acts as the brain of
the Prototype.

PANEL BOARD

The panel board is where all the electrical devices and equipments located.

ELECTRI CAL RELAYS


72

The electrical relays 10 amperes 24 volts were being used to energize loads.

TERMI NAL BLOCK

The terminal blocks connect two wires from load to PLC to operate the whole
system.
Lighting Layout


73


Ventilation Layout

Power Layout


74


Panel Board Control Circuit Diagram


75




Power Circuit Diagram





76





PROJECT EVALUATION
Surveys and evaluation has been conducted there are fifty (50) evaluators
consisting of students from different courses. The testing evaluation process was
conducted through a survey using qualitative analysis methods of determining
acceptability of the project.

Functionality
Provisions of comfort and convenience, user-friendliness and ease of operation.
Table 4:Funtionality

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ease of Operation
Provisions for Comfort and
Convenience
User-friendliness

77

The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the Functionality of the
prototype with 4.84 average mean.

Aesthetics
Color appeal, attractiveness of design and appropriateness of size.

Table 5:Aesthetics

The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the aesthetics of the prototype
with 4.43 average mean.

Workability
0 1 2 3 4 5
Color Appeal
Attractiveness of Design
Appropriateness of Design

78

Availability of materials, availability of technical expertise, availability of tools and
machines.
Table 6:Workability

The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the Workability of the prototype
with 4.57 average mean.

Durability
Quality of materials, quality of workmanship and quality of design.
Table 7:Durability
0 1 2 3 4 5
Availability of materials
Availability of technical
expertise
Availability of tools and
machines

79


The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the durability of the prototype
with 4.65 average mean.




Economy
In terms of material needed, time or labor spent and machine/s required.
Table 8:Economy
0 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of materials
Quality of workmanship
Quality of design

80


The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the economy of the prototype
with 4.53 average mean.
Safety
Absence of hazardous materials, absence of sharp edges and provision for protection
devices
Table 9:Safety

The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the safety of the prototype with
4.84 average mean.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Economy in terms od material
needed
Economy in terms of time/labor
spent
Economy in terms of machine/s
required
0 1 2 3 4 5
Absence of hazardous materials
Absence of sharp edges
Provision for protection devices

81

Saleability
Presence of market demand, accessibility of finished products and competitive price.
Table 10:Saleability

The chart shows the result of the evaluation of fifty (50) respondents. This figure shows
that the respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of the saleability of the prototype.








0 1 2 3 4 5
Presence of market demand
Accessibility of finished
products
Competitive to price

82

Summary
Table 11:Summary of Evaluation
Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating
Functionality 4.84 Excellent
Aesthetics 4.43 Very good
Workability 4.57 Excellent
Durability 4.65 Excellent
Economy 4.53 Excellent
Safety 4.53 Excellent
Saleability 4.44 Very good
Overall mean 4.57 Excellent









83

Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The prototype was designed to function by means of a Programmable Logic
Controller that controls the lighting system, ventilation system and outlets, Relays were
used to control 8 Compact fluorescent lamp,2 fluorescent lamp, 7 universal outlets and 4
orbit fans and 2 exhaust fans . Close Circuit Television is being installed to record real
time events inside the laboratory room.
A student or a professor can control the different systems on the laboratory room
via HMI monitor located near the door 1, in case of computer breakdown the project can
be operated manually by means of push buttons located at the control panel.
Conclusion
1. The prototype was tested and is properly working.
2. The project was designed an automated and manual control for lighting,
outlet and ventilation system.
3. The project was operated using PLC which was programmed to its ideal
functions.
4. The prototype was functioning according to the desired design parameters.
5. A whiteboard marker via tool cabinet using locally accessible materials
was fabricated

84

6. The project was evaluated based on functionality, aesthetics, workability,
durability, economy, safety and saleability.
a. The respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of its
functionality.
b. The respondents gave a very good rating in terms of its aesthetics.
c. The respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of its
workability.
d. The respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of its durability.
e. The respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of its economy.
f. The respondents gave an excellent rating in terms of its safety.
g. The respondents gave a very good rating in terms of its saleability.

Recommendations
1. The laboratory room should have a main breaker to protect the main circuit.
2. For more convenience an air conditioning unit is recommended to be installed.
3. A main circuit breaker should be installed to ensure safety of the prototype.





85



APPENDICES




86





87




88




89





90





91





92





93





94





95





96




97





98





99




100





101




102




103





104




105




106




107




108




109





110




111




112





113




114




115




116




117




118




119










120

PLC Ladder diagram


121



122



123



124



125



126



127



128



129



130



131



132



133




134



135



136



137



138



139



140



141



142



143



144



145



146



147



148



149



150




151

BILL OF MATERIALS
Quantity Unit Article Price Amount
1 Pc Roller brush 75.00 75.00
1 Pc Hack saw blade 25.00 25.00
1 Pc PCV molding 1

x 10 150.00 150.00
5 Pc PCV molding 1 x 10 85.00 425.00
1 Pc Sand Paper 6.00 6.00
2 Pc Undefined 8.00 16.00
3 Pc Atlanta Molding 60.00 180.00
2 Pc VGA Female cord 180.00 360.00
3 Pair Bolt & knot 8.00 24.00
2 Pc Boston 100.00 200.00
Undefined 331.00 331.00
1 Pc F.fly 18 W DL 85.00 85.00
7 Set Gang outlet 119.00 833.00
25 Pcs PVC molding 60.00 1500.00
2 Pcs Paint thinner 34.00 68.00
2 Pcs Exhaust Fan 800.00 1600.00
1 Pc Pan 63.00 63.00
2 Pc tox 2.50 5.00
11 Pc Tox 1.50 16.50
3 Pc Loose pin 29.50 88.50
40 Pc Metal screw 1.50 60.00
170 Pc Wood screw 2.50 221.50
20 Pc Screw/tox 120.00 120.00
1 Pc Drill bit(set) 129.75 129.75
20 Pc Tox w/screw 4.00 80.00
1 Pc Bosch masonry bit 6.0 mm 79.75 79.75
2 Pc B&D masonry bit 6.0 mm 84.75 169.50

152

1 Pc B&D masonry bit 8.0 mm 94.75 94.75
2 Pc Drill bit 1/8 16.00 32.00
1 Pc Drill bit 35.00 35.00
1 Pc B&D masonry bit 10.0 mm 107.77 107.77
1 Pc Rosco HSS drill jobber 49.75 49.75
1 Pc Eagle carpentry tools(set) 152.77 152.77
2 Pc Erico hardware workshop others 69.75 139.50
1 Pc Drill bit 50.00 50.00
7 Pc Bolts & nuts 2.00 14.00
2 Pc Masking tape 12.00 24.00
2 Pc Paint thinner 34.00 68.00
1 Pc Tape 42.00 42.00
1 Pc Masking tape 12.00 12.00
3 Pc Rug 2.00 6.00
1 Pc Shampoo 6.00 6.00
1 Pc Masking tape 24mm x 20 19.75 19.75
3 Pc Omni universal outlet 54.75 164.25
1 Pc Omni gang plate 34.75 34.75
1 Pc Welding goggles 99.75 99.75
1 Pc Eagle carpentry tools(set) 179.25 179.25
1 Pc Omni PVC electrical tape 16 M 21.75 21.75
1 Pc Electrical tape 13.00 13.00
100 Meters TW wire #12 19.00 1900.00
80 Meters TW wire #14 13.00 13.00
37 Meters TW wire #14 13.50 499.50
15 Meters TW wire #12 19.00 285.00
1 Pc CD-DBam/F 140.00 140.00
1 Pc Paint brush 24.50 24.50
1 Pc Aluminum molding 75.00 75.00

153

1 Pc CAM switch 580.00 580.00
4 Pc Push switch 95.00 95.00
2 Pc Pilot light(120) 65.00 130.00
2 Pc Roller catches 8.00 16.00
1 Pc Sand paper (800) 14.50 14.50
23 Pc Cable tie big 1.50 34.50
1 Pc Staple 10.00 10.00
1 Pc BVC connector 15.00 15.00
25 Meters TW wire #12 19.00 475.00
5 Meters TW wire #12 19.00 95.00
1 Liter QDE white gloss 134.75 134.75
1 Liter Mahogany QDE 154.75 154.75
1 Liter putty 160.00 160.00
1 Pc Sunon Fan 120 x 120mm 250.00 250.00
1 Pc Roller brush 75.00 75.00
8 Meters Thanw wire #14 13.50 108.00
1 Pc SDE DIN Rail SDE-C45-M 100.00 100.00
Supplies 56.00 56.00
2 Pc TER RBB8 48.00 96.00
15 Meters TW wire #14 13.00 195.00
3 Pc Plastic molding 150.00 450.00
50 Meters TW wire #14 13.00 650.00
6 Pc PVC Junction box cover 8.00 48.00
31 Meters TW wire #12 19.00 589.00
9 Meters TW wire #12 19.00 171.00
2 Pack Cable tie 18.00 36.00
6 Pc Atlanta PVC molding 75.00 450.00
1 Gal Rain or shine 480.00 480.00
3 Pc Paint roller 9 80.00 240.00

154

2 Gal N/T gloss 300.00 600.00
2 Pc Aluminum molding 65.00 130.00
2 Pc Paint tray 35.00 70.00
50 Meters TW wire #12 20.00 1000.00
1 Pc Formica W.B 380.00 380.00
10 Pc Cable tie 1.00 10.00
1 Pc Cutter blade 6.00 6.00
1 Pc 34.75 34.75
1 Pc ACE wood saw 229.75 229.75
1 Pc Soap 39.75 39.75
1 Pc Class record 10.50 10.50
2 Bottles DO All 60.00 120.00
1 Bottle Rugby excel 65.00 65.00
1 Pc p.rodlor 45.00 45.00
1 Bottle Paint thinner 35.00 35.00
20 Pc Metal screw 2.50 50.00
30 Pcs 1 +12 1.50 45.00
30 Sets Tox w/screw 2.00 60.00
1 Lbs Welding rod 150.00 150.00
2 Liter Chocolate brown 130.00 260.00
1 Liter Masonry patty 100.00 100.00
1 Liter Blazing patty 160.00 160.00
2 Pc Paleta 12.00 24.00
7 Pc Rub 25.00 175.00
1 Pc Goggles 45.00 45.00
1 Pc Lamp hold 40.00 40.00
1 Roll R6 580.00 580.00
1 Pc BNC 15.00 15.00
1 Pc RCA connector 20.00 20.00

155

1 Pc Supply 150.00 150.00
4 Pcs Rubber 10.00 40.00
1 Pc Spray paint 97.50 97.50
1 Pc ADT 0.65 mm 180.00 180.00
2 Pcs Sand Paper 400 6.00 12.00
2 Pcs Sand Paper 800 14.50 29.00
10 Pcs Rugs 2.00 20.00
8 Pcs Eurolix 900 DL 85.00 680.00
8 Pcs F.fly 2x2 25.00 200
1 Set Open type 1x20 w/ tube 240.00 240.00
1 Pack Cable tie 27.00 27.00
1 Pc 5 gallon 25.00 25.00
3 Pcs Spiral 333.00 999.00
15 Pcs Staple wire 1.00 15.00
3 Pcs Sand paper 7.00 21.00
1 Pc PVC pipe 150.00 150.00
2 Pcs DBam 140.00 280.00
4 Pcs Connector 25.00 100.00
4 Bottles Rugby 65.00 260.00
1 Pc Cutter 25.00 25.00
1 Pc Ferric 25.00 25.00
5 Pcs Omron power relay 150.00 750.00
13 Pcs Relay socket 22.00 286.00
1 Pc Terminal block 1506 12.00 12.00
1 Pc Terminal block 1512 18.00 18.00
2 Pcs Bisagra 29.50 59.00
1 Bottle Paint thinner 40.00 40.00
4 Pcs Sand Paper 7.00 28.00
1 Pc bosny spray paint 110.00 110.00

156

2 Liters Boysen quick dry paint 125.00 250.00
4 Pcs 3m sand paper 12.00 48.00
2 Pcs Panclub paint brush 35.00 70.00
kl. Common nail 40.00 40.00
1 Pc Eagle carpentry tools 64.75 64.75
1 Pc Welding goggles 99.75 99.75
2 Pcs Rigid blade 64.75 129.50
2 Pcs Bosch cutting disc 44.75 89.50
1 Pc Grind disc metal 47.75 47.75
Food 1341.00
4 Gal Water 25.00 100.00
4 Pc Plyboard 500.00
Print and xerox 68.00 68.00
2 Pc Liha 19.00 38.00
1 Pc Electrical tape 26.00 26.00
1 Pc Masking tape 14.00 14.00
1 Pc Tester 160.00 160.00
transpotation@miscellaneous 3749.29
TOTAL: Php.
33,336.83







157

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.amxcampus.com/solutions/automated.aspx
http://makox.com/plc-scada/1-introduction-of-plc-scada/programmable-logic-controller-plc-
definition/
http://www.electricityguide.info/2013/04/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-plc.html
http://www.electricityguide.info/2013/04/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-plc.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor
http://webstore.ansi.org/workplace-lighting/workplace-specific.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp
http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/rewilliams/ventilationfanguide.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_fan
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-exhaust-fan.htm
http://www.carotron.com/articles/hmi-benefits/
http://www.kronotech.com/HMI/advantages.htm
http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slyb178b/slyb178b.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation
http://www.omron.com.au/product_info/MMK/mmk_relay.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting


158


Researchers Profile

Agor, Alfred Perry O.
10 Vizcara St., Greenheights Village, Paraaque City
09079429674
Drawranger_18@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Angay-angay, Arjhon M. (Leader for Programming)
1348 Villa Campo, Bagbaguin, Caloocan City
09351822407
angayangayarjhon@yahoo.com.ph



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology

159




Aquino, Jana Martina M.
3012 Pilar St., Tondo Manila
09095049116
aquinojanamartina@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Aycaide, Abigail D.
#385 Sta. Veronica St., SAV-1, Paraaque City
09392406886
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


160




Barandino, Perjoven M.
#385 Sta. Veronica St., SAV-1, Paraaque City
09392406886
aycaideabby@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Bayubay, Kriselle E.
#385 Sta. Veronica St., SAV-1, Paraaque City
09392406886
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



161



Castillo, Brian F.
#385 Sta. Veronica St., SAV-1, Paraaque City
09392406886
aycaideabby@yahoo.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




Caudilla, Melvin Cloyd A.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




162





Cubid, Bianca Louise A.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Del Mundo, Joyce Anne M.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology

163




Del Rosario, Nikko S.
1433 Antipolo St., Sampaloc, Manila
Nikko_delrosario2010@yahoo.com




EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


De Vera, Bless Anne S.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



164




Dita, Bevelyn L.
2409 223 ANI Bldg., Bigasan St., San Miguel, Manila
09105297287
tadisbevelyn@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


Fernandez, Ma. Freelyn F.
1263 Miguelin St. Sampaloc, Manila
09263836074
freelyn.fernandez@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



165




Ferreras, Jaysant D. (Leader for Fabrication)
Blk 3 Lot 7 Guava St., Gawaran Ext., Mollino VII,
Bacoor, Cavite
09108795830
Nygel_min@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


Gallardo, Mary Grace B.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044




EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



166







Galvez, Louissa Jean B.
1522 D. Labores Ext. Pandacan Manila
09469655349
Ljeangalvez9508@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Graza, Norberto R. (Leader for Outlet Wiring)
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology

167




Landero, Lorenzo Maron P.
#23 Gunting St., Midtown Subd., Phase II, San
Roque, Marikina City
09075409161
lorenzolandero@live.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


Llemos, Daniel D.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




168




Malonzo, John Robert L.
062 Peregrino St., Catulinan, Baliwag, Bulacan
09485013215
Malonzojobert@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




Mascardo, Leslie B. (Treasurer)
252 Sambuhat St., Dulong Bayan, Bacoor City, Cavite
09167425095
lesliemascardo@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


169




Mejico, Geralyn C.
Phase 5 Lot 25-27, Citihomes, Molino IV, Bacoor
City
09062987135
Mhayemejico17@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


Miranda, Gayeselle Anne C.
1011 Corregidor, Manugit, Tondo, Manila
09061688144
Gayeselle.anne@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



170





Moraleda, Gabriel F.
306 J. Cura St., Niogan, Pililia, Rizal




EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology


Palomique, Ma. Ysabel L.
17 Mindanao Ave., Bagong Pag-asa, Quezon City
09328181044
aycaideabby@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



171





Pangan, Arvin Vriam V.
11693 G. Borja St., San Miguel Ave., Muzon, Taytay,
Rizal
09066282136
Vriam11@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Pelayo, Paquito Jr. G.
1107 Macedo St., Sampaloc, Manila
09328181044




EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila

172

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




Pinca, Ralphcris L. (Leader for Ventilation
Wiring)
Lumbang St. Amparo Sub. Caloocan City
09197369494
pincaralphcris@yahoo.com.,ph



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Pulido, Danielle Justine R.
3T-03 Anito Condo., Mapayapa Village, Pulang
Lupa I, Las Pias City
09351426655
jhuzpulido@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila

173

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




Rivera, Rommel Jhon P. (Leader for
Documentation)
3714 Almario St. Brgy Tejeros Makati City
09265175797
Rommel3b@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Roque, Jerrica Camil
1660 Bulacan St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
09096864939
Camilacams@yahoo.com


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology

174






Rosqueta, Lorena Marie M.
1263 K. Bambang St., Tondo, Manila




EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology






Sumalinog, Jose Paolo B.
Blk. 5 Lot 2 Faith St., VTH-I, Moonwalk Village, Las
Pias City
09066134416
Peejay_02@yahoo.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

175

Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology




Te, Fredirick Jr. B. ( Project Leader)
140 Campuput St., 11
th
Ave., Caloocan City
09328181044
fredirickte@yahoo.com



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology



Tria, Leonard Joseph P.
#22 D-Cuevas St., Lapnit San Ildefonso, Bulacan
09269372116




EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

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Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Technology