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Where,
A =mass drained
B =mass asphalt
Assay of flow parameter for mixtures SMA without staple fibers and with variations of
percentages between 0.5 and 0.7% of coconut fiber, band recommended for Vale (2006), and
0.3 and 0.5% for cellulose fiber was carried through, band recommended for Pank (1995). For
each fiber percentage, the assay was carried through in the temperature of 165C, temperature of
mixture of the asphalt, and in 180C, temperature of the asphalt more 15C. The results of the
assays carried through in the mixtures without fiber, with fiber of coconut and fiber of cellulose
are presented in Figures 2 to the 6 and in Table 3.
(a) 165 C (b) 180 C
Figure 2. Flow parameter without fiber.
(a) 165 C (b) 180 C
Figure 3. Flow parameter with 0.5% coconut fiber.
(a) 165 C (b) 180 C
Figure 4. Flow parameter with 0.7% coconut fiber.
(a) 165 C (b) 180 C
6
Figure 5. Flow parameter with 0.3% cellulose fiber.
(a) 165 C (b) 180 C
Figure 6. Flow parameter with 0.5% cellulose fiber.
Table 3. Results of the flow parameters.
Fiber Fiber content
(%)
Flow parameter (%)
T =165 C T =180 C
Without fibers 0.0 1.06 0.70
Coconut
0.5 0.08 0.25
0.7 0.04 0.09
Cellulose
0.3 0.01 0.03
0.5 0.01 0.02
The results presented in Table 3 show that the staple fiber use is essential in mixtures of type
SMA with CAP 50/70 objectifying to prevent the flow parameter that must be in maximum
0.3%. The results show that this requirement is taken care of with the coconut staple fiber
incorporation varying between 0.5 and 0.7%. The percentage of fiber used in the mixture for
confection of the body-of-test in which the mechanical assays for evaluation of the behavior of
the mixtures of type SMA will be carried through was of 0.5% for the fiber of coconut and 0.3%
for the cellulose fiber.
Marshall Methodology
The Marshall methodology of mixtures SMA resembled it the dosage carried through for
CBUQ' s. Mixtures SMA, however for presenting a discontinuous graduation with high
percentage of added coarse aggregate, need cares during the compacting of the samples.
One adopted 75 blows for face, in order to get a percentage of emptiness for the 4% mixtures.
The excellent text of found CAP 50/70 for confection of the bodies of test for the asphalt
mixtures without fiber, with fiber of cellulose and fiber of coconut had been 6.0%, 6.0% and
6.2%, respectively.
Superpave Methodology
The samples had been compact with cylinder of 100 mm in order to make possible a
comparison with the results gotten in the Marshall procedure, without bringing as changeable
the size of the mold. One adopted 100 turns for the mixtures with fiber of cellulose and without
fiber and had been necessary 160 turns for confection of the mixtures with fiber of coconut to
reach 4% of established emptiness. The raised number of turns for confection of the mixtures
with coconut fiber must probably the heterogeneities of the mixture. The percentage of
emptiness considered for the mixtures was of 4% and the excellent text of found CAP 50/70 for
confection of the bodies of test for the asphalt mixtures without fiber, with fiber of cellulose and
fiber of coconut had been 5.9%, 6.0% and 6.3%, respectively.
MECHANICAL RESULTS
7
For the determination of the mechanical properties of the studied asphalt mixtures the following
assays had been carried through: tensile strength for diametrical compression, module of
resilience and life of fatigue.
Tensile Strength for Diametrical Compression and Resilience Module
The assay of tensile strength for diametrical compression (RT) is a rupture assay, where the
body-of-test is located horizontally and the load is applied diametrical to 0.1 a 0,8 speed of
mm/s. The assays had been lead 25C and carried through according to norm DNER ME
138/94.
In the analysis tension-deformation of the structures of the floors, the parameter of
deformability normally used to characterize the asphalt mixtures is the resilience module (MR)
(Motta, 1995). The assay for determination of this parameter comes being carried through in
Brazil in pneumatic equipment with control of the time and frequency of application of the load,
system of application of the load, system of measurement of the horizontal diametrical
displacement of the body-of-test when submitted to the load and system of temperature control.
The assays of the present research had been carried through according to norm DNER ME
133/94. The MR was determined in body-of-test molded in laboratory (diameter of 10 0,02cm
and 6.35 height of 0,20cm) 25C, and the result was gotten by means of the reading of the
instantaneous deformation. The results gotten for the described assays above are presented in
Table 4.
Table 4. Results of the assays of static tensile strength (RT) and module of resilience (MR) to
25C.
Mixture
Tensile strength (MPa)
Module of Resilience
(MPa)
Relation MR/RT
Marshall Superpave Marshall Superpave Marshall Superpave
SMA CAP 50/70
without fiber
0.78 0.91 2165 3121 2776 3429
SMA CAP 50/70
coconut fiber
0.74 0.98 2784 3377 3745 3854
SMA CAP 50/70
cellulose fiber
0.76 0.95 2628 3486 3457 3669
It is observed that the values of RT inferior when had been adopted the Marshall methodology
of dosage in relation to the Superpave (that considered aging of short term of 2 hours). Valley to
point out that the body-of-test in the text of project confectioned for execution of the mechanical
assays had been molded with 100 turns for the Superpave dosages of mixtures SMA without
fiber and with fiber of cellulose, with 160 turns for coconut fiber mixtures and 75 blows for the
Marshall methodology.
The value of approximately 3,000 for reason MR/RT is gotten for diverse mixtures type CBUQ
produced with the asphalt of the Lubnor/Petrobras refinery. Some researchers believe that how
much lesser the value of this reason, greater will be the life of fatigue gotten for this exactly
type of asphalt mixture. For three studied mixtures SMA, reason MR/RT varied of 2,700 the
3,900 and it did not have the correlation of the inferior values with a bigger life of fatigue, as he
will be boarded in the item to follow.
Fatigue
The fatigue is a process of structural deterioration that it suffers a material when submitted to a
state from tensions and repeated deformations, that can very be lesser that the last resistance of
the material, resulting in fissures, after a enough number of repetitions of the shipment (Pinto
and Motta, 1995).
8
In the assay of fatigue life, the body-of-test is submitted to the diametrical compression, the
temperature of 25C. In this research, in accordance with the value found in the assay of tensile
strength, the body-of-test in different levels of tension, correspondents the 30, 40 and 50% of
the RT had been assayed. Figures 7 and 8 present the curves of fatigue of mixtures SMA
without fiber, with cellulose and coconut fiber, confectioned in the methodology Marshall and
Superpave, respectively.
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0,1 1 10
(MPa)
N
(
c
y
c
l
e
s
)
SMA coconout
fiber
SMA celullose
fiber
SMA without fiber
Figure 7. Life of Fatigue for studied asphalt mixtures SMA following Marshall Methodology.
Analyzing the graph of fatigue life it is observed that mixtures SMA, following the Marshall
methodology confectioned with cellulose staple fibers, had presented a fatigue life equivalent to
the life of fatigue of asphalt mixtures SMA without staple fibers. In the presented results a great
variation in the values of N (cycles) for one same level of tensions can also be observed. These
high variations do not allow to evaluate correctly, at least in this carried through stage already, if
the incorporation of coconut staple fibers, in special, improved or harmed the behavior of the
mixtures. This variation can have occurred in virtue of the great heterogeneities of the mixtures
promoted for coconut staple fibers.
For this reason, one justifies the study of other configurations for this type of fiber, as for
example, the staple fiber use with lesser lengths in relation to the ones of staple fibers used in
this stage, therefore one imagines that the reduction of the length of staple fibers produces an
improvement in mixture process of the SMA mixtures and consequence increase of its
homogeneity.
100
1000
10000
0,100 1,000 10,000
(MPa)
N
(
c
y
c
l
e
s
)
SMA coconout
fiber
SMA celullose
fiber
SMA without
fiber
Figure 8. Life of Fatigue for studied asphalt mixtures SMA following Superpave methodology.
9
Analyzing the fatigue graph it is observed that mixtures SMA, following Superpave
methodology, had presented fatigue life equivalents. The life of fatigue dosed for the Marshall
methodology was superior who the life of fatigue of the mixtures dosed for the Superpave
methodology. The comparison enters the lives of fatigue for this assay is limited because the
performance of the mixtures in field is associated with the tensions in the structure of the system
of layers.
CONCLUSIONS
To become a comparison with the values of RT, MR and life of fatigue were chosen to work
also with mixtures of type SMA with cellulose fiber being used the same characteristics of
mixture SMA with coconut fiber. The mixture that uses cellulose fiber served as reference for
the analysis of the mixture with coconut fiber; therefore already diverse studies exist that had
proven the efficiency of the fiber of cellulose in asphalt mixtures.
The coconut fiber presented good efficiency with regard to the flow parameter; however it
presented difficulties in the mixture process during the confection of the body-of-test, which
had to its size. Such fact can be responsible for the difference of the values found in the graph of
fatigue life. These differences had motivated the study of other configurations of the used fiber
of coconut in the confection of mixtures SMA, especially, the study of staple fibers with lesser
lengths, form to improve the mixture and to increase the homogeneity of the compact mixture.
This analysis of the viability of the use of the local fiber is important for the Northeast region,
due to valuation of regional material e, also, for economically viable when being compared with
the fiber of cellulose due its abundance in the region. The coconut fiber must have a maximum
size of 20 mm, therefore this tends to form buds at the moment of the mixture, being made it
difficult the mixture process in the execution.
The tensile strength of mixtures SMA dosed for the Marshall methodology had presented
inferior values to the mixtures dosed for the Superpave methodology.
Bigger values of module of resilience for the Superpave mixtures had been gotten in relation to
the Marshall mixtures, probably had to the aging of short term suffered for the first ones.
A trend of bigger life of fatigue of the mixtures dosed for the Marshall methodology with regard
to the Superpave dosage, perhaps for the influence of the distribution of aggregates gotten
during the compacting process and also of the short-term process of aging was observed.
LITERATURE REFERENCES
AASHTO T-305 (1997) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
T-305 Determination of Draindown Characteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures.
AASHTO PP-41 (2001) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official
PP-41 Standard Practice for Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA).
AASHTO MP-8 (2001) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official
MP-8 Standard Specification for Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA).
ANP (2005) Resoluo ANP N 19, de 11.7.2005 DOU 12.7.2005. Regulamento tcnico N
3/2005. Agncia Nacional do Petrleo.
DNER-ME 133/94 (1994) Misturas Betuminosas Determinao do Mdulo de Resilincia,
Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem Mtodo de Ensaio, Rio de J aneiro, RJ ,
Brazil.
DNER-ME 138/94 (1994) Misturas Betuminosas Determinao da Resistncia Trao por
Compresso Diametral, Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem Mtodo de
Ensaio, Rio de J aneiro, RJ , Brazil.
10
Esmeraldo, M. A. (2006) Preparao de Novos Compsitos Suportados em Matriz de Fibra
Vegetal/ Natural. Dissertao de Mestrado, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Pank, H. (1995) Finnish Asphalt Specifications. Finnish Pavement Technology Advisory
Council.
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Associao Brasileira de Pavimentao ABPv. Rio de J aneiro, Brazil
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Trfego Pesado. Tese de M. Sc., EPUSP-USP, Brazil.
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Viabilidade do Uso de Fibras de Coco em Misturas Asflticas do Tipo SMA. In: Anais do
18 Encontro de Asfalto, artigo IBP0049_06. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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pelas Metodologias Marshall e Superpave com Diferentes Granulometrias. Dissertao de
Mestrado, Programa de Mestrado em Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal
do Cear, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil