1

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS
Background of the Study

Computers and electronic networks have revolutionized communication.
As these various psychosocial phenomena on digital era arise, it became one of
the most recent issues in Psychology and communication research at the
moment. Technologies are improving so rapidly these days that few of us
figure out even a small part of the change. Computers are transforming human
communication and in some cases, lives. Whether enthusiastic for this or
defiant, many people believe that the influence of digital communication will
be deeply felt (De Sola Poole, 1977; Hiltz & Turoff, 1978; Kling, 1980). At the
moment no one can guess in any detail the nature of the transformations that
technology will bring, but one aspect of life that certainly affected is
communication. Stockton 1981 forecasted in his statement that the use of semi
computer mobile phones, emails, social networking sites and simultaneous
computer conferences is reportedly advancing "like an avalanche". The
communication ties between families in the U.S for example in the study of
Turnbull (2010), author of Mom would just Facebook me and Dad would just
text me, finds out that the family replaced the traditional face to face
communication into a digital communication. In relation to, also court
proceedings would rather use electronic mail to speed the circulation in
appellate opinion drafts among panels of judges (Weis, 1983). Counseling in
2

Psychology like the E-counselling is a new modality of helping a client using
digital communication. This digital mediated communication formats clearly
affects significant aspects of many of our professional and personal lives.
Traversing these networks offers new challenges to the way we manage our
interpersonal and professional relationships.
Globally, as stated by Brand (2004) and Kobayashi (2007) digital
communication concept is used as the powerful tool for deepening mutual
understanding among nations. Although the capability for communication with
others may be necessary for positive social and professional international
relations, it is not sufficient to sustain positive relations and may even induce
negative relations under some circumstances. Issues were raised such as
debates about the effectiveness digital communication versus face to face
communication and its influences. Nature of cues, tone, facial expression are
not present in communicating via computers, gadgets in the related aspect of
communication such as discussion, family and workplace message relay,
socialization and conflict mediation. It is still a big question if non face to face
mediated communication using electronic medium really resolves conflict.
What are its influences to the all kinds of people especially adolescents and
thus computer mediated communication reduces conflict or adds more conflict
if we resolve it using digital communication? Indeed, widely reported research
on these has demonstrated antisocial outcomes from the use of these media in
comparison with face-to-face (FtF) discussion. These effects have ranged from
inability to reach group consensus, to non-personalize, task orientation, and
3

outright verbal hostility, or flaming (Siegel et.al, 1986), effects that are
widely repeated throughout the research literature as attributable to the medium
of computer communication (Lea, 1992).
In the national context, Philippines have improved the way in which we
communicate. After being considered the world's most active texters, Filipinos
now lead the in social media engagements in a survey conducted by UM, a
division of IPG Media brands on more than one billion active users in the
internet. (Yahoo.com) the survey showed the Internet is indispensable to
Filipinos, addressing their core human needs of: Relationship (sharing
experiences and emotions) Diversion (entertainment and relaxation)
Progression (career and financial status) Recognition (expressing opinions and
earning respect) Learning (exploring the world and keeping up-to-date). As
these core human needs of the Filipinos are being met, the problem arises as
communication occurring within a digital communication format has been very
influential on many different aspects of an interaction. Some of these that have
received attention in the scholarly literature include impression formation,
deception and lying behavior, group dynamics, disinhibition and especially
conflict resolution.
Locally, the researchers noticed that people in Davao City most
especially adolescents spends much of their time to use digital mediated
communication in the form of mobile phone texting and internet social
networking sites such as Facebook in engaging interpersonal relationships.
They tend to substitute digital communication rather than having a face to face
4

communication in which have impacts. Aside from being active, teenagers put
their conflict statements on social media like Facebook and Twitter and
commenting one another on the internet instead of resolving conflict in private
and face to face. Others tend to text each other to mediate their problems in
which do not guarantee effectiveness of communication and the resolution of
whatever conflict they have chosen to resolve. Thats why these existing
problems in the city must be addressed and subjected for research since there
are still no related studies regarding these topics in the city. The researchers
will look on the experiences of adolescents engaging in non-face to face
communication in relationship to conflict mediation and resolution. This study
also aims to know if the age, sex, educational level and kinds of interpersonal
conflicts of the participants can contribute a lot to their decision making in
using non-face to face communication as a means of resolving the conflicts.

Statement of the Problem
This study will be conducted to determine the influence of digital
communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts among adolescent students
in University of Mindanao in school year 2014-2015. Specifically, it will seek
to answers to the following questions:
1. What is the extent of use in resolving interpersonal conflicts among
respondents using the following medium:
1.1 Mobile texting
1.2 Facebook
5

1.3 Twitter
2. What is the level of influence of non- face to face communication in
resolving interpersonal conflicts in terms of:
2.1 Mobile texting
2.2 Facebook
2.3 Twitter
3. Is there a significant difference resolving interpersonal conflicts
when analyse according to:
3.1 Personal Background
3.1.1 Age
3.1.2 Sex
3.1.3 Educational Level
3.2 Non- Face to Face Communication
3.2.1 Time Spent
3.2.2 Types of Medium Used
3.2.3 Interpersonal Conflict with others
4. Is non- face to face approach influence the interpersonal conflicts
resolution?
5. What are the respondents experiences of resolution in resolving
interpersonal conflicts using face to face communication instead of
non- face to face communication?


6

Hypothesis
Ho1. There is no significant relationship between the influences of non-
face to face communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts among
adolescent students in University of Mindanao when analyzed by: personal
background (eg. age, sex, and educational level), non- face to face
communication (e.g time spent, types of medium used, interpersonal conflict
with others).
Significance of the study
The findings of the study will benefit positively the following:
1.) Adolescent students in University of Mindanao - This study may give
deeper understanding among the young teens inside the campus about
the influence of digital communication as a means of resolving their
interpersonal conflicts.
2.) Psychology program The outcome of the study will give additional
contribution towards the program that might be used as a reference for
the next generation of researchers.

3.) Society This study might help the society not just in Davao City but to
all concerned citizens that are using digital communication as a means
in resolving interpersonal conflicts to fully understand and comprehend
the influence of this kind of communication to their personal growth.

7

4.) Researchers The findings of this study may boost the confidence of
the researchers as they accomplish one of the major challenges of their
college life. And also, just like any other adolescence in this University,
it will give additional awareness to the researchers having the fact that
they are also engaging in the trend of technologies.

Review of Related Literature
In this section, the researchers presented the insights and study of other
people in their respective authorities on related topics. Other similar
researchers are also mentioned and included to give adequate information and
backgrounds to further realize this study.
History of Digital Communication
Todays human ways of communication in which data are efficiently
transferred through devices was already predicted by J.C.R. Licklider and R.
Taylor in 1968 who believed that men will someday be able to communicate
more effectively through a machine than face-to- face (Boudourides, 1995).
Three years later, Murray Turoff invented a system called EMISARI
(Emergency Management Information and Reference System) as result of the
project which was to construct a system for rapid collection and collation of
information from geographically dispersed branch offices. This system, along
with parts of Engelbart's NLS (oNLineSystem), was then considered as the
original ancestor of today's computer conferencing systems (Rapaport, 1991,
8

and Rheingold, 1993). This led him to do invent the EIES (Electronic
Information Exchange System), an electronic communication laboratory for
use by geographically dispersed research communities which went online in
1975 (Rheingold, 1993). He was then dubbed as the father of computerized
conferencing. The mobile phone, however, was invented in 1973
(Vykoukalova, 2007).
Media Psychology
According to Dr. Pamela Rutledge of Media Psychology Research Center
(2010), media psychology has no consensus definition or scope among
academicians or practitioners as it evaluates the interactive process of the
system. However, it has links to the origins of first division (46) for Media
Psychology of the APA or American Psychological Association which has
emphasis training psychologists to effectively appear in the media. This has
recently become an official academic discipline which seeks to understand
the interaction among individuals, groups, society, and technology and how
they used it in most positive and productive way possible. Furthermore, there is
a need to study of psychological processes within the context of mediated
communications while recognizing the role of these processes in interpersonal
relations, social interaction and social structures.

Facebook, Twitter and Mobile Texting
9

In a recent study of Bella Nashir suggests that social networking websites such as Facebook and
Twitter created a phenomenon as they emerged popular websites. Its continuing growth in popularity
create new ways of communication with other people and has influence individuals self-concept.. It
also offers innovative ways when to communicate in the fastest way possible. The same as the study
conducted by Ziad Traboulsi (2011) that the social context of Facebook calls for
phaticity that favour social interaction for building interpersonal relationships:
for human-human systems that are technologically mediated, the phatic
function sustains social connection and human awareness (Vetere, Smith, &
Martin, 2009).
On the other hand, researchers in the mobile communication field find
Kopomaa (2000) as the author of earliest books which document how people
use mobile media to communicate with one another. Another work of Green
and Haddon 2009, Katz 1999, and Katz and Aakhus 2002 demonstrate how
people around the world incorporate mobile media in different ways within
their daily lives. Springer has published a series on Computer Supported
Cooperative Work, including some early mobile media and human-interaction
studies (e.g., Brown, et al. 2002; Hamill and Lasen 2005). Katz, James Everett,
and Mark Aakhus, eds. 2002 also identify both positive and negative
consequences of the use of the mobile phone and other wireless devices from a
social scientific perspective.


10

Adolescents in a Non- Face to Face Communication
Studies had an estimated 3,000 texts a month sent by teens. According
to Lenhart, et.al (2005), an average youth from 12 and 17 reported spending
10.3 hours a week with friends doing social activities outside of school. About
7.8 hours was spent in talking with friends via technology like the telephone,
email, IM, or text messaging. In Philippine setting, The Young Adult Fertility
and Sexuality (YAFS) conducted a national survey and found that 6 out of 10
of young people are regular internet users, more than half had social network
and email account while 78% had mobile phones (Cruz G, 2013). The average
hours they spend online in a week was 6 hours while some logged in as much
as 35 hours. Survey also showed that the females, younger youth and those
who came from economically well off regions had higher consumption in
social media compared to males, older youth and those who came from poorer
regions. This made the Filipinos the most active texters (Tuazon, 2012) and
social networking capital of the world according to survey conducted by UM, a
division of IPG Media Brand (UM, 2014). It said that the average Filipinos
spend 53 hours socializing in a week with an 11-hour lead to global average of
43 hours.
In recent study conducted by Greenfield (2013) in Canada, she found
that young people feel socially supported by having large networks of on-line
friends whom they did not necessarily see face to face. She added that the
result was a decline in intimate friendships since teens only get personal
11

support and affirmation from "likes" and feedback to their postings. The social
support which they couldnt get on the phone, they would get it from bigger
networks since they sensed that their audience was large. This was supported
by Sherman who believed that digital communication was not a bad thing. The
problem was when people lose the opportunities to connect with people. This
had the same pattern in the Philippines wherein one out of three young people
met friends through online while 25% had friends whom they met through text
but hadnt met personally.
Interpersonal Conflict and Relationship
Paparichini and Rubin (2000), in their study about motives for Internet
usage found out that the interpersonal utility topped two among five primary
motives. On the other hand, the work of Wilmot and Hocker (2011, p. 11),
conflict is best describe as a felt struggle between two or more interdependent
individuals over perceived incompatible differences in beliefs, values, and
goals, or over differences in desires for esteem, control, and connectedness. In
addition, Nacional (2000) defined interpersonal conflict as consideration within
various frameworks of adolescent development.
In her study, she concluded that all the areas of interpersonal conflicts
were not relatively predominant among the Filipino adolescent respondents.
The traditional Filipino way of upbringing which emphasized the respect and
obedience to elders and discouraged to engage disagreements became the
reason behind her findings. Moreover, Vykoukalova (2007) conducted a study
12

among Czech adolescents, the results strongly confirmed theres a need of
adolescents to be connected with their close others, including their partners and
parents, through social network and mobile texting. Kim and Puro (2002)
supported by saying that in agreement with others, a mobile phone was seen as
an extension of themselves and be able to continuously participate in the
outside world. Compared to face to face communication, these adolescents
choose to behave and express themselves different from the way they
communicated digitally. For them, digital communication created a safer zone
to escape parental control, decide whether to start or finish a relationship and to
experience more emotions (Vykoukalova, 2007). This result was then
supported in early studies by Rice and Love (1987) that in several case studies,
there were numerous developments of personal relationship and socioemotional
behavior by falling in love online. The same study about adolescents romantic
relationship and solving their conflict through digital communication was
conducted by Scissors, et.al in 2013 and Greenfield, et al., 2008. This was
despite the fact that digital communication assumed that theres an elimination
of social and physical cues (Walther, 1996).
Age, Education and Sex Gap in Digital Communication
In regards with the age, education and sex gap in digital communication,
a result from the survey conducted by the Pew Research Centers Global
Attitudes Project from March 21 to May 15, 2011 yielded a result. It said that
young and educated people were more likely to use cell phones to functions
13

and were more involved in social networking. In Japan, 78% of phone users
were people ages 18-29 while there were 73% in United States. On the other
hand, social networking varied by age in almost all the countries surveyed
including countries from Asia, America and Europe. Smaller age gaps were
found in countries with lowest internet usage such as India, Pakistan and Egypt.
Aside from age gap, educational level was also a significant factor in
social networking usage according to the previously stated survey. However,
the importance of education varied from one country to another. For instance,
76% of Chinese college degree holders owned internet - ready mobile phones,
which was 42% more than those who did not complete their degree. The
Chinese, along with the Egyptians, were found to have the largest difference
between college graduates and those without a college degree. Meanwhile, the
education gap was somewhat less in places like U.S. especially in Germany
(+4) and Britain (+2).
With the abovementioned factors, the sex gap was less common when
measuring technology usage. There were more men who owned internet-ready
phones in countries like Spain (29% vs 13%), Germany (26% vs 11%) and
Turkey (30% vs 14%) while women were more likely to be active in digital
communication in Egypt (80% vs 65%). Aside from statistics, Cherny (1994)
found that males were physically more violent while women were affectionate
towards other. Furthermore, sex and age might become less important than the
14

role of task expertise, quality of individual-group MC interaction and work-
related effectiveness (Bubas, 2001).

Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored to several theories that are related to computer
mediated communication. Walther provides three groups of these theories
which are classified as Cues-Filtered-Out Theories coined by Culnan et al on
1987 in order to give description that CMC occludes the accomplishment of
social functions due to lack of non verbal cues. Next is Experiential and
Perceptual Theories of CMC which focuses on the characteristics of
communicators, the way they interact with others as well as the factors that will
affect the perceived capacities as well as the expressiveness of the
communicators. Then, some theories that reflect the ways in which
communicators try to exploit or adopt the cue limitations of CMC systems in
order to surpass face-to-face levels of affinity belong to the third set. This is
called the Theories of Interpersonal Adaptation and Exploitation of Media.
Finally, as communication evolve, new set of theoretical ideas are mentioned
to address the utility of different media over the usages progression sequences,
relational stages or to compare media effects of different kinds based on the
relative effortful ness of different channels. Examples are warranting construct
introduced by Walther and Parks (2002). These theories are useful to this study
because it supports the reasons why adolescence is continuing to use a specific
15

communication medium despite of its lacking of social cues and other
limitation.


Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable










Fig.1 Schematic Diagram showing the variables of the study


Definition of Terms
For clarity and easy understanding of the study, the following major
terms were herein defined conceptually and operationally.
Interpersonal Conflicts
a. Parents
b. Siblings
c. Friends
d. Significant Other
1. Non- Face to Face Communication
1.1. Facebook
1.2. Twitter
1.3. Mobile texting
2. Personal Background
2.1.1. Age
2.1.2. Sex
2.1.3. Educational Level

Non- Face to Face
Communication

16

Non- face to face communication. In a standard definition, this term is
refers to an electronic communication that has been programmed digitally. This
study defines this term as a type of communication that the adolescents are
using in resolving interpersonal conflicts. A communication in which there is
no face to face conversation between the two parties involved but instead there
is an electronic transmission of information that has been used. In this study the
researchers use the Facebook, Tweeter and Mobile texting as a means of digital
communication.
I nterpersonal Conflict. This term is defined as the conflicts or problem
between two persons. In this study, this term is defined as the type of conflicts
that a student experienced. And it is categorized into three: Parental conflicts,
friendship conflicts and romantic conflicts.
Adolescents. In a common definition, this word refers to a in-between
phase of physical and psychological human growth that is mostly happens
throughout from puberty to legal adulthood or age of maturity. The term is
defined in this study as the subjects that will be surveyed and interviewed by
the researchers. It covers the ages from 13 to 19 among the secondary and
tertiary level of the university.





17

Chapter 2

METHOD

Presented in this chapter are the research design, research instruments,
preparation and construction of the questionnaires, reliability and validity of
the research instruments, and selection of respondents for the study.

Research Design
In this study, the researcher used a mixed method of quantitative and
qualitative research design for this study. To be specific Descriptive
correlational-phenomenological method of research were used as the most
precise design to gauge the non-face to face and interpersonal conflict
resolution among adolescent students. Descriptive correlational research
involved collection of survey data in order to test hypothesis or to answer
questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study. It was
phenomenological to the fact that the researchers interviewed 10 participants
from the 400 survey respondents and ask 5 crucial questions in relation to the
study to further assess and explore their thoughts through experiences in their
responses from the questions. The independent variable of this were connected
with the dependent variable. It gone further than simple gathering and
tabulation of relevant data involving an element of interpretation of meaning or
significance of what was described hence, it was frequently merged with
18

comparisons and contrasts relating to measurement, classification,
interpretation, and evaluation.
Research Subjects
The researchers used random probability sampling. The study focused
on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest, which have best
enabled to answered research questions (Laerd, 2010). It required 400
randomly pick adolescent students from ages 13 to 19 years old who are
currently enrolled for the 1
st
Semester school year 2014 2015 in the
secondary and tertiary level of the University of Mindanao, Davao City.

Research Instruments
A validated survey questionnaire through a Likert scale will be used in
the gathering of the data that serve as a more direct measurement of non- face
to face communication to the adolescent students. Moreover, it will be
followed by an Interview questions about their experiences in a face to face
communication.
Frequency Rating Checklist. This was a researcher-made frequency rating
checklist based to determine the extent of participants usage of non- face to
face communication in interpersonal conflict resolution.





19

Table 2.1
Frequency Rating Checklist
Rating
Scale
Descriptive
Equivalent
Description
5 Always This indicates that the resolution of interpersonal
conflict using non face to face communication as
described in the item is done all the time.
4 Very frequently This indicates that the resolution of interpersonal
conflict using non face to face communication as
described in the item is done very frequently.
3 Often This indicates that the resolution of interpersonal
conflict using non face to face communication as
described in the item is done once in a while.
2 Sometimes This indicates that the resolution of interpersonal
conflict using non face to face communication as
described in the item is hardly done.
1 Never This indicates that the resolution of interpersonal
conflict using non face to face communication as
described in the item is not than at all.

Influence of Non-Face to Face Checklist Rating Scale. This was a
researcher-made rating checklist based on previous study conducted by Drusell,
John (2012) to determine the level of influence of non- face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts in terms of Mobile texting,
Facebook and Twitter.





20

Table 2.2
Influence of Non-Face to Face Checklist Rating Scale
Rating
Scale
Descriptive
Equivalent
Description
5 Strongly Agree This indicates that the participant is strongly
favorable to the concept as described in the item.
4 Disagree This indicates that the participant is somewhat
favorable to the concept as described in the item.
3 Agree This indicates that the participant is agreed to the
concept as described in the item.
2 Disagree This indicates that the participant is somewhat
unfavorable to the concept as described in the item.
1 Strongly Disagree This indicates that the participant is strongly
unfavorable to the concept as described in the item.

Survey Questionnaire. This was a researcher-made questionnaire which was
validated by the validators.

Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher will observe the following procedure in the gathering of
the data.
1. Asking permission to conduct the study. A letter will be forwarded to
Deans of each departments in the intent to conduct a study on the influence of
digital communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts among adolescent
students in University of Mindanao. Thus, a letter of permission is signed by
the dean will be sent to the adviser before conducting the study.
2. Construction and Validation of Research I nstrument. Self-downloaded
questionnaires based on the previous studies about digital mediated
communication will be developed and improvised by the researchers in
21

accumulating the data which would be allotted to identify the influences of
digital mediated communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts among
adolescent students in the University of Mindanao. The questionnaires must be
submitted first to the adviser for comments and suggestions. After which, the
researchers will seek professional help from experts on the field of research to
assure the validity of the instruments to be used.
3. Distribution of Questionnaires. After the research instruments are
reviewed, validated and the formal request will be granted, the researchers will
personally conduct and administer the questionnaires of the influence of digital
communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts among adolescents in the
university. They will also facilitate in the gathering of data through the help of
our research adviser and the subjects that will participate in our study.
4. Analysis and I nterpretation of data. After gathering, organizing and
encoding, the data will be sent to the validator and data analyst for analyzation
and interpretation to come up with results relevant to the study.
Data Statistical Tools
To facilitate the testing of the null hypothesis, the following statistical
techniques will be used in the study:
Mean. It refers to the average that is used to derive the central tendency
of the data in questions. In this study, mean will be used to determine the level
of influences of non- face to face communication in resolving interpersonal
conflicts among adolescent students in terms of the different factors.
22

t-test. This is defined as any statistical hypothesis test in which the test
statistics follows a Students t distribution if the null hypothesis is true. This
will be used in this study to determine if the hypothesis of the study will be
rejected or accepted.
F-test. It is designed to test if the variables of the two populations are
equal. This is used to determine the relationship between the influences of
non- face to face communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts among
adolescent students in University of Mindanao when analyzed by: personal
background (eg. age, sex, and educational level), non- face to face
communication (e.g time spent, types of medium used, interpersonal conflict
with others).














23

Table 2.3
Basis for Interpretation
Rating
Scale
Descriptive
Equivalent
Description
4.50 - 5 Extremely
Influential
(EI)
This indicates that the level of non face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal
conflicts is strongly influential.
3.50
4.49
Very
Influential
(VI)
This indicates that the level of non face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal
conflicts is very influential.
2.50
3.59
Influential
(I)
This indicates that the level of non face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal
conflicts is influential.
1.5 - 2.49 Slightly
Influential
(SI)
This indicates that the level of non face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal
conflicts has little influence.
Below 1.5 Not At All
Influential
(NI)
This indicates that the level of non face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal
conflicts has no influence at all.

Table 2.4
Rating
Scale
Descriptive
Equivalent
Description
4.50 -
5
Very High
(VH)
This indicates that the participants usage the non face to
face communication in interpersonal conflict resolution
described in the item is extremely high.
3.50
4.49
High (H) This indicates that the participants usage the non face to
face communication in interpersonal conflict resolution
described in the item is high.
2.50
3.59
Moderate
(M)
This indicates that the participants usage the non face to
face communication in interpersonal conflict resolution
described in the item is minimal.
1.5 -
2.49
Low (L) This indicates that the participants usage the non face to
face communication in interpersonal conflict resolution
described in the item is low.
Below
1.5
Very Low
(VL)
This indicates that the participants usage the non face to
face communication in interpersonal conflict resolution
described in the item is extremely low.
24

CHAPTER 3
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA FINDING

Presented in this chapter, are the discussion and presentation of data in
answers to the questions raised earlier in Chapter 1. The topics are discussed in
sequence as follows: The extent of use in resolving interpersonal conflicts
among respondents and the level of non- face to face communication in
resolving interpersonal conflicts in terms of Mobile texting, Facebook,
Twitter; the significant difference resolving interpersonal conflicts when
analyze according to personal background in terms of age, sex, educational
level and non- face to face communication in terms of time spent, types of
medium used, interpersonal conflict with others; and the significant
relationship between interpersonal conflicts resolution and non- face to face
communication.
Table 3.1 shows the extent of participants usage of non- face to face
communication in interpersonal conflict resolution with the overall mean of
1.97. This means that their extent of use of non- face to face communication is
low in resolving interpersonal conflicts among respondents, which means that
the resolution of interpersonal conflict using non face to face communication as
described in the item is not than at all.
The question number 3 about conflict resolution with girl friends
through mobile texting got the highest score with 2.93, which means that the
extent of use of non- face to face communication is medium. While the
question number about conflict resolution with parents through Twitter got the
25

lowest score of 1.16, which means that the extent of use of non- face to face
communication is very low.
The result agrees with Nacional (2000) when she concluded that all the
areas of interpersonal conflicts were not relatively predominant among the
Filipino adolescent respondents. The traditional Filipino way of upbringing
which emphasized the respect and obedience to elders and discouraged to
engage disagreements became the reason behind her findings.


















26

Table 3.1
Extent of Participants Usage Of Non- Face To Face Communication In
Interpersonal Conflict Resolution

Interpersona
l conflicts
Medium
Used
Mean Description
Interpretation
I resolve
conflict
with my
parents/gua
rdians
through
Texting
2.35 L
This indicates that the participants
usage in mobile texting in interpersonal
conflict resolution
Is low.
Facebook
1.61 L
This indicates that the participants
usage in Facebook in interpersonal
conflict resolution is low.
Twitter
1.16 VL
This indicates that the participants
usage in Twitter in interpersonal
conflict resolution is extremely low.
I resolve
conflict
with my
Siblings
through
Texting
2.11 L
This indicates that the participants
usage in mobile texting in interpersonal
conflict resolution is low.
Facebook
1.85 L
This indicates that the participants
usage in facebook in interpersonal
conflict resolution is low.
Twitter
1.21 VL
This indicates that the participants
usage in twitter in interpersonal
conflict resolution is extremely low.
I resolve
conflict
with my
friends
who are
girls
through
Texting
2.93 M
This indicates that the participants
usage in mobile texting in interpersonal
conflict resolution is minimal.
Facebook
2.64 M
This indicates that the participants
usage in facebook in interpersonal
conflict resolution is minimal.
Twitter
1.44 VL
This indicates that the participants
usage in twitter in interpersonal
conflict resolution is extremely low.
I resolve
conflict
with my
Friends
who are
boys
through
Texting
2.55 M
This indicates that the participants
usage in mobile texting in interpersonal
conflict resolution is minimal.
Facebook
2.20 L
This indicates that the participants
usage in facebook in interpersonal
conflict resolution is low.
27

Twitter
1.29 VL
This indicates that the participants
usage in twitter in interpersonal
conflict resolution is extremely low.
I resolve
conflict
with my
significant
other/s
through
Texting
2.62 M
This indicates that the participants
usage in mobile texting in interpersonal
conflict resolution is minimal.
Facebook
2.29 L
This indicates that the participants
usage in facebook in interpersonal
conflict resolution is low.
Twitter
1.34 VL
This indicates that the participants
usage in twitter in interpersonal
conflict resolution is extremely low.
Overall Mean for
Texting
2.51
M
This indicates that the participants
usage the non face to face
communication in interpersonal
conflict resolution described in the
item is minimal.
Overall Mean for
Facebook
2.12
L
This indicates that the participants
usage the non face to face
communication in interpersonal
conflict resolution described in the
item is low.
Overall Mean for
Twitter
1.29
VL
This indicates that the participants
usage the non face to face
communication in interpersonal
conflict resolution described in the
item is extremely low.
Overall Mean
1.97
L
This indicates that the participants
usage the non face to face
communication in interpersonal
conflict resolution described in the
item is low.






28

Table 3.2 shows the level of influence of non- face to face communication in
resolving interpersonal conflicts in terms of using mobile texting, Facebook
and Twitter the overall mean of 2.60. This indicates that the level of non face to
face communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts has little influence.
Moreover, this indicates that the participant agreed that the non-face to face
communication can slightly influence the interpersonal conflict resolution.
The question numbers 8 and 9 for mobile texting got the highest score
with 3.39. This means that the participants agree to the statement that they
could resolve the conflict because they can speak more openly and freely using
such medium. It also means that the level of non face to face communication in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has influence. On the other hand, the question
number 1 for Twitter got the lowest with a score of 1.59. The participants
disagree to the statement that the twitter can improve the ability to work out
conflict, which means the level of non face to face communication in resolving
interpersonal conflicts has no influence at all.
Based on the result, it agree to the a recent study of Bella Nashir who suggests that social
networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter created new ways of communication with other
people and offers innovative ways to communicate in the fastest way possible. Ziad Traboulsi
(2011) said Facebook calls for phaticity that favour social interaction for building
interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, Kopomaa (2000) documents how
people use mobile media to communicate with one another and how people
around the world incorporate mobile media in different ways within their daily
lives (Green and Haddon 2009, Katz 1999, and Katz and Aakhus 2002).
29

Table 3.2
Level of influence of Non- Face to Face Communication in Interpersonal
Conflict Resolution

Statements Medium
Used
Mean Description
Interpretation
1. I have improved
my ability to
work out
conflict by
Texting 2.93 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.65 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.59 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
2. I am increasing
the ability to
talk about
conflict because
of
Texting 3.07 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.79 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.64 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
3. Because of
convenience, I
can resolve
conflicts by
Texting 3.18 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.80 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.64 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
4. I resolve
conflict because
of increased
privacy in
Texting 3.01 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.71 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.72 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
5. I have more
control when
talking about
problems others
in
Texting 3.34 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.98 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.76 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
6. When Im mad,
I forgive
someone
because I get
immediate
Texting 3.33 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.92 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
30

response in influential.
Twitter 1.69 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
7. I resolve the
conflict because
I can speak
more openly
through
Texting 3.39 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 3.06 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.76 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
8. I resolve the
conflict because
I can speak
more freely
through
Texting 3.39 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.96 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.84 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
9. Because the
conversations
can be stored, I
feel more
convenient to
fix problem in
Texting 3.22 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.85 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.72 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
10. When Im mad
at someone, I
can call others
for support
through
Texting 3.35 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.98 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 3.35 I This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
11. When Im mad,
instead of
talking, I would
rather express it
through
Texting 3.07 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.79 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.77 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
12. I carry on
conversations
about conflict
through
Texting 3.17 SI This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
has little influence.
Facebook 2.76 SI This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
Twitter 1.70 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
31

13. I get understood
when talking
about
interpersonal
conflict through
Texting 2.96 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.64 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.64 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
14. I prefer to let
someone know
Im upset
through
Texting 3.14 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.75 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 3.14 I This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
15. In the past
months, I have
understood the
tone of
someone I was
communicating
with in
Texting 3.23 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Facebook 2.99 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.76 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
16. I can easily start
a relationship
with someone in
Texting 2.92 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.60 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.62 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
17. I believe that it
is generic when
resolving
conflict in
Texting 2.81 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.50 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.65 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
18. I believe that it
is impersonal
when resolving
conflict in
Texting 3.04 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.84 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 1.99 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
19. I resolve
conflict because
I feel most
comfortable
Texting 3.19 I This indicates that the level of mobile
texting in resolving interpersonal conflicts
is influential.
Facebook 2.83 I This indicates that the level of Facebook in
32

saying exactly
what I mean
without any
hesitation
through
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Twitter 3.19 I This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
20. The relationship
gets stronger
after I resolve
the conflict with
someone
through
Texting 1.99 SI This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts is
influential.
Facebook 1.74 SI This indicates that the level of Facebook in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
Twitter 1.67 SI This indicates that the level of Twitter in
resolving interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
Overall Mean for Texting
2.51
I
This indicates that the level of
texting in resolving interpersonal
conflicts is influential.
Overall Mean for Facebook
2.12
SI
This indicates that the level of
Facebook in resolving
interpersonal conflicts has little
influence.
Overall Mean for Twitter
1.29
NI
This indicates that the level of
Twitter in resolving
interpersonal conflicts has no
influence at all.
Overall Mean
1.97
SI
This indicates that the level of
non face to face communication
in resolving interpersonal
conflicts has little influence.








33

Table 3.3. For table 3.3, it shows the significant difference of the independent
variable when analysed by the moderator variable which is the personal
background. It includes the following: sex, age and educational level. . For sex
which has the probability of 0.596, it means there is no significant difference.
The same goes with the age with a probability value of 0.779 and educational
level with probability value of 0.666.
This does not agree form the result of the survey conducted by the Pew
Research Centers Global Attitudes Project from March 21 to May 15, 2011.
First, it does not agree with the age when the survey result shows that young
and educated people were more likely to use cell phones to functions and were
more involved in social networking. Smaller age gaps were found in countries
with lowest internet usage such as India, Pakistan and Egypt.
Then, in terms of educational level, it also does not agree with the said
survey about educational level when the result yielded a significant factor in
social networking usage. However, the importance of education varied from
one country to another.
Finally, it has slightly agreed with the result of the survey which shows
that the sex gap was less common when measuring technology usage.
Furthermore, sex and age might become less important than the role of task
expertise, quality of individual-group MC interaction and work-related
effectiveness (Bubas, 2001).
34


Table 3.3
Significant Difference in Resolving Interpersonal Conflicts when Analyse
According to Personal Background specifically the Age, and Sex
Educational Level




















Personal Background
Interpersonal conflicts
t-value p-value Interpretations
Sex 0.530 0.596 Not Significant
f-value p-value Interpretations
Age 0.251 0.779 Not Significant
Educational Level 0.406 0.666 Not Significant
35

Table 3.4. In table 3.2, the data show significant difference on the level of
resolving interpersonal conflict in terms of time spent with probability value of
0.111. For medium used in interpersonal conflict resolution, it has a probability
value of 0.165 which means it has no significant difference. Finally, the data
shows no significant difference when using non- face to face communication in
resolving interpersonal conflict with others with the probability value of 0.705.
There is no related literature that could support the significant difference
in resolving interpersonal conflicts when analyse according to non- face to face
communication specifically time spent and types of medium. However, in
interpersonal conflict with others, Nacional (2010) said areas of interpersonal
conflicts were not relatively predominant among the Filipino adolescent
respondents. The traditional Filipino way of upbringing that emphasized the
respect and obedience to elders and discouraged to engage disagreements.








36

Table 3.4
Significant Difference in Resolving Interpersonal Conflicts when Analyse
According to Non- Face to Face Communication specifically Time Spent,
Types of Medium Used and Interpersonal Conflict with Others

Non Face to face communication
Interpersonal Conflicts
f-value p-value Interpretations
Time Spent 1.191 0.111 Not Significant
Medium used 0.149 0.165 Not Significant
Interpersonal conflict with others 0.923 0.705 Not Significant













37

Table 3.5. in table 3.5, the data show that there is significant relationship level
between the influence of non face to face communication and interpersonal
conflict obtaining a probability value of 0.000. It has also an r-value equivalent
to 0.551 and r- squared of 0.304 which means the non-face to face
communication can resolve interpersonal conflict by 30%. The other 70%
relies on other factors that do not include the non-face to face communication.
The overall result yielded a support from Vykoukalova (2007) whom
conducted a study among Czech adolescents. The results strongly confirmed
theres a need of adolescents to be connected with their close others, including
their partners and parents, through social network and mobile texting. Kim and
Puro (2002) supported that mobile phone was seen as an extension of
themselves as these adolescents choose to behave and express themselves
different from the way they communicated digitally. For them, non- face to
face communication created a safer zone to escape parental control, decide
whether to start or finish a relationship and to experience more emotions
(Vykoukalova, 2007). The same study about adolescents romantic relationship
and solving their conflict through non- face to face communication was
conducted by Scissors, et.al in 2013 and Greenfield, et al., 2008. This was
despite the fact that digital communication assumed that theres an elimination
of social and physical cues (Walther, 1996).



38

Table 3.5
Significant Influence on the Level of Non Face To Face Communication
And Interpersonal Conflict Resolution

Interpersonal Conflict

r-value p-value Interpretations r squared
Interpersonal conflict
Vs
Non face to face
communication

0.551 0.000 Significant
0.304




















39

Interview Guide Questions
The proponents of this research paper organize the participants answers
for the purpose of giving a clear address towards the research questions. The
interview questions has one main question which was followed by an
identifying and probing questions that supported and gave more data that were
used for the study and which derived from the main question. All in all there
were five questions that were asked and answered by the 10 participants.
For the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data from the voice
recorder, the researchers used a verbatim transcription technique for the
qualitative analysis. The interview questions were read several times and for
the transcription of the data there were codes that were used by the researchers
to reflect a deeper knowledge of the data. These were capital P for the
participants, capital Q for the questions and capital R for the responses.
To categorize the gathered data, the themes were presented by research
questions and referred to as major themes. Next to the major themes is the
column for core ideas from the answers of the participants. After the core ideas
column was another column for the frequency of the respondents.
Research Question No.1: What are your experiences of resolution in
resolving conflicts using face to face instead of non-face to face
communication?
Majority of the 10 participant answered that they experienced face to
face conflicts with their family love-ones and close friends. One of them was P
1

40

states that he experienced a lot of problems that has been solved through face to
face and one of this was the problem in his Peers.
P
1
Q
1
R
1
Sa Peer problem example of this kanang magkanang if naa me
problema sa amu magbarkada if maglaag me if kanang naay mag-away
kanang dili magkasinabot kanang mas better pud nga mag-face to face
me kanang e.solve ang problem kay sa kanang magtext lang me naa
man guy possibility ang text namu dili kuan dli madawat or ma-
misinterpret niya kay kanang lahi ang iya emotions sa pagbasa sa txt..
(In Peer problem example of this was that if there is a problem in within
our friends when we go out, if some of us will have a conflict in times of
misunderstanding it is much better if it will be solve through face to face
rather than we text because there would be a possibility that our text had
not been received or misinterpreted of the person whom we had a fight
because the emotions that he had while reading the text was different)
Also according to P
1
besides Peer problems
,
he also encountered
problem within his family and group mates every time they had an activities in
school. For family problem he said that in terms of personal problem that they
will have problems in house, they somehow experience resolving conflict
through texting but much better to solve through face to face so that he can
recognize if what was really the problem because if it was address through
texting, the word or explanations were limited not same with face to face that,
he can said detailed speech towards the problem inside the house. After the
peer and family problem, the R
1
stated another problem which was the group
mates in an activity. If there will be a group activity just like in school and
there will be doing an activity by group, it is much better to have meetings face
to face rather than text because in using texting somehow there may be omitted
words that were not included in the text that were important details for the said
activities that the group should do, because if there will be lacking of
41

information that was state only in text will definitely ruin the activity so again
he said that it is really much better to meet up face to face for the activity.
Lastly R
1
shared the last experience in non- face to face communication
which was as problem in confronting issues.
P
1
Q
1
R
1
Tapus confronting issues naa pud koy kanang sa confronting
issues mao pud na sia ang one experience nako na na experience pud
nako kay kanang naa kay ka-away kanang simple na joke na
misinterpret niya instead na magpakatawa ka sa iyaha kay kanang
nalaen na diay siya.. (Then in confronting issues I also had the
confronting issues that was one of my experience that I had conflict
experience in which I had a fight which was a simple joke that was
misinterpreted of him that instead of making him laugh , he did not like
it)
R
1
then added that it is better to say it elaborately to the person you had
conflict just what he did , he told the person that misinterpreted his joke telling
that he did not intentionally want to hurt him and so that was his last
experience in conflict resolution using face to face.
However, one of the participants of this study which was P
3
had a
different perception about experiences in face to face communication because
according to her
:
P
3
Q
1
R
1
My experience about resolving conflicts of other person when
it comes to non-face to face communication is better to ah face to face.
Because for me, I can express all my feelings through messages, while in
face to face I feel nervous and hesitated to talk too or give some
advices

42

Research Question No.2: What are the ways you have tried to use in
resolving interpersonal conflict aside from non-face to face medium?
Which is the most appropriate and effective?
For the second question majority of the participants answered that the
other way that they had tried in solving conflicts aside from non-face to face
was the face to face communication. P
1
shared that for him, it was better to use
face to face because it is appropriate and effective method of resolving
interpersonal conflict and problem.
P
1
Q
2
R
2
So mas better jud kay ang Face to face (Face to face is much
better)

However, two of the participants answered the opposite one in which
they had decided to still use non-face to face medium because of some reasons.
P
3
Q
2
R
2
aside from non-face to face communication is shut my mouth
and mind my own business to avoid more conflicts between the two of
them.
P
10
Q
2
R
2
I think we or I only have to ways to resolve conflicts. That is
face to face and non-face to face. I often use social networking sites like
Facebook. For me, the most appropriate and effective, that is
interpersonal

And one of the 10 participants combined the two medium as ways for
resolving interpersonal conflict.
P
2
Q
2
R
2
Face to face. Well for me both are effective but it is more
advisable to resolve the problem face to face, so that you can settle all
those unfinished or seed of the conflicts.

43

Research Question No.3: why do you think you are comfortable in dealing
with conflicts in face to face communication? Can you give some details?
In this stage. Participants answered a lot of reasons why they
think they were comfortable in using face to face communications. Some of
this were the answers of P
1
and P
4

P
1
Q
3
R
3
Ahm mas comfortable ko makig-esturya sa kanang face to face
masolve ang problem para Makita nako ang expression sa tao sa akong
ka histurya para mahibaw.an nako kung sincere to cia kay sometimes
naay mga tao na magsulti sila ug yes ug uk na ang problema pero
behind that kanang uk na ang problema pero naa pah d.i ay conflict
nga naga circulate sa ilahang mind so mas better jud gina face to face
para maclarify nimu if uk na jud ba tapus pagkanang face to face ka
ma-avoid ang misinterpretation ka pagdili face to face kay naay
possibility nga mamisinterpret niya ang imuhang gepangtxt gepang call
or ge pang.chat sa iyaha kay through kanang kuan naay ang mga other
hindrance sa inyuhang pagesturyahanay ( Ahm Im more comfortable
in talking face to face to solve the problem so that I can see the
expression of the person that I am talking so that I could know if he is
sincere because sometimes there are people that would say yes the
problem is ok but behind that the problem is ok but there are still
conflict that circulate in their mind so much better face to face so you
can clarify if it is realy ok and if in face to face you can avoid the
misinterpretation because if not face to face there is a possibility that
your text or call or chat will be misinterpreted by him because through
some hindrance in you discussion.)
P
4
Q
3
R
3
Im not confident, its very nerve-wrecking actually. The best
outcome in resolving the conflict through face to face is that I can be
confidently say it has higher chances of settling it down than the
opposite way.

Contradictory to the majority of the answers was the response of P
3
in
which she stated that she is not comfortable in using face to face
communication to resolve problem.
44

P
3
Q
3
R
3
No, am. Im not comfortable to use face to face communication
to resolve problem, as I said a while ago Im not comfortable and I feel
anxiety when I talk too much especially when it comes to serious topic.

Research Question No.4: What would be your ideal mode in
communicating interpersonally? Face to face communication or Non-face
to face communication?
For those who were comfortable using face to face communication
which were the participants majority responses and so for this question
number 4 still face to face communication got the majority responses.
P
7
Q
4
R
4
Ah face to face communication
P
8
Q
4
R
4
Mas maagap itong pakikipag usap ng harap harapan para
maiwasan nahindi na lumala at dumating pa sa pakikipag tungalian sa
isat isa dahil lamang sa hindi naiparating ng maayos ang gusting
ipahiwatig (more prompt is talking face to face so that to avoid not to
be serious and to come to the point of duel to each other because of not
addressing what you want to say properly)

Just like in the previous questions to those who wants to use non-
face to face and so in their ideal mode they also state the same answer.
P
3
Q
4
R
4
I preferred to use non-face to face communication.
P
10
Q
4
R
4
For me, I really prefer non-face to face communication
Also, among the 10 participants, P2 who answered both mediums are for
still both medium for her is the ideal mode in communicating interpersonally.
P
2
Q
4
R
4
Uhmm, I would choose both of it. Uhmm, mas better sa akoa
na both siya pilion kaysa sa isa lang gud imohang gamiton kay dili all
45

the time magamit nimo ang isa lang (Uhmm, I would choose both of it.
Uhmm, much better for me to choose both rather than you only use one
because one of them you cant use all the time)


Research Question No.5: Why do you think you prefer such mode in
communicating interpersonally? Can you give some details or explain
why?
For the last interview question, there were variant reasons from the
participant who preferred face to face, non-face to face and both mediums as
their preference mode in communicating interpersonally.
For those participants who preferred face to face , their common reason
were; can lessen the risk of the problem to become bigger, much real in
expressing the feelings and can saw the honesty and sincerity of the person
involved. Some of them were P
1
and P
7

P
1
Q
5
R
5

Ahm, mas prepare nako ang face to face kay because it lessen
the risk nga magdako ang problema pag magkuan man gud ug non face
to face naay possibility na mu dako ang problema tungod lagi sa
misinterpretation possibility tapus kung magdako ang problema mas
dako mas magworse siya lisud na siya esolve so mas better na habang
sayu palang mas early kailingn imu na cia e face to face nga kanang e-
face to face na nimu ang pagsettle sa problema kay para kuan mas
masolve na siya pero kung mag-face to face ka make sure nga naa kay
composure towards the problem ang issue na imung gina-settle so dapat
dili ka magpadala sa imung kasuko kay kung magpadala ka sa imung
kasuko ahm wala ang ending kay problema jud siya dili na cia ninyu
masolve instead ma wala inyu relationship sa either sa imung friend or
sa family (Ahm, I preferred face to face its because it lessen the risk
that the problem will become bigger because in non-face to face there is
a possibility that the problem will become bigger because of
misinterpretation possibility then if it will become bigger , the bigger the
problem the it will become worse and so it will be difficult to resolve so
46

much better that while its still early you must settle the problem face
to face so that it can be solve, but if you face to face it make sure that
you have composure towards the problem for the issue that you are
settling so you must not be influence by your anger because if you will
be carried by anger ahm no ending because the its the problem that
cannot be solve instead your relationship will be gone, either of your
friend or family.)
P
7
Q
5
R
5
Kay gaya ganina, mas nice ang face to face kaysa malaman sa
isa ka tao na tinoud dyud siya, na honest dyud siya sa iyang gibuhat or
tinoud dyud siya (Same a while ago, face to face is much nicer than
knowing it to a person being true, being honest of him or her in what he
or she did or he or she is true)
For the participants who preferred non-face to face, because one of them
is not good in speaking personally and the other one can really express the
feelings through social media.

P
3
Q
5
Q
5
Im not really good in speaking so I just recommend to use
non-face to face communication because for me I can type easily all
what I thinking without no hesitation and fear feelings.
P
3
Q
5
Q
5
Non-face to face communication, because I can really
expressed my feeling through Facebook or text, and they cant see how I
react on the situation and my emotions. Because when I do
interpersonal I usually cry or stammering. Because I carried away or
like that
Lastly, for the only participant who preferred both mediums in
communicating interpersonally. P
2
shared that not all the time we can use one
of the two mediums for as to solve the conflict.
P
2
Q
5
R
5
Because not all the time you can reach the person in face to
face communication and sometimes you need to put some effort to
communicate the person in any kind of form so that you can settle the
problem.
In additional P
2
shared more reasons in using both mediums.
47

P
2
Q
5
R
5
Anu amm, Siguro, much better pud na sa personal siya kay
maka anu gud mo, ma settle ninyo ang uban. Then, kong sa text pud basi
diay ang tao dili gusto makipag meet sa imoha di at least sa text ma
express ma ingun nimo nga sorry gud or whatever or like adtoon nimo
siya sa ilang balay. (What amm, maybe, much better too that in
personal him, because you know, you can settle the other. The, if in text
too it might be the person doesnt want to meet you so at least in text
you can express you can say sorry or whatever or like you can go to him
in his house.)














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Table 1
Major themes, Code of Ideas and Frequency
Major Themes Code of idea Frequency of
Participants
Total
Conflict
resolution
experiences
among adolescent
students
Family members
Close Friends
Group mates
4
5
1

10

Ways in resolving
interpersonal
conflict aside
from Non-face to
face medium
Face to face
medium
Non-face to face
Being shut-up and
mind your own
business
7
2
1

10


Reasons for being
comfortable in
dealing with
conflicts in face to
face
communication
To see the
expressions of the
person involved
clearly
Much easier
express the true
feelings
Not comfortable
in dealing face to
face because of
anxiety
Much easier to
identify the
problem
To determine
easily the
sincerity of the
person involved
3



4


1


1

1



10
Ideal mode in
communication
interpersonally
Face to face
Non-face to face
Both mediums
7
2
1



10
49


Reasons in
preference of
such mode in
communicating
interpersonally

Face to Face:
Lessen the risk of
problem the
problem to
become bigger
Can express the
real feelings
towards the
persons with
conflicts
Can show the
honesty and
sincerity of a
person
Non-face to face:
Was not good in
speaking
personally
Can really express
the feelings
through social
media
Both Mediums:
Not all the time
we can reach out
the person
personally
because of
geographical
distance


1


4


2


2




1





10

Table 1 shows the summary of the analyzed and interpreted data from the
qualitative interview of the researchers


50

Overall, this work revealed that majority of the participants chose to
solve conflict through face to face communication. But still there were 3% of
the participants chose to use non-face to face and both both medium in
resolving interpersonal conflict. Accordingly, participants switched channels
from Computer Mediated Communication to Face to Face communication and
FtF to CMC in order to avoid conflict escalation and improve their situation
(Lauren E. Scissors and Darren Gergle 2013).


















51

Chapter 4


SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS


This chapter deals as the title indicates on the summary of the findings
of the study. Likewise, it presents the conclusions of the study on the basis of
the analysis of the findings. Lastly, it presents the recommendations based on
the conclusions of the study.

Summary
This research entitled, Non-Face to Face Communication and
Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Among Adolescent Students in the Davao
City is partly Quantitative and Qualitative research which uses the survey
questionnaire for quantitative research and a guided interview for qualitative
research. This study aimed to determine the relationship between conflict
mediation and interpersonal conflict resolution among adolescent students.
This study sought to answers to the following questions:
1. What is the extent in resolving interpersonal conflicts among
respondents using the following medium:
1.1 Mobile Texting
1.2 Facebook
1.3 Twitter?
2. What is the level of non-face to face communication in resolving
interpersonal conflicts in terms of:
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2.1 Mobile Texting
2.2 Facebook
2.3 Twitter?
3. Is there a significant difference resolving interpersonal conflicts
when analyzed according to:
3.1 Personal Background
3.1.1 Age
3.1.2 Sex
3.1.3 Educational Level
3.2 Non-Face to Face Communication
3.2.1 Time Spent
3.2.2 Types of Medium Used
3.2.3 Interpersonal Conflict with others
4. Is there a significant relationship between interpersonal conflicts
resolution and non-face to face communication?
5. What are the respondents experiences of resolution in resolving
interpersonal conflicts using face to face communication instead of non-face to
face communication?
The null hypothesis was formulated and tested that there is a significant
relationship between interpersonal conflicts resolution and non-face to face
communication.
Descriptive correlation method of research was used by the researcher in
this study. This is the most accurate design to assess the relationship between
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non-face to face communication and interpersonal conflict resolution among
adolescent students. The respondents were the 400 adolescent students of the
University of Mindanao. Stratified random sampling method was used to
determine the respondents. A validated survey questionnaire on conflict
resolution and experiences using non-face to face mediums were used in the
study. The statistical tools used were Mean, T-test, R-value and Pearsons r.
Findings
The findings of the study were summarized as follows:
1. These were the mean ratings for each of the indicators of the extent
in resolving interpersonal conflicts among respondents using the following
medium respectively: 2.51 Mobile Texting, 2.12 Facebook, and 1.29 Twitter.
The over-all rating was 1.97. This means that the extent in resolving
interpersonal conflicts using the following medium were low.
2. The mean ratings of the level influence of non-face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts are as follows: 3.14 Mobile
Texting, 2.79 Facebook, and 1.88 Twitter. The over-all rating was 2.60. This
means that the level of influence of non-face to face communication in
resolving interpersonal conflicts using non-face to face communication is
influential.
3. The results in resolving interpersonal conflict as to the level of
significant difference when analyzed by Personal Background: Sex, Age and
Educational Level are not significant. Moreover in Non-Face to Face
Communication Time Spent in Mobile Texting is significant while in Facebook
54

and Twitter are not significant. Furthermore, in Medium Used, Facebook is
significant while Mobile Texting and Twitter are not significant. On the other
hand Interpersonal Conflicts for the Parents, Mobile texting and Facebook are
not significant while in Twitter is significant. When it comes to Siblings,
Friends and Significant others Mobile Texting, Facebook and Twitter are not
significant. The result showed that there is a minimal significant difference
while there is a maximal no significant difference when analyzed by Personal
Background and Non-Face to Face Medium.
4. The result between interpersonal conflicts resolution and non-face to
face communication as to significant relationship shows that non-face to face
has a f-value of 4.392 , P-value of 0.000 and R-squared of 0.304. This means
that there is a significant relationship between interpersonal conflicts and non-
face to face communication with a percentage of 30.4.
5. The results out of the experiences of the participants using face to
face communication instead of non-face to face communication found out that
majority of the participants experiences in face to face communication
involves family member, close friends and group mates conflicts. Along with
these conflict resolution experiences they concluded that the honesty and
sincerity as well as expressing their real feelings towards the person whom they
have a conflict with were realized using face to face communication.

Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
55

1. This means that the extent in resolving interpersonal conflicts
using the following medium were low.
2. This means that the level of influence of non-face to face
communication in resolving interpersonal conflicts using non-face to face
communication is influential.
3. There is less significant difference while there are more no significant
difference results when analyzed by Personal Background and Non-Face to
Face Medium.
4. There is a significant relationship between interpersonal conflict
resolution and non-face to face communication. This means that non-face to
face communication influences interpersonal conflict resolution for 30.4%.
Therefore the null hypothesis is hereby rejected.
5. Participants Honesty and sincerity as well as expressing their real feelings
towards the person whom they have a conflict with were realized using face to
face communicat
Recommendation
Based on the aforementioned findings and conclusions of the study, the
Following recommendations are given:
School Administration. must undergo scrupulous review, revalidation,
and re-examination of their instructional materials every semester, particularly
well-run and advanced reference books to increase the level of English
speaking proficiency of the students and at the same time, persuade and put
56

burdens on the shoulders of the English teachers to give preferential attentions
on the subject matter of immediate concern.
Faculty and Staff. Must employ career development program like
seminars, trainings, and conferences intended for English teachers to advance
and upgrade the curriculum of the Language Discipline. They should also
revisit every semester to look into the English subjects syllabi in conjunctions
with their Daily Content Guides (DCG) and must see to it that updated
interactive and communicative learning activities as part of strategies are
emphasized, inserted, and reflected in both syllabi and DCGs.
Psychology Program. Must bring up to date and incessantly provide
seminars and interventions based on the psychological research findings
enough to augment the knowledge and skills in interpersonal conflict resolution
in the academe which the program is a part.
Society. Must know their duties, responsibilities and their limitations as
active users of non-face to face communications nowadays every time and
situation available and given. In addition, they should be aware of the negative
and positive aspects of using this upsurge medium of communication which
may usher them to the sphere knowledge and learning.
Adolescent Students.
Researchers. A further study may be conducted that would somehow
satisfy the insatiable mind of the researcher unveiling the relationship and
influences of non face to face communication to other psychological
dimensions. Also, the involvement of all class in the societys towards
57

becoming respondents such as professionals and unprofessional, celebrities,
office workers, long distant relationship couples to further fathom how
technology revolutionized our communication.