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Changing the School calendar into August to July.

FOREIGN LITERATURE
The government of the Philippines has said it is reviewing the academic calendar
with a view to possibly bringing it in line with universities abroad, particularly those in
Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN countries.
The ommission on !igher Education, or !E", announced this month that it is
studying the proposed moving of the beginning of the academic year from #une at
present to August or September, in common with other ASEAN countries.
This comes as the $%&country bloc comprising 'runei, ambodia, (ndonesia, )aos,
*alaysia, *yanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and +ietnam moves towards an
ASEAN Economic ommunity in ,%$- that will allow the free movement of goods and
services including education services across the region.
Apart from Thailand, the Philippines is the only ASEAN country where the academic
year begins in #une.
A change will also enable it to synchronise semesters with hina, .orea, Europe and
North America.
!E" has set up a technical wor/ing group to e0amine the implications of any change,
for e0ample on the schedule of entrance e0aminations for universities and colleges. The
!E" group will convene from #anuary and is li/ely to report in *arch.
!E" hair Patricia )icuanan ac/nowledged that a change in the academic year would
ma/e it easier for foreign students to enrol and for 1ilipino students to study overseas,
and would improve student mobility as the ASEAN community is formed.
!owever she appeared cautious this month, saying that it was fine for a few
autonomous institutions to shift their academic year, 2but as we see that more and more
are 3umping on the bandwagon, we advise all to study this very carefully4.
Top universitie
Several top universities including the country5s largest public institution, the
6niversity of the Philippines or 6P, which has many campuses around the country are
mulling over a change in the academic calendar from #une to *arch to August to #une.
Top private atholic universities Ateneo de *anila, 6niversity of Santo Tomas, "e )a
Salle 6niversity and Adamson 6niversity have also said they want to change.
6niversity of the Philippines officials told local media that the ma3ority of its campuses
were ready to switch over in the ,%$7&$- academic year, pending approval by the
governing body
The administration had already submitted a proposal in #une ,%$8. The change was
intended to enable the university to be 2a regional and global university and address
current developments in the region and the world4, the proposal said.
Ateneo de *anila 6niversity said a changed academic timetable would 2speed up
Ateneo5s internationalisation efforts and will e0tend its scope for potential partnerships
with other universities overseas4, according to a draft of its proposal.
Adamson 6niversity in *anila announced on ,% "ecember that it had set up a
committee to study the implications of the move to September for the ,%$- academic
year after a ,$ November consultation with university administrators, faculty and
student bodies.
2The university is see/ing ways of ma/ing a smooth transition between the old and new
school calendars and e0ploring a transition summer term from April to August ,%$7,4 it
said in a statement. 2!E" leaves it to the discretion of private schools if they wish to
adopt the said calendar.4
ompromise
9ther top universities have autonomous status as centres of e0cellence and merely
need to notify !E" of any changes.
!owever, said Patricia )icuanan, universities that are not autonomous will need a
directive from !E" before they can ad3ust their academic calendar.
A switchover could mean universities will run classes during the hottest time of the year
April and *ay. *any university buildings lac/ air conditioning. And they may have to
start the academic year when monsoon rains start in September and fre:uent floods
occur.
)icuanan said some compromise might be necessary. 29ne of these might be a
:uarterly system or tri&semester to provide more entry points for foreign students
coming in and ours going out.
She said universities needed to wor/ out what proportion of students were li/ely to
benefit from the change and 2assess if they have enough cross&border activity to ma/e
it worth it to change their academic calendar4.
The *inistry of Education will also study the effects of a new academic calendar on
graduating high school students, but it seems unli/ely that the primary and secondary
school sectors will change the academic year to align with universities.
LOCAL LITERATURE
Shifting school time: Changing the academic calendar
(n the new calendar to be 2pilot tested4 this year, the first semester, which
previously starts on #une and ends on 9ctober, will start on August and end on
"ecember. The second semester which previously starts November and ends April, will
start #anuary and end *ay. 1rom *ay to #une, summer vacation will be shifted to #une
to #uly.
According to 6P President Alfredo Pascual, 2the decision to shift the academic calendar
is part of the continuing efforts of 6P to develop into a regional and global university and
to ma0imi;e the opportunities offered by ASEAN integration and global educational
partnerships.4
Proponents have also earlier stated that the shift is to ad3ust to climate changes and to
spare students from floods which happen in #une and #uly.
Protests greeted the move. 6P student leaders decried the 2railroading4 of the decision
and the lac/ of consultations among the sta/eholders. +arious sectors have previously
also e0pressed their opposition to the plan.
Ad3usting to climate<
'illy 1ormoso recalls that 2=o0as tried it, scrapped it in the >%5s?4
The students complained it was too hot to be cooped up in a classroom in April and
*ay, thus ma/ing it not conducive to learning.
The new vacation months@ #uly and August@were also still stormy and wet and so the
/ids and their families could not go anywhere for a vacation. They e0perienced cabin
fever in their own homes. =esort owners weren5t too happy either@they had no
customers.
And, it still stormed and flooded in September, 9ctober and November so that many
school days were lost.
#un +er;ola discusses interesting points regarding the 2Pinoy summer4 which he says is
mythical.
"isastrous for peasant families
Earlier, .arlo *ongaya e0pressed worries re the effects the shift will have on peasant
families, saying August is the worst time to start classes because of practical issues?
1or the poor peasants and farm wor/ers, los muertos is literally the season of the dead..
The rural poor of Negros and Panay islands have another name for this dead season?
2tig/iriwi,4 a !iligaynon term for a face in severe pain. Tiempos muertos is also the
2tinggulutom,4 the time of hunger.
*any farm hands would go down to the cities to loo/ for wor/ to augment whatever
cash advances that they can scrape from the landlords. )oans are ta/en from shar/s at
usurious rates. Peasant girls are sent to wor/ in the mansions of the hacienderos for
e0tra income.
School opening during tiempos muertos would therefore only add to the burden of poor
families who would have to thin/ of a mountain of school e0penses from tuition to
uniforms, school supplies, and allowances on top of their day to day survival needs.
1ormoso also raised this issue? 2April and *ay are harvest months and the /ids were
needed by their parents to help bring in the crops. And so many students absented
themselves from school.4
onsidering that rising tuition rates are forcing more students out of school Aremember
the 6P student who too/ her life last year because she could not pay tuition<B, this
should have seriously been considered.
Clobal integration
Earlier, Professor Dinnie *onsod wrote in her column about the shift5s 2flawed
rationale4?
1irst, the move is supposed to be necessary for 6P to achieve its role as a 2regional
and global university.4 Dhat it does not say is that only the European and North
American universities are on the AugustESeptember to *ayE#une calendar. And that is
because that coincides with their fall, winter and spring. The other countries in )atin
America, as well as Australia, New Fealand, and South Africa have academic calendars
that start in 1ebruary, right after their summer months. "oes this mean that these
countries are not 2global4< 9r that we don5t care to cooperate with them<
Then, much is made of the fact that we are the only country in the Asean 6niversity
Networ/ AA6NB that still adheres to a #une&*arch calendar. 'ut the policy paper
mentions Thailand5s two academic calendars? one for the Thai system, and one for the
international programs. Now that sounds eminently sensible. Dhy can5t we e0amine
that alternative, if we are so an0ious to attract foreign students Aassuming that they will
be attractedB<
.abataan Partylist =ep Terry =idon raises the issue of education tourism and higher
tuition rates due to the calendar shift?
(f more higher education institutions 3oin the bandwagon for the academic calendar shift,
we fear that the time will come when our universities become so foreign&oriented and
overpriced that it will be filled not by young 1ilipinos but by foreigners who wish to finish
their studies in the tropics.
9NTEN"&6P says the shift means 2'ending over bac/wards and missing the point of
6P education4?
The de&synchroni;ation with local private and public high schools would arguably have
a greater potential negative impact on enrolment and access of local undergraduate and
graduate students than any positive gains which might accrue in attracting students
from universities in Southeast Asia and beyond. The :uestion is, who are we really
supposed to serve< Are not these still primarily 1ilipino youth and students< Dhy should
6P bend over bac/wards to attract foreign students when it should instead be going the
e0tra mile in filling up slots with students from underprivileged and marginali;ed
bac/grounds<
2(nternationali;ation4 should not mean a blind process of homogeni;ation which
disregards national relevance along with natural and cultural factors.
leve Arguelles says factors other than the calendar, li/e access, government spending
and tuition rates should be loo/ed into if 6P wants to really be a global university.
1ormer 6P student regent #a:ue Eroles e0amines the ASEAN ,%$- and said that it will
have adverse impacts on the economy?
This regional economic integration program will push for further liberali;ation of trade
among ASEAN countries, including the Philippines. (t directs member&countries to
eliminate tariffs and other non&tariff trade barriers to enable free entry of imported goods
from other ASEAN countries and its global partners. (t will also open the gates for
foreign business investments to flood our economy and eventually massacre our local
business, manufacturing, services, and even agriculture. AE will have adverse impacts
to the 1ilipino economy, people and even those of other ASEAN countries.
So 3ust when you thin/ that shifting of academic calendar is one harmless proposal, loo/
at the bigger picture and thin/ again.
The National 6nion of the Philippines AN6SPB also loo/s into ASEAN ,%$- and says the
shift will further commerciali;e education. Dhat we need, says the student union, is a
2shift in orientation towards a nationalist, scientific and mass&oriented type of education4
FOREIGN STU!
& English language program? 6AS provides an English&language educational program
based on a North American educational philosophy. All classes are taught in English,
e0cept those that are part of the 6ruguayan Program. 6AS teachers are either native
English&spea/ers or bilingual English and Spanish spea/ers. Academic e0cellence?
6AS provides a challenging university preparatory program. All students are e0pected
to meet rigorous, world&class academic standards. ertified and e0perienced teachers
devote individual attention to ensure that students learn. (nternational learning
environment? 6AS is an international school with students representing more than 8-
nationalities, including our host country of 6ruguay. The teaching faculty is composed of
certified international educators from the 6nited States, anada, 6ruguay, England,
Australia and 'ra;il. Appreciating others5 differences and developing a global
perspective are ideals that are embraced at 6AS. "evelopment of the whole child. De
believe that education involves developing students5 academic, physical, social,
emotional, and artistic potential. Northern hemisphere school calendar? The 6AS school
year follows a northern hemisphere calendar AAugust #uneB. 9ur calendar aligns with
other international schools around the world and with universities in the northern
hemisphere. 6.S. Accreditation and 6ruguayan *inistry of Education approval? 6AS is
fully accredited by AdvancE", the largest 6.S. school accrediting agency, and is
approved by the 6ruguayan *inistry of Education.
LOCAL STU!
& Adamson 6niversity will begin the ne0t school year this August, with other Philippine
colleges and universities e0pected to follow suit in moving their academic calendar by
,%$-, in order to align them with foreign counterparts. 1aculty and students of the
6niversity of Santo Tomas also told C*A News that 6STGs ne0t school year will begin
this #uly as part of a gradual shift to a later start of the calendar year, but this change
has not been confirmed by 6STGs administration. *ost universities in the world begin
the school year in August, September, or 9ctober, while the Philippines has stuc/ to its
#une&*arch calendar. The Philippines is also the only member of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations AASEANB still starting its academic year in #une, since
Thailand adopted the September&*ay calendar in ,%$$. Dith ASEAN integration in
,%$- creating new opportunities to internationali;e their campuses and the .&$,
education system severely affecting college enrollment in ,%$>, Philippine institutions
are feeling the pressure to shift their academic calendars. The move, lawyer #oel Noel
Estrada of the oordinating ouncil of Private Educational Associations e0plained, was
proposed so that Philippine universities can be synchroni;ed with those in other
member institutions within the ASEAN grouping. HIThey canJ easily come to us, at tayo
rin pwedeng magpadala ng mga studyante, e0change programs, research programs.
Pati mga graduates natin and professionals, meron nang mutual recognition. (big
sabihin, professionals natin dito, professional din sa mga member ASEAN nations,H said
Estrada. (n an interview with C*A News 9nline, 1ather Cregorio 'aKaga, president of
Adamson 6niversity, said his school is almost sure of implementing the change this
year, to ma/e it easier for students to enroll from overseas institutions. iting the ,,
nationalities represented at his university, 'aKaga said, H*any of our foreign students
could only enroll in the second semester after graduating overseas because itGs too late
for the first semester.H !e added that Adamson will have two summer school sessions
this year April&*ay and #une&#uly otherwise, teachers will not have enough teaching
loads with the *arch end of classes and the new start of the first semester in August.
HDhat will happen to teachersG salaries<H 'aKaga said, referring to the four&month gap
between semesters this year. !e said that the change still has to be approved by
AdamsonGs academic council, which will li/ely support the move.
RESTORATION OF EAT" #ENALT! IN T"E #"ILI##INES
Foreign study
"ivided by "eath
'y =on Cluc/man
A LEA= (NT9 !(S TE=*, P=ES("ENT EST=A"A (S SM6(=*(NC on an une0pected
hot seat over the issue. 6ne0pected, because the once&punchy president has always
been cheered for his crusade against the /idnappers and murderers who plagued
1ilipino society a few years bac/.
The public overwhelmingly supported the return of the death penalty at the end of $NN8.
)awma/ers and the courts have been enthusiastic. Nearly four do;en crimes in the
Philippines, including possession of pot, can now be punished by e0ecution @ one of
the broadest death codes in the free world. #ustices have handed out death sentences
at such a ferocious rate that, in only a few years, the Philippines has put $,$%% men and
women on death row, second in number only to the 6nited States among democratic
nations. *ore people languish upon death row in the Philippines than anywhere else in
Asia.
Let, there has been nothing but trouble at the e0ecution chamber at *untinlupa, an hour
away from *anila. death8.3pg A8-$>, bytesB
9nly a handful of convicts have been put to death since 1ebruary, when the Philippines
e0ecuted its first inmate in ,8 years. (nstead, Estrada has issued a series of last&minute
reprieves, gaining an unwelcome reputation for wavering.
9n #une ,-, only minutes after telling reporters that Eduardo Agbayani would be
e0ecuted that day, the president bowed to an appeal from 'ishop Teodoro 'acani. The
president phoned from home to the e0ecution chamber, but got a busy signal, then a fa0
tone. 'y the time an aide reached the presidential office hotline, Agbayani was dead.
There were no similar snags on #uly O when three men were e0ecuted for robbing a
3eepney, a /ind of local minibus, and /illing an off&duty policeman who was on board.
The trio claimed innocence to the end.
!uman rights groups alleged considerable legal abuse, including torture of the accused
and witnesses.
Such e0cesses are common, according to rights monitors in the country and abroad.
9nly the day before the e0ecution, the Supreme ourt ruled in favor of a new trial for
another death row inmate. The court finally ac/nowledged the incapacity of *arlon
Para;o, who is a deaf mute with the mental age of eight years. "espite repeated
defense pleas, his disability was somehow overloo/ed through a series of earlier
hearings.
Such occurrences have spawned new concerns about the death penalty process. Prior
to the e0ecution of rapist )eo Echegary in 1ebruary, the Supreme ourt, which
automatically reviews all death sentences, had made final rulings on nearly >% cases.
About an e:ual number of death penalties were affirmed as commuted. (n over $%
percent of the cases, the supreme court ruled for ac:uittal.
HThis isn5t li/e a state with well&defined procedures, standards and safeguards,H said
attorney #ose "io/no, leader of the 1ree )egal Assistance Croup, which handles most
of the final death penalty appeals. H!ere, it5s all the process of development,H he added.
1)AC lac/s the funds to get involved prior to final appeals. (nstead, representation is
largely handled by an over&burdened Public Attorney5s 9ffice. PA9 officials concede
that attorneys have no special training in death cases, and the office lac/s investigation
abilities independent of the "epartment of #ustice, which also oversees prosecution, the
prisons and e0ecutions. Some death row inmates claim PA9 attorneys advised them to
plead guilty to get a lighter sentence, unaware that the charge carried a mandatory
death sentence.
(n the Philippines, the lowest courts impose the death penalty. ritics say this procedure
spawned a Hdeath rushH among 3ustices eager to appease the public appetite for
vengeance. (ndeed, many prisoners went to 3ail in T&shirts embla;oned with the motto,
HCuillotine lub.H They were gifts from 3udges who ascended to the e0clusive
association by issuing a death decree.
*a0imo Asuncion founded the club, but died before his edict on Echegary could be
carried out. (ronically, Echegary wasn5t meant to be the first person to be put to death by
*anila since $NP>. The first in line was 1ernando Calera. 'ut at the last minute, after
three years on "eath =ow, he was 3udged innocent and released.
H(t5s really li/e a lottery in the Philippines,H says Tim Parritt, a )ondon&based Amnesty
(nternational researcher who studies the Philippines. Even a senior prison official at
*untinlupa confided? HThere are many innocent people inside, ( /now that.H
The ris/ of error is so pronounced that Asiawee/ *aga;ine, a leading regional news
wee/ly, recently printed a cover story that pondered? H"oes *anila have the 3udicial
maturity to mete out the ultimate penalty<H
This situation isn5t what the Philippines had in mind when it became one of the only
nations in modern times to restore the death penalty after earlier buc/ing the regional
trend by banning it.
Dorldwide, capital punishment is on the decline, but it is entrenched in Asia, where
even progressive countries li/e #apan, Taiwan, Thailand and South .orea retain it.
Singapore is believed to be the world5s leader in per capita e0ecutions. 9verall, P%&O%
percent of the world5s e0ecutions occur in hina, which puts to death over $,%%% people
each year for crimes that include graft, corruption, embe;;lement and drug traffic/ing.
"rugs offenses are capital crimes across Asia. Possession of as little as three&fourths of
a /ilogram of mari3uana can be punishable by death in the Philippines. 9ne 1ilipino
farmer is currently on death row for growing seven pot plants. !e feinted after the
verdict was translated to him. A poor, rural resident, he didnGt spea/ the language in
which his trial was conducted.
The Philippines banned the death penalty for all crimes in its $NOP constitution, following
the overthrow of the *arcos regime, which had put to death many political opponents.
!owever, an outbrea/ of /idnappings, /illings and coups at the end of the $NO%s
prompted lawma/ers to restore capital punishment.
ritics point out that crime rates for murders and /idnappings have actually declined
steadily since $NN%, years before the penalty was reinstated.
President Estrada has repeatedly promised to e0cuse crimes motivated by poverty, but
that is one of the few common threads on death row. A survey of 7,- death row inmates
in $NNO showed that the ma3ority earned under Q> per day. Three&fourths were farmers,
agriculture wor/ers or common laborers.
H"eath =ow is a home for the poor,H said 1ather Silvino H#unH 'orres, director of the
Philippines #esuit Prison Service.
About -8 percent of the $,%%% death row inmates are rapists. This, too, has become a
matter of controversy. (n a recent case, the Supreme ourt overturned a verdict of
death for a rapist, bringing cries of protests from the young victim. She was due to
receive $%%,%%% pesos AQ,,P%%B in compensation. 'y :uashing the death sentence, the
3udges automatically slashed the figure in half.
=ape convictions in the Philippines do not re:uire corroboration or supporting evidence.
Cenerally, the word of the victim is enough. The rationale is that the stigma of rape is so
severe, that no 1ilipina would falsely claim to be raped. Let, even some women5s groups
are :uestioning that logic as rape reports continue to soar, defying regional trends.
death-. Since the e0ecutions on #uly O, there has been renewed opposition to the
death penalty, with a group of lawma/ers calling for a total review.
The church, a huge power in this hristian nation, has 3oined the call for a moratorium.
And even public sentiment seems to be changing. No reliable surveys have been done,
but #essica Soto, director of Amnesty (nternational Philipinas, estimates that as many as
N% percent of the public supported the restoration of the death penalty. She thin/s that
support has now dwindled to about two&thirds.
That figure is about the level gauged by Adrian Sison, an attorney who conducted a
phone survey on his daily radio show, H'roadcasters 'ureau.H
HPeople really have the notion that it5s a deterrent,H said Sison, who said that belief is
fading. HLou can go bac/ in time. Dhen they hung pic/poc/ets publicly in England,
pic/poc/ets wor/ed the crowd.H
(ndeed, studies worldwide have failed to match the death penalty with drops in crime.
The 6nited States, which has e0ecuted more than -%% prisoners since $NPP, has
thousands on death row and some of the world5s highest murder rates. These statistics
have prompted even staunch law enforcement personnel to spea/ out against the death
penalty.
*uch the same situation is beginning to happen in the Philippines where the heads of
both men5s and women5s prisons oppose e0ecutions.
HDe5re supposed to be in the business of rehabilitation,H e0plained =achel =uelo,
superintendent of the Domen5s orrectional (nstitute, where $N women await e0ecution.
H!ow can ( rehabilitate a dead person<H
The Death enalt! Criminalit!" #$stice and %$man Rights
The death penalty is no solution to the severe challenge posed by criminality in
the Philippines. (t is the certainty of arrest, conviction and long periods of imprisonment,
not the threat of e0ecution alone, which will act as deterrent against crime. The
frustration and fear felt by many 1ilipinos because of high rates of crime deserves a
genuine answer&not a short&term palliative offered through the death penalty as a
means of retribution.
A sustained program of reform of the Philippine National Police, criminal investigation
agencies and elements of the 3udiciary is necessary. At present law enforcers are too
often perceived as corrupted or responsible for human rights violations while 3ustice is
not seen to be distributed fairly&the wealthy and influential are, in practice, not e:ual
before the law.
The death penalty is being applied at an accelerating rate in the Philippines. As in the
past it appears to be imposed inconsistently and in a disproportionate way against the
poor, ill&educated and disadvantaged. The ris/ of 3udicial errors is mounting and
Amnesty (nternational is gravely concerned over the use of illegal methods, including
torture, by criminal investigative officers see/ing to e0tract confessions. *oreover, there
is apprehension over inade:uate safeguards, especially in the lower courts, to ensure
the defendants have access to competent counsel, and that the rigorous standards of
fair trial essential in capital cases are upheld.
Strapping a prisoner to a bed and in3ecting him or her with a coc/tail of lethal drugs is
brutali;ing and degrading. (t violates the principles of the 6niversal "eclaration of
!uman =ights A6"!=B, and undermines the aspiration for a renewed respect for human
rights that lay at the heart of the popular movement that restored constitutional
democracy in the Philippines in the $NO%s.
Ca&ital $nishment in the hili&&ines
Theoretically, the presence of capital punishment can be
understood by the instrumental nature of the political state in protecting the capitalist
class. Nevertheless, the Philippine e0perience shows a disaggregated view of the state
in e0plaining the wavering support that evolved under various political administrations
after *arcos. Such focus reveals that the post&*arcos government was not a state that
was molded primarily by governing elites. =ather, the historic strength in bringing capital
punishment bac/ to law was based in large measure on the way the state preemptively
organi;ed societal interests, and the display of power by active agents who had the
capacity and resources to influence the general public.
The capacity of political groups to influence the state is contingent on specific empirical
conditions. The reorgani;ation of the government towards democracy, the prospect of
economic growth, the public clamor for more security and order, and the reintroduction
of a more liberal world view in conducting politics, had cumulatively shaped the
development of civil society. Although in the Philippines attempts were made to blur
class lines on issues such as capital punishment, the level of political action and
influence simply depends on the relative control of those who have property. Since
property is a political resource, often the propertied get their way in politics. The rise of
the middle class and its alliances with the state and other select social groups creates
more power favoring one side of the issue over the other.
The events that reinstated capital punishment, and e0ecuted )eo Echagaray, show that
the state is not purely autonomous in conducting the interest of capital class. apital
punishment was reinstated because of the strong campaigns from the conservative
sectors of the society with their alliance to individuals with political power and media that
had more power to manipulate public perception of the issue. The over;ealous
coverage of the media, for e0ample, on highly profiled crimes such as rape and murder
e0posed sentiments that were sympathetic more toward the victims, rather than loo/ing
at the larger issue at hand. onservative groups placed pressure on government to
adhere to the populist claims on enacting tougher mandates. After the terrorist attac/s
against the Dorld Trade enter on September $$, ,%%$, the Arroyo&*acapagal
administration, for e0ample, lifted the moratorium on capital punishment that was earlier
placed by the Estrada administration because of the large concern over terrorism
A*ydans, ,%%$B. Similar cases happened with the 6S 1urmann v. Ceorgia case that
evidently had been overturned by other court rulings. The historical conditions that set
the stage for democracy and development were the same conditions that reinstated
capital punishment.
The reinstatement of the death penalty in the Philippines demonstrates the value of
e0planatory models consisting of the dynamic interplay of agent, culture, and structure.
To a significant degree, loo/ing at these formidable variables may aid us in our
understanding of other conditions that affect the reinstatement of capital punishment in
Southeast Asia. Although it is difficult to establish a complete e0planatory model on
Southeast Asian capital punishment, this is a good starting point for future systematic
comparative study of other countries in the region. Thailand, Singapore, *alaysia and
(ndonesia, for e0ample, share the same democratic claims with the Philippines. 1uture
assessment of these countries may re:uire a more thorough in:uiry of other dimensions
of capital punishment.
LOCAL STU!
Ch$rch o&&oses restoration of death &enalt!
*AN()A, Philippines @ The atholic 'ishops onference of the Philippines is
reminding lawma/ers who want to revive the death penalty that many prisoners
wrongfully convicted are still languishing in 3ail.
=udy "iamante, e0ecutive secretary of the 'P5s Episcopal ommission on Prison
Pastoral are, said a coalition of groups against the death penalty and law schools and
law students has been documenting cases of wrongful convictions in the country which
could prove that the revival of the death penalty would do more harm than good.
alled 2(nnocence Pro3ect Philippines,4 the group offers free legal help to convicts, using
"NA technology and investigative wor/ to overturn wrongful convictions, he said.
2De have interviewed 7%% detainees we believe are wrongfully convicted. There are
some $% cases which our lawyers want to be reopened in court,4 "iamante said at a
forum on Tuesday. "iamante was 3oined by Archbishop Emeritus 9scar ru;, )awyer
=omulo *acalintal and 'uhay Party&list =epresentative )ito Atien;a.
Partnering with the 'P, law schools such as the 6niversity of the Philippines, Ateneo
de "avao 6niversity, "e la Salle 6niversity have held training sessions for student on
"NA analysis.
(nnocence Pro3ect Philippines was convened after the documentary film 2Cive up
Tomorrow,4 which follows the life of 1rancisco #uan )arraKaga who was sentenced to
death for the $NNP rape and murder of two sisters in ebu ity.
2(t spar/ed the movement to find and help prisoners who were wrongfully convicted,4
"iamante said.
)arraKaga was offered clemency by the Spanish government but he turned it down
since a condition of the parole was the admission of guilt.
)arraKaga, who has dual Spanish and 1ilipino citi;enship, was transferred to a Spanish
prison in ,%%N under the terms of a treaty between the Philippines and Spain on where
citi;ens of each country should be imprisoned after conviction.
2De are tracing who are the wrongfully convicted because there are a lot. (f they want to
bring bac/ the death penalty, they should loo/ closely into the defective 3ustice system,4
"iamante said.
"iamante said that based on their interviews at the New 'ilibid Prison in *untinlupa, it
would be easy to /now if a convict is telling the truth or not.
2Those you have always seen in prison would no longer lie to you if they committed the
crime or not,4 he said.
(n a statement, the 'P said the imposition of capital punishment is 2unchristian and
inhuman.4
2The stance against the death penalty is in no way a posture to let criminal offenders go
scot&free. The atholic hurch believes in 3ustice and it is ran/ed high in its hierarchy of
values,4 the 'P5s Episcopal ommission on Prison Pastoral are said.
=ather than ta/e away 2precious human life,4 'P said it wants the government to
e0plore alternatives to mete out 3ustice.
21or one, it seriously considers@and vigorously advocates@a shift in the paradigm of
3ustice from litigation to mediationR prosecution to healingR punishment to reform and
rehabilitationR from the retributive to the restorative,4 it said.
Chief '$stice: Death &enalt! la( $nconstit$tional
'AC6(9 (TLR hief #ustice Artemio Panganiban said here yesterday the death penalty
law is unconstitutional. Spea/ing after a seminar for 3ournalists covering the Supreme
ourt ASB, ourt of Appeals and the "epartment of #ustice, Panganiban said ongress
failed to show Hcompelling reasonsH when it passed =epublic Act P>-N and restored the
death penalty in $NN7.
H*y position is that the death penalty law, as written, is unconstitutional because the
$NOP onstitution says that the death penalty is abolished,H he said.
H'ut the ongress may restore it on two conditions? 1irst, it shall be only on heinous
crimes and second, it was restored only upon proof of compelling reasons.H
Panganiban said it is President Arroyo5s call to commute the sentence of $,,%% death
convicts to life imprisonment. H(t5s the President5s call to commute the death sentences,H
he said.
H(t is for ongress whether to repeal the law or abolish it. *y view is ongress was not
able to show compelling reasons and some of the crimes mentioned in the law are not
heinous.H
Panganiban said the Philippines is a atholic country which believes that only Cod can
ta/e a person5s life.
HThe present death penalty is unconstitutional,H he said. H(f the law is unconstitutional,
the /illing would be unconstitutional.H
(n a separate interview, ourt of Appeals Presiding #ustice =uben =eyes said ongress
must review the death penalty law, especially the definition of heinous crimes which has
a wide coverage.
Death &enalt! )ill di*ides hili&&ine la(ma+ers
D!()E some lawma/ers view death penalty as the ultimate weapon to avert a
dramatic rise of criminality in the country5s urban centers, particularly in *etro *anila,
others consider it a waste of time. 'ut for those lawma/ers who 2do not have the balls4
to stand firm on what they5re tal/ing about as they embrace the slogan 2pro&life4 li/e the
powerful atholic hurch, reviving capital punishment through lethal in3ection is absurd
and illogical.
Dhat5s the logic behind it<
Absurd or illogical, the time has come for both houses of ongress to craft stiffer laws to
safeguard the lives and properties of our people. Every now and then we hear on
radios, see on television and read on the newspapers how a young girl was raped by
her own father and /illed afterwardsR how an old woman was molested by a group of
young boys high on drugsR how a teller was gagged and tied to a vault by ban/ robbersR
and how a group of innocent children fell into the hands of human traffic/ers.
De also have the so&called riding in tandem victimi;ing civilians even in broad daylight
along the busy streets of *etro *anila. (t seems violence has become the order of the
day and no place is safe anymore wherever we go.
(t can be recalled that the father of slain car dealer +enson Evangelista has renewed his
call for the Philippines to restore death penalty amid the spate of crime incidents
gripping the country.
2=eviving death penalty is a very timely message to deter would&be criminals against
committing heinous crimes,4 said Arsenio Evangelista, +enson5s father.
Arsenio made the call as his family mar/ed the third year since +enson was /illed. !e
also lamented the slow pace of the trial of his son.
Simply put, the logic behind this upheaval is that if there is a harsher punishment, the
hungry masses wanting for swifter 3ustice see the death penalty as a breath of fresh air
that could give them a sense of security as they ply the routes of the outside world.
"efinitive in its purpose
The truth is, the revival of death penalty issue has a definitive purpose. (n a bid to bloc/
the alarming rise of criminality in the Philippines, Senator +icente Sotto ((( filed a bill
see/ing the return of death penalty 2only4 on heinous crimes.
(n Senate 'ill ,%O%, Sotto cited Article $N, Section 8 of the onstitution which provides
2E0cessive fines shall not be imposed nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the ongress hereafter provides for it.4
4The influ0 of heinous crimes committed poses an alarming situation in the country
nowadays,4 the actor&turned politician e0plained, adding that the indiscriminate and
horrendous brutality happening everywhere rightfully and 3ustifiably compels the
government to resort to the ultimate criminal penalty provided for by no less than our
onstitution the death penalty.4
Sotto said life imprisonment proves to be a non&deterrent against criminality.
The proposal of Sotto is also consistent with the rationale of =epublic Act P>-N which
provides that death penalty is appropriately necessary due to the alarming upsurge of
such crimes.
4The upsurge of such crimes has resulted not only in the loss of human lives and
wanton destruction of property but also affected the nation5s efforts towards sustainable
economic development and prosperity while at the same time has undermined the
people5s faith in the government and the latter5s ability to maintain peace and order in
the country,4 Sotto said.
Sotto, a former chairman of the "angerous "rug 'oard, also filed in #uly last year a bill
that would re&impose the death penalty in drug&related cases.
Sotto5s proposal, however, received cold response from some of his colleagues in the
Senate.
1lawed enforcing hands<
"oes the country really need death penalty when in fact, while it was part of capital
punishment, after its revival only one person was meted with lethal in3ection and later on
it was abolished in ,%%><
Sen. #uan Edgardo SSonny5 Angara instead called for strengthening of the law
enforcement institutions.
2( remember when we have law on death penalty, the Supreme ourt was not able to
implement it because they AaccusedB were able to find mitigating circumstances to
reduce penalty to life imprisonment or reclusion perpetua,4 Angara said.
Angara said other countries have already started abolishing their death penalties.
2)et5s see first the implementation of the current laws. )et5s focus on the strengthening
of the law enforcement institutions,4 Angara said.
Senators ynthia +illar and Antonio Trillanes (+ said they will not support reimposition of
death penalty because they are 2pro&life.4
2(5m a pro&life and ( was surprised that Sen. Sotto filed this /ind of bill because he is also
a pro&life,4 +illar said, referring to Sotto5s strong opposition for the passage of
=eproductive !ealth bill.
Sotto e0plained that he is pro&life for unborn child but pro&death for individuals who are
guilty of committing heinous crimes.
1or his part, Trillanes said? 29ur 3ustice system remains flawed. De might end up /illing
innocent people. Dhat we need to improve is our law enforcement capabilities.4
Senator 'am A:uino also opposed death penalty but open to discuss the proposal at
the plenary.
4Personally, (5m not in favor of death penalty but (5m open to discuss it and (5m also open
to change my mind. 'ut at this point, (5m not in favor of it,4 A:uino said.
Sen. #inggoy Estrada said he will support the death penalty 2(f it is deterrent to heinous
crimes.4
2'ut if it will not serve as deterrent, what for< De have to deliberate it e0tensively
because if it is proven that it will be deterrent to heinous crimes, then go,4 Estrada said.
Estrada, however, agreed with Sotto that the increase of criminality is alarming and
re:uires government5s full attention.
2Senator Sotto has a point to bring bac/ death penalty on drug related cases, murder
and rape,4 Estrada said.
As/ed by media if plunder needs to be included, Estrada said 2include that also,
reclusion perpetua to death.4
)ay all the cards on the table
Estrada as well as senators #uan Ponce Enrile and =amon =evilla #r. have been
charged with plunder before the 9ffice of the 9mbudsman in connection with alleged
misuse of their priority development assistance fund AP"A1B.
"espite the perception of increased criminality, President 'enigno A:uino ((( said the
government will have to thoroughly study the proposals reviving the death penalty.
)i/e the stand of some lawma/ers, the President e0pressed concerns that a person
sentenced to death may not be able to avail of all opportunities to prove his or her
innocence due to imperfections in the 3ustice system.
2The :uestion remains, is the convict given all the opportunities to defend his or her self
in court< an we absolutely be sure we are not wrongly sentencing someone to death<
Sad to say, this is still a wor/ in progress,4 he said.
26nless we are absolutely sure a person was given all his individual rights to defend
himself and later on was found guilty, then we reali;e an e0ecution cannot be undone,4
he added.
The President noted the Public Attorney5s 9ffice is swamped with wor/ and may not
have the time or resources to review a convicted person5s case.
A bill has been filed in the Senate to revive the death penalty, amid a series of recent
high&profile heinous crimes.
2So ( believe the proposal should be studied thoroughly,4 President A:uino said.
9n the other hand, the President said the death penalty is not the only deterrent to
crime, since arrest and the certainty of punishment will also ma/e people thin/ twice
before committing a crime.
(n conclusion
*eanwhile, as of this writing, inhumane rape, cold&blooded murder, dismembered body
parts, unrecogni;able victims, dead bodies /ept in automobiles still occur. (f the final
destination of reviving this law is a resounding 2yes to death penalty4 amid the strong
contradiction of the powerful churches and political interest, and not a seemingly
predictable 2no to death penalty4, then how long will this 2thorough study4 ta/e place< (s
death penalty really a means to curb the enthusiasm of criminals and criminal
masterminds to perform their in&house specialty<
#ASSING I$ORCE LA% IN T"E #"ILI##INES
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Di*orce" hili&&ine St!le
9n August 8, $NOO, the 1amily ode of the Philippines too/ effect under the presidency
of ory A:uino. The most salient and revolutionary feature of this law is Article 8> which
allows marriages to be declared void based on psychological incapacity.
Art. 8>. A marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was
psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of
marriage, shall li/ewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its
solemni;ation. AAs amended by E0ecutive 9rder ,,PB
At first glance, one would consider it ironic that it too/ a convent&educated and devout
atholic president to finally pass a divorce law in the Philippines. *any sectors had
clamored for ongress to pass a divorce law but those efforts were always bloc/ed by
the atholic hurch. (n truth, however, Article 8> was a victory for the hurch because it
is based on anon law which states?
an. $%N-. The following are incapable of contracting marriage?
those who lac/ sufficient use of reasonR
,. those who suffer from a grave lac/ of discretionary 3udgment concerning the essential
matrimonial rights and obligations to be mutually given and acceptedR
those who, because of causes of a psychological nature, are unable to assume the
essential obligations of marriage.
De should however clarify that even if you get an annulment from the ourt, if you were
previously married in church, you can remarry but only in a civil wedding. (f you want to
bring your ne0t spouse to the altar, you should still go to the Ecclesiastical ourt of the
=oman atholic hurch.
De should also e0plain that although Art. 8> has been referred to as 2de facto divorce4,
it is very different from divorce as we /now it here in America. 'ecause it is based on
anon law, strict re:uirements have been imposed on Art. 8>. 1or instance, 2serious
irreconcilable differences4 alone is not enough. Neither is infidelity, alcoholism,
gambling, abandonment, physical abuse, nor irresponsibility. (nstead, according to the
Supreme ourt, 2psychological incapacity4 should refer to no less than a mental Anot
physicalB incapacity that causes a party to be truly incognitive of the basic marital
covenants that concomitantly must be assumed and discharged by the parties to the
marriage which, as so e0pressed in Article >O of the 1amily ode, include their mutual
obligations to live together, observe love, respect and fidelity and render help and
support.4 ASantos v. ourt of Appeals, 8$% S=A $B
(n our e0perience, some trial court 3udges appear to be more lenient in granting
annulments. 'ut, be wary. Sometimes, the 9ffice of the Solicitor Ceneral steps in and
appeals your case all the way to the Supreme ourt. Statistics would show that a
ma3ority of the decisions are reversed by the Supreme ourt. 'eyond anything else, this
is due to poor presentation of the case in the trial court. Lour case may :ualify for
psychological incapacity, but since the trial court was inclined to grant it, and the public
prosecutor was very cooperative, your attorney may have made a to/en effort in
presenting your case. To your shoc/, the 9SC intervened and appealed your case all
the way to the Supreme ourt.
According to the Supreme ourt in =epublic vs. A and *olina, ,>O S=A $NO, the root
cause of the psychological incapacity must be psychologically or medically identified,
must be alleged in your petition, and must be proven by e0perts, and must be e0plained
in the decision of the court. This strongly suggests that you should get an e0pert clinical
psychologist. The incapacity must be psychological, not physical, must have e0isted
even before the marriage, must be permanent or incurable, and must relate to the
failure to perform marital obligations.
,- (t is therefore important that you present your case properly. Cet a lawyer who is
not only e0perienced but is also thorough in both the preparation of your petition
and in presenting your case before the court. Cet a reputable clinical
psychologist who is an e0pert in this field. (n:uire about their tract record and be
clear about the fees they charge. 1ind out what are included. *ost lawyers
charge a pac/age fee, but it may not include other fees and e0penses, such as
the fee for the psychologist, filing fee, appearance fees in court, the stenographic
notes, and other costs Ne( Di*orce .ill Stirs Contro*ers! in the hili&&ines
The Philippines and +atican ity are the only atholic countries and in fact the only two
countries which do not permit divorce. Though The Philippines is a democratic country,
and over the years, the evolution and transformation of the ways of life and the ways of
thin/ing there have undergone dramatic changes, adopting other cultures and traditions,
the nation remained religiously contained and oriented, which indicates that the ma3ority
of 1ilipinos still value their beliefs in the Supreme 'eing.
A "ivorce 'ill, also /nown as !ouse 'ill $PNN, is currently a controversial hot topic in
the country. Though annulment, which is filed under Article 8> of 1amily ode in the
Philippines, is duly being applied and allowed in the country, most of those who are pro&
divorce would say that is not enough intervention for those couple who can5t live
together anymore.
Annulment is too costly for the marginali;ed sectors or common people to get approved
in the Supreme ourt. Thus, it only means legal separation but not actually ending
marriage. This involves a claim that a marriage even from the beginning was defective
and is thus null and void. (nfidelity, battery or abuse, gross irresponsibility,
homose0uality, impotency, and some se0ually transmitted diseases in either spouse can
be grounds for annulment.
1urthermore, the increasing rate of abuse of women and children is an ongoing reason
why people want divorce to be legal in the country. There are about ,, women per day
reporting physical abuse by their spouses and that in itself is an indication that it is
about time to pass a divorce law, according to the pro&divorce.
1or the anti&divorce, however, the sanctity of marriage is always highly regarded in
respect to divine law made from the !oly Scriptures. The fear of Cod and the religious
belief system remains intact among the ma3ority of 1ilipinos, be it non&atholic
hristians or =oman atholics. Thus, this is also a good indication of how 1ilipinos
greatly value their families.
The divorce law is not an answer to decreasing the rate of abusive relationships or
partnerships. (n fact, it will actually worsen the situation. The abuse will happen not only
once, twice or three times once the divorce law gets approved, because chances are
that the abusive spouse will do the same thing from one partner to another. The history
of domestic violence would most li/ely increase.
The trauma divorce can cause to children would have a great impact on their wellbeing,
and it is not even healthy to raise children in a bro/en family. There is still nothing better
than to be raised in a family with a strong bond and good relationships where there will
be an image of father and mother who can continuously guide and support the children.
*oreover, it raise the ris/s to moral and social obligations. There will most li/ely be a
greater chance of infidelity and immorality, grave acts of sin which are not only against
constitutional law but also against divine law.
1or the anti&divorce, divorce is not and will never be an answer for the ongoing domestic
problems in the country. ounseling remains the top intervention prior to marriage,
which includes seminars and proper teachings in responsible parenthood. ounseling
also remains the proper intervention for solving any domestic problems and ma/ing a
struggling relationship wor/ again.
LOCAL LITERATURE
Di*orce La( for the hili&&ines
The Philippines is now the only country in the world without a divorce law. Dell,
technically, the +atican also doesn5t have oneR but they don5t have married couples
eitherT *alta had a referendum on ,O *ay about divorce, and they approved the law, we
are now the only country left.
Should the Philippines follow the rest of the world< Dell, why not< (t is a good idea to
have divorce as a way out for people trapped in failed marriages.
"ivorce 'ill
Cabriela Awomen5s party list groupB has filed a divorce bill A!' $PNNB in the !ouse of
=epresentatives. (n it, they propose that divorce may be filed 2when the couple have
been estranged for at least five years, or legally separated for at least two years, with
little hope of reconciliationR when any of the grounds for legal separation has caused the
irreparable brea/down of the marriageR when either or both people are psychologically
incapable of complying with the essential marital obligationsR and when the spouses
suffer from irreconcilable differences which cause the brea/down of the marriage.4
Cabriela5s proposal doesn5t ma/e divorce 2easy4. (t only ma/es the logical conclusion?
that if a couple have been legally separated for at least two years Ameaning that there
was enough basis, in the first place, for a legal separationB and that all attempts at
reconciliation have failed, that they be granted divorce. 9r, alternatively, that the couple
had been estranged for at least - years.
End of the 1amily<
The church claims that a divorce law will spell the end of the 1ilipino family. This is
obviously alarmist and not based on fact. "ivorce has been around for some time in
many countriesR and the family still seems to be going strong. 9n the contrary, divorce
may actually promote marriage and the family. Now, without divorce, many people
simply 2rearrange4 their familial relations without legal sanction. So, even though they
may be technically married to someone else, they live together with new partners,
whom they couldn5t marry. (f divorce was possible, this people would simply divorce
their old partners and marry their new ones.
Dhen a couple is divorced, the children will still have both parents, who will both have
an opportunity to participate in their life. The e0&couple become co&parents, and they
have a new set of shared responsibilities. (f they arrange things well, the children will
feel at home in both their parent5s homes. They will be much better off than when they
were in one home and their parents were always fighting. Dhen a couple5s marriage is
annulled, the parent who doesn5t have custody to the children has less rights to
participate in their upbringing.
The family and marriages will also gain from divorce since partners will be discouraged
from straying by the threat of divorce, and the need to ma/e alimony or child support
payments.
Di*orce )ill" &ro*iding a remed! for (omen in a)$si*e marriages
There are nineteen victims of marital violence every day. (n ,%%N, wife battery ran/ed
highest among cases of violence against women at P, percent, victimi;ing >,PO8
women. About three out of ten perpetrators of violence against women are husbands of
the victims, according to Philippine National Police APNPB.
Some O%% cases for legal separation and annulment are filed every month before the
9ffice of the Solicitor Ceneral. 9ver 78,>-% applications were recorded from ,%%$ to
,%%P.
These are the bases of Cabriela Domen5s Party ACDPB for introducing !ouse 'ill $PNN
or 2An Act (ntroducing "ivorce in the Philippines.4
The CDP said that !' $PNN is based on the concrete e0periences of married 1ilipinos.
2These e0periences were studied in their religious, socio&economic, political, cultural
and legal conte0t. )essons and insights were drawn up, and from these lessons, the
provisions of !' $PNN were formulated.4
CDP =ep. )u;viminda (lagan cited studies showing that not all countries that allow
divorce have a high divorce rate. "ivorce statistics show that (n (taly, only $, percent of
marriages end in divorce, while in Spain it is $P percent. 'oth countries are
predominantly atholic.
The atholic hurch believes allowing divorce would lead to a brea/down of the family.
9thers who are li/ewise opposed to the bill thin/s that a divorce law would be abused.
=ep. (lagan asserted that there are enough safeguards to prevent the divorce law from
being abused. 2The bill has five grounds before a divorce is granted and the couple has
to undergo a rigorous process. "ivorce will not be granted 3ust because a husband or a
wife is bothered by the other5s snoring. This is not li/e divorce )as +egas style,4 (lagan
said.
=ep. (lagan also said that !' $PNN is not modeled after divorce systems of other
countriesR they call it divorce&1ilipino style. 2And it is sensitive to the rich and diverse
cultural including moral and religious environment of our country.4
"ivorce guarantees women5s rights
The progressive women5s group Cabriela said that divorce provides an option to women
who want to get out of abusive and unhappy marriages. 2This measure will benefit
women, especially those who are victims of domestic violence,4 )ana )inaban,
secretary general of Cabriela, said.
1rom ,%%N to *arch ,%$$, there were $,7-, cases of marital violence that have been
referred to Cabriela. This constituted >P percent of the total number of cases of violence
against women that were handled by Cabriela. "omestic violence consistently ran/s
highest among cases of violence against women A+ADB that Cabriela has been
handling.
2The divorce bill see/s to provide a remedy for couples who have come to a point where
their marriage is beyond repair. De trust that the bill will especially benefit women who
are in abusive relationships and want to get out of their marriage but are constrained by
the inade:uacy of e0isting remedies concerning the legal termination of marriage,4
)inaban added.
According to the Social Deather Station ASDSB survey released recently, -% percent of
respondents agreed that 2couples who have already separated and cannot reconcile
anymore should be allowed to divorce so that they can get married again.4
(lagan noted that the recent survey result is a big 3ump from the results in ,%%- that
showed that only 78 percent favored divorce. This, she said, reflects the growing need
for divorce as an additional remedy for failed and abusive marriages.
2De cannot deny the reality that there are marriages that turn sour. There are marriages
that are abusive, even violent and there are bigamous marriages. De need to address
this reality and give couples in these failed marriages the option of divorce,4 (lagan said.
"ivorce vs other legal remedies
There are already legal remedies available in the Philippines to terminate a marriage.
There is legal separation, annulment and declaration of nullity, but these, according to
CDP, are not enough.
2De cannot ignore the fact that e0isting laws 3ust do not suffice. Cetting an annulment
can be very e0pensive while legal separation will not give estranged couples the right to
remarry,4 said (lagan.
)inaban e0plained? 2(t is not true that abused wives could easily file annulment to get out
of their situation. As provided for in the 1amily ode, annulment and declaration of
nullity cover only grounds that happened before marriage or during solemni;ation. (n
other words, the grounds should be pre&e0isting. These remedies do not cover
problems that occur during the life of the marriage such as spousal abuse. Dhile a
woman can file for legal separation on the basis of domestic violence, the marriage is
not dissolved. The victim, therefore, remains married to her abuser.4
The Domen5s )egal 'ureau AD)'B, a legal resource for women agreed that present
laws relating to the separation of couples and termination of marriage are inade:uate to
respond to the myriad causes of failed marriages. 2Particularly, the remedies of
declaration of nullity and annulment do not cover the problems that occur during the
e0istence of marriage. )egal separation, on the other hand, while covering problems
during marriage, does not put an end to marriage.4 A person who is separated can still
be charged with bigamy or concubinage, if and when he or she enters into another
relationship.
'oth divorce and declaration of nullity of a marriage, the D)' said, allow spouses to
remarry but the two remedies differ in concept and basis. 2A declaration of nullity
presupposes that the marriage is void from the beginning and the court declares its non&
e0istenceU'eyond the grounds specified in the law of nullity, it is not possible.4
2(n an annulment, the marriage of the parties is declared defective from the beginning,
albeit it is considered valid until annulled. The defect can be used to nullify the marriage
within a specified period but the same may be ignored and the marriage becomes
perfectly valid after the lapse of that period, or the defect may be cured through some
act. The defect relates to the time of the celebration of the marriage and has nothing to
do with circumstances occurring after the marriage is celebrated. (n annulment, the
marriage is legally cancelled, and the man and woman are restored to their single
status,4 the D)' said.
(n an annulment case, the law re:uires the couple to prove that one is 2psychologically
incapacitated,4 and this incapacity must have e0isted before or at the time of the
celebration of the marriage. Article 8> of the 1amily ode only nullifies a marriage when
one has proved that he or she is psychologically incapacitated. The D)' said the
concept certainly cannot accommodate all cases where divorce would be necessary.
2Dhat we need is a divorce law that defines clearly and une:uivocally the grounds and
terms for terminating a marriage,4 it said.
An annulment case also ta/es two years or longer to reach a conclusion. The cost could
reach P,-%,%%% AQ-,O$8B which includes attorney fees, court doc/eting fee and filing
fees plus a host of associated fees such as court appearances fees for the attorney.
Di*orce in the hili&&ines / Sa! NO to It
"ivorce in the Philippines is planning to ta/e over 1ilipino values and culture. (t5s all over
the news, the Philippine ongress is now pushing forward the "ivorce 'ill right after
they have put forward the =eproductive !ealth 'ill. This is e0actly what ( have been
worrying about. #ust a couple of wee/s ago, when ( attended our 'aptist onvention
*eeting here in the +isayas, this issue was brought up. And 3ust as what ( have stated,
2=! 'ill can also lead to the "ivorce 'ill4 because they have the same proponents.
( /now lots of Evangelical hristians are pro&=! 'ill. 'ut what they don5t /now is that
the proponents of =! 'ill are also the proponents of "ivorce 'ill. And now that they
almost got what they want, they are now preparing for another wave of controversial bill
which will open a highway for immorality and degradation of Philippine culture and
religious standards and beliefs.
(t is not what Cod wants. Since ( started 'iblical studies nothing in the 'ible that will tell
you that Cod favored and felt better for divorce. (t was only allowed due to the
hardheadedness of men. Cod did not made man and woman to be united and then
separated if they got into some problems.
FOREIGN STU!
9n August 8, $NOO, the 1amily ode of the Philippines too/ effect under the presidency
of ory A:uino. The most salient and revolutionary feature of this law is Article 8> which
allows marriages to be declared void based on psychological incapacity. Art. 8>. A
marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was
psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of
marriage, shall li/ewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its
solemni;ation. AAs amended by E0ecutive 9rder ,,PB At first glance, one would
consider it ironic that it too/ a convent&educated and devout atholic president to finally
pass a divorce law in the Philippines. *any sectors had clamored for ongress to pass
a divorce law but those efforts were always bloc/ed by the atholic hurch. (n truth,
however, Article 8> was a victory for the hurch because it is based on anon law
which states? an. $%N-. The following are incapable of contracting marriage? those
who lac/ sufficient use of reasonR ,. those who suffer from a grave lac/ of discretionary
3udgment concerning the essential matrimonial rights and obligations to be mutually
given and acceptedR those who, because of causes of a psychological nature, are
unable to assume the essential obligations of marriage. De should however clarify that
even if you get an annulment from the ourt, if you were previously married in church,
you can remarry but only in a civil wedding. (f you want to bring your ne0t spouse to the
altar, you should still go to the Ecclesiastical ourt of the =oman atholic hurch. De
should also e0plain that although Art. 8> has been referred to as 2de facto divorce4, it is
very different from divorce as we /now it here in America. 'ecause it is based on anon
law, strict re:uirements have been imposed on Art. 8>. 1or instance, 2serious
irreconcilable differences4 alone is not enough. Neither is infidelity, alcoholism,
gambling, abandonment, physical abuse, nor irresponsibility. (nstead, according to the
Supreme ourt, 2psychological incapacity4 should refer to no less than a mental Anot
physicalB incapacity that causes a party to be truly incognitive of the basic marital
covenants that concomitantly must be assumed and discharged by the parties to the
marriage which, as so e0pressed in Article >O of the 1amily ode, include their mutual
obligations to live together, observe love, respect and fidelity and render help and
support.4 ASantos v. ourt of Appeals, 8$% S=A $B (n our e0perience, some trial court
3udges appear to be more lenient in granting annulments. 'ut, be wary. Sometimes, the
9ffice of the Solicitor Ceneral steps in and appeals your case all the way to the
Supreme ourt. Statistics would show that a ma3ority of the decisions are reversed by
the Supreme ourt. 'eyond anything else, this is due to poor presentation of the case
in the trial court. Lour case may :ualify for psychological incapacity, but since the trial
court was inclined to grant it, and the public prosecutor was very cooperative, your
attorney may have made a to/en effort in presenting your case. To your shoc/, the 9SC
intervened and appealed your case all the way to the Supreme ourt. According to the
Supreme ourt in =epublic vs. A and *olina, ,>O S=A $NO, the root cause of the
psychological incapacity must be psychologically or medically identified, must be
alleged in your petition, and must be proven by e0perts, and must be e0plained in the
decision of the court. This strongly suggests that you should get an e0pert clinical
psychologist. The incapacity must be psychological, not physical, must have e0isted
even before the marriage, must be permanent or incurable, and must relate to the
failure to perform marital obligations. (t is therefore important that you present your case
properly. Cet a lawyer who is not only e0perienced but is also thorough in both the
preparation of your petition and in presenting your case before the court. Cet a
reputable clinical psychologist who is an e0pert in this field. (n:uire about their tract
record and be clear about the fees they charge. 1ind out what are included. *ost
lawyers charge a pac/age fee, but it may not include other fees and e0penses, such as
the fee for the psychologist, filing fee, appearance fees in court, the stenographic notes,
and other costs.
LOCAL STU!
& Dives, submit to your own husbands, as to the )ordU !usbands, love your wives, 3ust
as hrist also loved the church and gave !imself for herU A man shall leave his father
and mother and be 3oined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh. Ephesians
- )i/e most 1ilipino culture, the institution of marriage in the Philippines was reformed
hundreds of years ago to the then&modern standards of Spanish atholic )aw. (ndeed,
in *ar/ $%?N #esus states, Therefore, what Cod has 3oined together, let not man
separate. As a result, premarital chastity and lifelong&marriage too/ on increased
importance in 1ilipino culture, and while in much of the world society has retreated from
these values, the 1ilipino atholicEhristian homogeneity has sustained their centrality.
onsider this famous 1ilipino saying? Ang pag&aasawa ay hindi isang biro. "i tulad ng
/anin, iluluwa lang /apag napaso. This means that being in a marriage is never a 3o/eR
it is a lifelong commitment. Anyone who enters a marriage should continue believing
that their relationship is always worthy of holding on to. No matter what the
circumstances and obstacles are, letting go of one5s marriage should never be an
option. A struggling couple should e0haust all options attempting to maintain and
reinvent their bond, because every marriage is worth fighting for. These 1ilipino and
atholic principles are the primary reasons that divorce is one of the most controversial
and sensitive topics discussed in the Philippines. urrently, there are no laws allowing
divorce in the Philippines because legislation of any law regarding divorce has greatly
been disapproved by the 1ilipino community. Dhile the Philippine ongress had been
trying to pass divorce bills for the past $% years, it remains impossible to dissolve a
marriage via this avenue. !owever, while the Philippine laws do not allow divorce, the
1amily ode of the Philippines allows Annulment and )egal Separation for unwor/able
marriages. Dhile there are procedures to dissolve a marriage, it is culturally e0pected
that the husband and wife should e0haust all other efforts and alternatives before
resorting to divorce or annulment. Among the alternatives are? counselling, mediation,
communication, both in a church or civil setting. As much as possible, every hristian is
still e0pected to honor the sanctity of marriage no matter how difficult the circumstances
may be. *arriage is a covenant that should be filled with loveR it is not meant to be
abolished.
IN REFERENCE &ATERIALS %"IC" IS 'ETTER( %OR)*TE+T'OO)
OR INTERNET,
FOREIGN LITERATURE
$. *ore and more students are turning to the (nternet when doing research for their
assignments, and more and more instructors are re:uiring such research when
setting topics. !owever, research on the Net is very different from traditional
library research, and the differences can cause problems. The Net is a
tremendous resource, but it must be used carefully and critically.
The printed resources you find in the )ibrary have almost always been thoroughly
evaluated by e0perts before they are published. This process of Hpeer reviewH is the
difference between, for e0ample, an article in Time maga;ine and one in a 3ournal such
as the 6niversity of Toronto Muarterly. 1urthermore, when boo/s and other materials
come into the 6niversity library system, they are painsta/ingly and systematically
catalogued and cross&referenced using procedures followed by research libraries the
world over. This process is the basis for the way materials are organi;ed in the )ibrary,
and it ma/es possible the various search functions of the Deb catalogue.
Is the internet -illing .ro.er research,
As a child ( dreamed of a giant machine that could store every personal memory and
event that had ever ta/en place, so that ( would never forget anything. ( /new it couldnGt
be a computer because that was the screeching wailing bo0 in my dadGs study that too/
$- minutes to load up the thrillingly&titled Htennis gameH. ( was thin/ing more of a
database in which all information could be stored and shared. Les, at the age of four &
circa $NO% & ( invented the internet & but was too busy planning a trip to the moon to
establish the idea.
Research: Internet *s- Li)rar!
An e0cellent history essay is grounded in impeccable research.
The material you cite in your paper needs to be up to date and vetted by professional
scholars to ensure accuracy. 1or well over two thousand years, scholars have turned to
libraries, humanity5s traditional preserve of /nowledge, to aid them in their intellectual
endeavors.
!owever, in the last two decades, the rise of the (nternet has presented scholars with
new sources of information. The ease with which one can locate a vast array of data
ma/es referencing material found on the (nternet a tempting alternative to visiting the
library. !owever, as you begin the process of researching an essay topic, you must
beware of the sources from the (nternet you choose to cite.
The credibility of your research depends upon it. There are numerous benefits to relying
on libraries for research purposes.
The information stored there is usually of the highest caliber, and librarians ta/e great
pains to ensure that the periodicals and boo/s housed by them are top notch.
)ibraries often include material that you cannot access on the (nternet, or at least
cannot access for free. *oreover, libraries have addressed public demand for instant
access to written materials.
LOCAL LITERATURE
0h! Academic Li)raries are Still Usef$l for Research
There5s no :uestion that the (nternet has forever changed the way we perform research.
Dith a simple clic/ of the button and /eyword search, we can get thousands of results
about the topic we5re loo/ing for at our fingertips. Even so, this doesn5t mean we should
overloo/ the valuable resource of academic libraries.
(n fact, many libraries nowadays recogni;e the value of (nternet research, but 3ust as
one part of the research process. The resources of your local library, academic or
otherwise, are another source. The resources they offer aren5t 3ust of the historical
variety.
-Are Internet Searches Re&lacing Traditional Research1
9nce upon a time, there were buildings called Slibraries5 that housed these large,
leather&bound reams of paper /nown as Sboo/s5. Now you may have heard of boo/s, but
the boo/s in libraries were nothing li/e the ones we have today. 1or starters, there were
no such things as Svanity publishers5 or Sself&publishingS.
'ac/ in the day, boo/s underwent a rigorous proofreading process that was usually
characteri;ed by fact&chec/ing and thorough editing before they were published. 9nce
printed, they were then filed in the library according to an esoteric filing method /nown
as the S"ewey "ecimal lassification SystemS. All of this made the act of research fairly
time&consuming and incredibly inconvenient.
FOREIGN STU!
Dhen students are as/ed to write a paper they are re:uired to gather information about
their topic. To gather information, the students either use the (nternet or boo/s. The
(nternet is very easy to access, and it is flooded with information. !owever, the problem
with the internet is that there is some information that might not be accurate, or that it
might even be completely wrong. Students have no way of /nowing if the information is
accurate because they e0pect it to be accurate. As a result, the students insert
misleading information into their papers which end up receiving a disappointing grade.
The other source of information that students such as myself use come from boo/s. The
information found in boo/s has a much higher chance of being accurate than the
information found on the (nternet. The author too/ years to write his boo/, therefore he
spender a great deal of time gathering information to write it. The author of an (nternet
article might have ta/en less than five minutes to write it because he did not want to
spend too much time on it. Driting a boo/ ta/es dedication, therefore the information
found in a boo/ has to be accurate. ( am not trying to persuade anyone into believing
that the internet is useless, ( am simply stating that you need to be carrel about there
you ac:uire your information from the (nternet because some of it. *ay not be accurate
or even correct.
LOCAL STU!
( would li/e to state that the internet is a source of information that can be used
according to an individualGs desire. 1rom this ( mean that the internet is li/e a boo/ that
contains a lot of information, and the sole purpose of the internet is to supply us with
information. (t is a personGs decision whether to use it, and to ma/e use of it. De
research, find out about things, and learn what is necessary. The internet can be helpful
to find out about conversion units, or the geography of the earth, or other math
calculations, and the internet gives you access to all that information, so that we can
sieve out the information we need. (magine if the internet did not e0it. De are more
li/ely to use boo/s or other sources of information. The internet 3ust ma/es it all easier,
and less time consuming. ( also strongly disagree with you statement about the internet
causing a decrease in young peopleGs desire to access information. The internet has
undoubtedly made young people curious by providing them with videos, documentaries
and pictures. 'eing a $O year old student, my opinion is that internet is a time
conserving savior, through which we can gain unlimited access of information about
whatever we are curious about. ( do partially agree with your statement on the
unreliability of the internet. (t is true that the information on the internet can be
inaccurate and opinionated, but if researched properly ( thin/ that in spite of being
unreliable, internet can provide us with up&to&date data. (t offers information on the most
recent discoveries and inventions, the latest cars or other products and about the
contemporary incidents and happenings all around the world. !owever once a boo/ is
published, any recent findings cannot be added to it. There are always new
developments in the field of health, science, technology and politics that the library
simply cannot /eep up with. Therefore, the internet can provide us with the latest news
about our modern day developments and can be dependable only if used properly by
chec/ing the sources of a particular website. Again lin/ing to my previous argument, the
internet should be used wisely. ( thin/ through practice, we might be able to differentiate
the websites that are reliable, and useful to us. 'rowsing for certain news sites on the
internet, is e:uivalent to watching news on the television. E0tremely reliable news sites
li/e NN and '' have websites that provide e:ually useful information. *oreover, a
lot of paper is wasted in the creation of boo/s and maga;ines. "eforestation, being one
of the greatest threats that humans are facing today, is increased by the production of
paper in boo/s. A few sheets of paper could be worth one tree. !ence the number of
trees is reducing day by day. 9bviously, trees are vital for our living as they are the
natural producers of food. "eforestation not only causes scarcity of food and other
resources, but also results in the rise of the earth5s temperature, causing global
warming. (n contrast to boo/s, modern technology li/e mobile phones, computers or
tablets does not harm the environment to a very great e0tent. (n the case of computers
the energy used is electricity, which is renewable and can be created again and again.
The internet is a huge database, and more information can be ad3oined into it, very
easily. !owever boo/s are created from sheets of paper, and if the number of boo/s
increase, then the level of deforestation can increase correspondingly. To reduce the
destruction of the earth5s forests by deforestation, paper should be recycled and not
wasted. (nstead it is much easier to use the help of modern technology that functions
with the help of renewable energy, which does not have a great impact on nature.
Therefore modern electronics has made it possible to overcome a huge problem to the
environment. ( completely agree that all websites do provide learning opportunities. That
being said, my argument was that in reality, this is not how we use the websites. To
counter your e0ample, yes Loutube has millions of videos that will provide stimulating
thought, and help us gain perspective and learn. !owever, ta/e a moment and go loo/
at the HtrendingH tab on Loutube right now, what do you see there< ( see a whole lot of
videos that will provide a good laugh, but very little genuine /nowledge to be gained. (
believe this shows that the way in which we are using these sites is more for
entertainment than for education, which of course would be fine, since we all need to
rela0 and be entertained at times. The problem ( have identified with this is that we
spend too much time on these sites, doing unproductive things, which end up detracting
from our learning. 'ringing this bac/ to the original argument, when reading a boo/, itGs
easy to get suc/ed in and spend hours on end learning, since the distractions arenGt
there to ta/e your attention away. (t is for this reason, along with others to follow, that (
argue the (nternet is not better than boo/s, when it comes to value added to learning.
*oving on to social media, ( once again agree with what you have put forward about the
(nternet providing us a way to connect with people we normally would not be able to see
with ease. 6nfortunately, this again is a very small percentage of how social media is
actually used, and ( will again argue the cons outweigh the pros. 1irst of all, social
media has provided our generation with the need for instant communication. (tGs no
longer acceptable to us to have to wait to tell someone something, no matter how
mundane it may be. As soon as something happens we feel the need to tell everyone.
This has significantly hurt the :uality of conversation between youth, as we no longer
see/ out face to face meetings, where we get to practice things li/e non&verbal cues.
1urther to this, ( would estimate that N%V of communication via social media is with
peers who live within a $% minute bi/e ride of each other. So while ( see where you are
coming from, saying social media connects distant people, it does significantly more
harm to people who could easily be communicating in person, by giving them a medium
to bypass the need for real interaction. 1urther, on the topic of HrealH interaction,
electronic modes of communication dehumani;e people. Dhen tal/ing to someone
online, you donGt feel the conse:uences of saying mean and hurtful things to those
people, it ta/es much of the emotional aspect out of the e:uation. Dhile it is true social
media may be opening us up to more communication, the level of our connection is
dropping at an alarming rate, which is really hurting our ability to maintain healthy
relationships. To briefly revisit the argument of security, ( simply cannot agree with your
argument that information stored online is safe. Lour perspective is wrong on this, as
you are considering the issue on a personal level. Dhile it is true that your own precious
content is safe, it is not because you use a username and password. ( can promise you
there are hundreds of thousands of people who could gain access to your 1aceboo/,
Twitter, Cmail, and all other accounts within minutes. Lou /now what it really is that
/eeps people li/e you and ( safe< (tGs the fact that no one cares about the stuff we are
protecting. No one wants to read my essays, or see the pictures from my latest
vacation. (f we too/ a better perspective on this issue, we would see that the information
people want is the information that will be valuable to them, and who has that
information< orporations, governments, and large databases. These are the
institutions who need to be afraid of storing information digitally, and they are, because
they are constantly under attac/. ( guarantee these organi;ations do not protect their
information with a simple username and password, itGs much more complicated than
that, and unfortunately hac/ers are often much more advanced than their systems. 1or
e0ample, loo/ at the hac/tivist group HAnonymousH I$J. They have shown on multiple
occasions that they have the power to access digital information, which we considered
safe. Ta/e this as proof that although physical boo/s can be stolen, information stored
online can be stolen too, without even being in the same country. 1inally, ( would li/e to
:uic/ly refute your argument that ( canGt critici;e the (nternet because ( use the (nternet.
That is e:uivalent to you saying ( cannot disli/e the pen ( write with because ( am writing
with it. Dhile ( may use the (nternet as a tool, ( do believe there are better, more efficient
ways of communicating, gathering information, and learning. ( thin/ ( have provided
sufficient evidence for those beliefs throughout this debate, and to try and discredit that
with a shallow argument such as this one does not do 3ustice to the otherwise thought&
provo/ing debate we have participated in over the last few days.
&EIU& OF INSTRUCTION IN "IG"ER EUCATION INSTITUTIONS(
ENGLIS" OR &OT"ER TONGUE
FOREIGN LITERATURE
/. English*only01 2ut not a 3ediu3*o4*instruction .olicy( the Ja.anese 5ay o4
internationalising education 4or 2oth do3estic and international students
Dhile the medium&of&instruction A*9(B has been seen as one of the most crucial
decision&ma/ing areas in language policies, it is curious that the
e:uivalent #apanese e0pression to *9( is absent from educational policy
documents. (n a nation where the #apanese language is called the
national language and en3oys the status of an official language, the
absence of the *9( in policy documents is closely related to the fact that
the so&called English education in #apan has been removed from bilingual
education. (n the new millennium, the #apanese government has
continuously sought to increase the profile of English in two ways? by
improving the overall English proficiency of #apanese students, and by
attracting overseas students to #apanese universities in the name of
internationalisation. The new senior&high school English curriculum that
aims to Sconduct English classes in English5 was fully implemented in
,%$8, and the so&called Clobal 8% Pro3ect is e0pected to attract some
8%%,%%% overseas students by ,%,% to SEnglish&only5 degree programmes
established at core universities. This article argues that rather than
e:uating with the *9(, the SEnglish&only5 initiative can be seen as a tactic
for facilitating the co&e0istence of the national language and English
without formalising the status of English as a *9(. 'y e0amining
government education policies and relevant documents using critical
discourse analysis, it also argues that #apan5s dualism A#apanese and the
9therB or the mechanism of 9thering is behind these initiatives.
0h! English sho$ld not )e the medi$m of instr$ction in India
(n (ndia, one erectile dysfunction for which a miraculousAyurvedic or 6nanni cure
is not peddled in technicolour over all media is of hac/les. 1or the good reason
that they are always up. That is a re:uired genetic trait for our television anchors
and they compensate for natureGs oversight in this regard for the rest of the
population. So a new outrage cannot ma/e hac/les rise, it can ma/e only ma/e
them bristlle. Say anything against English, and they not only bristle but also
positively come shooting off the snarling mass of the enraged, li/e :uills from a
porcupine.
( have no desire to turn into a man&eater, as many leopards in (ndia have, after
being maimed by porcupine :uills. ( hasten to clarify that this column is not
against English. ( am all for English and for (ndians learning it across the board.
'ut ( am decidedly against English increasingly being preferred as the medium of
instruction in schools.
2- English as 3edi$m of Instr$ction
6rdu is our national language.it is spo/en and understood all over Pa/istan .'ut at the
same time English is also taught in our schools and colleges from class one to graduate
level as a compulsory sub3ect.now the :uestions arise .why should we study English<
why should our students waste much of their time in learning this foreign language< why
does it en3oy a special staus in our country< in fact English has risen in world esteem for
many /inds of reasons political .ecnomics.soical and literary.there are eight /inds of
answers given to these :uestions.
$B)anguage of (nternatinal ommunication?
English has achieved the status of the language of (nternatinal communication.it is the
only widely spo/en language in the world in P- territories of the world .its holds a special
place.About $O%% million people use english throughout the world.in pa/istan about $>
million people use this language. (nternational trade and business are carried out in
English.it is the language of diplomacy.it is one of the language used in the 6N9.The
travellers,tourists and advertising agencies use this language. it is also the language of
(nternational air traffic control.De can study world literature through translation if we
/now english.
,B)anguage of Science and Technology?
english is language of science and tecnology.most of the scientific and technological
information in the world is e0pressed in english .technological and scientific
terminoalogy is avaliable only in english without english ,we cannot have e0cess to this
information .we will lose contact with this great source of /nowledge.
8B)anguage of omputer?
*odern age is the age of computer.9ur OoV of all the information stored in computers
is in english .even if we run an urdu programme,we will have to give command in
english then there are the facilities of internet and Email available on computers.without
English.we cannot avail ourselves of these facilities we will be left behind.
7B)anguage of higher education?
(n pa/istan up to intermediate level,the medium of instrution is urdu ,but when the
students go for higher education ,the medium changes to english .in medical colleges
engineering college ban/ing training institutes,the medium of instruction is english those
having no command of english have to face a great difficulty
-B)angugae of !igher E0aminations?
!igher E0aminations in pa/istan are conducted through the medium of english.in
e0aminations SS,PS,'an/ing "iploma.Army,Airforce,english is the medium in most
of the sub3ects.
>B)anguage of !igh 9ffices and ourts?
(n pa/istan.in higheroffices,office business is carried out in english.There english is the
medium of correspondence.even circulars in favour of urdu are issued in english.the
3udges of lower courts,high courts Supreme ourt write their 3udgements in english.
PB)anguage of Entertainment?
English is the language of popular music.its is associated with advertising and
modelling.it is also the main language of satellite broadcasting,home computers and
video games,1ilms of (nternatinal fame are produced in english .ommentaries on
international games and matches are broadcast in English.
OBAn EnglishW/nowing person can have more chances of employment at home and
abroad.he can get a 3ob easily.he can fare well in computetive E0aminations.!e can
proceed abroad with full confidence.
we may conclude that English is necessary and important in pa/istan.The trend of the
masses and our needs show that it would be an unfortunate day when we cut ourselves
off from the lurning stream of ever growing /nowledge .De should try to retain .English
inPa/istan.general analysis of the circumstances and efforts of government show that
future of english in pa/istan in bright.government has set up a language centers in
Muetta university and an other in ',; university *ultan.we need English basically in
9rder to survive in ,$ st century and it is hoped that English will get an important places
in our society.
LOCAL LITERATURE
The 3edi$m Of Instr$ction In Ed$cation
'y? Aldin 1aith Portillas
*edium of instruction is a language used in teaching. (t may or may not be the official
language of the country or territory. Dhere the first language of students is different from
the official language, it may be used as the medium of instruction for part or all of
schooling. 'ilingual or multilingual education may involve the use of more than one
language of instruction.
6NES9 considers that 2providing education in a child5s mother tongue is indeed a
critical issue4. (n Philippines, the learner5s first language should be the primary medium
of instruction at least until grade three. (n the secondary education, 1ilipino and English
are primary medium of instruction. The Thomasites is a group of about five hundred
pioneer American teachers sent by the 6.S. government to the Philippines in August
$N%$.The Thomasites arrived in the Philippines on August $,, $N%$ to establish a new
public school system, to teach basic education and to train 1ilipino teachers with
English as the medium of instruction. !owever, the Thomasites e0panded and improved
the public school system, and switched to English as the medium of instruction.
,- English *s mother tong$e as a medi$m of instr$ction
'efore we discuss the so&called Cullas bill or the proposed act strengthening and
enhancing the use of English as a medium of instruction, letGs get a bac/grounder
on the state of education in the Philippines.
1or every $%% children that start grade one in our country, only >- will reach
Crade >, the others having dropped out along the way Awith $O of the dropouts
occurring between Crade $ and Crade ,B. Dhat this means is that even before
these children are $, years old, more than one third of them are essentially
condemned to poverty.
That is not all. The net enrollment ratios have been steadily decreasing between
,%%8 and ,%%P, and for the Philippines, that has gone down from N%.8V to
O8.,V.
The :uality of that education is abysmal. 9nly ,>V or a little over X of >th
graders have a mastery of English, where mastery is defined as obtaining a
score of P-V or higher in English, 8$V of those students have a mastery of *ath
and $-V have a mastery of Science.
And if that is abysmal, that means the :uality of high school education has to be
the pits because only PV of them have mastery in English. $>V have mastery in
*ath... ,V have mastery in Science.
Even college does not help? only , to PV of college graduates who apply for
positions in 'P9s show English mastery, and even then, they have to undergo
another three months of training to increase their competence.
Fili.ino 6s. English as the 3ediu3 o4 instruction
The English vs. 1ilipino debate is once again a hot topic. A petition has been filed in
the Supreme ourt challenging the government<s policy of using English as the
medium of instruction in our schools. According to those who filed the petition, the
push for the use of English in our classrooms will only lead to further deterioration of
what<s already been described as a rather inferior :uality of education. Those who
support the ,%%8 E0ecutive 9rder filed by President Arroyo on the other hand argue
that doing away with English as the medium of instruction will inevitably hurt the
country and our people more because they believe that a less competitive wor/force
will emerge. ( find myself a bit torn with this issue. 8 months ago, ( would have been
right on the side of government. !aving had the opportunity to travel and study
abroad, ( fully recogni;e the value of being able to spea/ and write fluently in
English. ( /now that it was due in part to my English proficiency that ( didn<t have as
much difficulty in trying to find a 3ob as the rest of my GinternationalG friends. ( didn<t
have to enroll in ES) classes which could have delayed my program for another
year. ( didn<t get lost around town as much and ( was able to meet and ma/e friends
easily because there was no language barrier. So, ( really benefited a lot from
learning English in my grade school and high school years. 'ut then three months
ago, ( also didn<t /now much about the state of education in the Philippines.
1ortunately, since ( returned, (<ve learned :uite a bit about the <ills< of our public
education system. ( guess this is why ( find myself torn. ( recogni;e that learning to
spea/ and write in English in this age of globali;ation is necessary especially if we
would li/e to be able to compete in the /nowledge&based world. Such a training can
best be done in a classroom. 'ut if we loo/ at things realistically, it seems li/e our
public education system is 3ust not set up for this yet. And so ( 3ust can<t help but
wonder< should we really impose a certain language as the primary medium of
instruction< ( understand that standards are needed and must be met. 'ut couldn<t
we perhaps 3ust be a bit more liberal with our views< Shouldn<t teachers be allowed
to use the most effective communication tools that will allow them to articulate their
lesson plans best< Douldn<t that, in the end, help their students to grasp the
material better and truly learn<
FOREIGN STU!
&6daya Narayana Singh, director of entral (nstitute of (ndian )anguages, *ysore, says
that internationally, e0periments by e0perts have pointed to the fact that one learns best
through oneGs mother tongue. HThis is also the basis of 6NES9Gs recommendations on
multi&lingual education. *y choice would be to educate the child through her mother
tongue /eeping a strong component of English side by side. There are numerous
e0amples to show that a child can handle several languages @ three easily, but two
with great de0terity @ at least until she is
$8 years old,H he says. Apprehensions that having to learn a number of languages could
prove to be too heavy a burden on children are misplaced, he adds. Students learning
in regional languages do not have the /ind of resources they need, as English boo/s
Ifor instance, on PhysicsJ are not translated into their mother tongue, says =avi .umar
of the ouncil for Social "evelopment. H.nowledge is available only to those who
understand English, and initiatives have not come from regional languages for
translation,H he adds. #alaluddin feels that while children may find it difficult to grasp
concepts in a language other than their mother tongue at the primary level, they do
manage to adapt. *aya Su/umaran, principal of the English&medium Ceetan3ali School
in !yderabad, concurs. HDe have seen that children are able to learn languages very
fast. English is a common language @ some of our students are from other states and
may not /now Telugu, while those in some South (ndian states donGt /now !indi. 'ut
many students in the school, who didnGt /now Telugu when they 3oined, pic/ed it up
soon,H she says. !owever, Singh cautions that when English is the medium of
instruction, many children could get Hthrown out of the systemH if they have not been
e0posed to the language in domains such as homes or playgrounds. !e points to a
study conducted in Nepal by Nepalese Scholar . P *alla on the high dropout rates in
higher secondary schools. HThere are as many as $,7 languages in Nepal, many of
which are far removed from NepaleseR English is itself a foreign language there,H says
Singh. According to the study, English as a medium of instruction was in itself such a
frightening prospect for many of the students that they chose to drop out of schools.
loser home in !yderabad, pass percentages in areas dominated by the *uslim
community Asuch as 9ld ityB point to the fact that many of the children @ who are
more conversant in 6rdu @ drop out because the medium of instruction is Telugu. Dhile
state governments can decide the standard in which English should be introduced,
many have chosen to start teaching English from class one itself. (deally, the second
and third languages should be introduced from class three and above, says #alaluddin.
The idea is that by the time children complete their secondary education, they should
/now three languages. #alaluddin notes that if children learn in English, they are often
not e0posed to the literature in their mother tongue. HA ma3or part of the linguistic
e0perience comes from literature,H he emphasises. 9ne way of tac/ling this problem is
to teach English as a sub3ect well, he says, giving the e0ample of Sardar Patel
+idyalaya in "elhi, where !indi is the medium of instruction till class si0. HEnglish is
taught very well as a sub3ect at the same time, so the studentsG !indi and English s/ills
are strong by the time they are in class si0,H he e0plains. Some of the .endriya
+idyalayas use a similar strategy, with social sciences being taught in !indi and *aths
and Science being taught in English, along with English as a sub3ect, says #alaluddin.
As the teachers and children use certain technical terms in Social Sciences in both
English and !indi AParliament for Sansad or vice versaB, the students become s/illed in
both the languages, he adds. #alaluddin is currently wor/ing on a transfer theory, which
loo/s at the fact that about -%% to >%% words are the same in English and in (ndian
languages Ae0amples being bus or tramB. HTransferring /nowledge from one language to
another should be easy. hildren can be taught the common bilingual vocabulary and
be made aware of the structural differences in the languages without going into
grammar directly,H he says. The N1 report stresses that multilingualism should be
made use of in the classroom. 1or instance, it says, H)anguage teaching needs to be
bilingual not only in terms of number of languages offered to children but also in terms
of evolving strategies that would use the multilingual classroom as a resource.H
LOCAL STU!
& 1or every $%% children that start grade one in our country, only >- will reach Crade >,
the others having dropped out along the way Awith $O of the dropouts occurring between
Crade $ and Crade ,B. Dhat this means is that even before these children are $, years
old, more than one third of them are essentially condemned to poverty. That is not all.
The net enrollment ratios have been steadily decreasing between ,%%8 and ,%%P, and
for the Philippines, that has gone down from N%.8V to O8.,V.The :uality of that
education is abysmal. 9nly ,>V or a little over X of >th graders have a mastery of
English, where mastery is defined as obtaining a score of P-V or higher in English, 8$V
of those students have a mastery of *ath and $-V have a mastery of Science. And if
that is abysmal, that means the :uality of high school education has to be the pits
because only PV of them have mastery in English. $>V have mastery in *ath... ,V
have mastery in Science. Even college does not help? only , to PV of college graduates
who apply for positions in 'P9s show English mastery, and even then, they have to
undergo another three months of training to increase their competence. This is where
the Cullas bill comes in. The rationale of that bill is that if we want to have greater
competence in English, and be in a position to ta/e advantage, or compete in a
globali;ed world, English must be used as the medium of instruction from Crade 8
onwards. Now everyone will agree that we need greater competence in English to be
competitive in a globali;ed world. 'ut educators or those who have done education
research will disagree that using English as the medium of instruction will accomplish
that goal. As a matter of fact, they point out that research findings are une:uivocal, that
to achieve greater mastery in English or 1ilipino, the most effective medium of
instruction is in the childGs mother tongue that is her first language or the language
spo/en at home. Studies in country after country bear this out. Teaching in an official
school language that is not the mother tongue is a ma3or barrier in the childGs learning.
(n the Philippines, the e0periment was conducted in .alinga, where teachers use
.alinga to teach children from Crades $ to 8 to read and write. (t is also the medium of
instruction for teaching other sub3ects, including 1ilipino and English. 9ut of the $%
districts in the .alinga division, the )ubuagan district topped the ,%%> national
achievement test Crade 8 reading test for both English and 1ilipino, with mean scores
of P>.--V and P>.7- respectively, which indicates mastery. The Tinglayan district came
in a far second, registered only >8.ONV and -8.-OV. The Cullas bill has very good
intentions. 'ut, as they say, the road to hell is paved with good intentions.
ISALLO%ING "O&OSE+UAL TEAC"ERS IN T"E 'ASIC
EUCATION
FOREIGN LITERATURE
"iscussing homose0uality in elementary and middle schools is never easy for teachers,
with the serious sub3ect sometimes bringing snic/ers from the students. 'ut in
Tennessee, discussing homose0uality in middle and elementary schools could cost
teachers their 3obs under a proposed bill. The Tennessee Senate has passed a bill that
states 2that any instruction or materials made available or provided at or to a public
elementary or middle school must be limited e0clusively to natural human reproduction
science.4 The measure must be passed by the state !ouse and signed by the governor
before it becomes law. The bill means that essentially, for eighth graders, the only
instruction they would receive on se0 education would pertain to human reproduction.
The bill5s author, state Sen. Stacey ampfield, said to 1o0 News that the bill aims to
stop gay&rights activists from pushing an agenda in the classroom. ampfield also cited
lawsuits in alifornia and *assachusetts, where parents sued schools for sending
home materials or reading stories with homose0ual themes. 9pponents, calling it the
2an5t Say Cay in Tennessee4 bill, have argued that if passed, the bill could create
problems. State Sen. =oy !erron, who opposed the bill, said to the Associated Press
that it 2may inadvertently prevent the teaching of ethics, morality and abstinence.4
9thers argue that prohibiting the teaching of homose0uality in elementary and middle
schools could lead to increased bullying because students are unprepared to deal with
the sub3ect. The chairman of the Tennessee E:uality Pro3ect, #onathan ole, said to
1o0 News, 2De thin/ it will create an unsafe environment for /ids who may be gay,
lesbian, transgender or 3ust have :uestions.H ampfield said the bill did not prevent
educators from addressing bullying and ultimately families should decide when their
/ids should receive se0 education. Stephen Smith, assistant commissioner of the
Tennessee "epartment of Education said that he is unaware of homose0uality being
taught anywhere in the state and that the state5s curriculum standards do not cover the
sub3ect.
LOCAL LITERATURE
& (n education, some schools impose arbitrary 2masculinity4 tests to weed out gay
enrollees. (mplemented by some atholic schools, the test is done by a panel of
teachers and school admissions officials. Those who flun/ the tests but have good
academic records are admitted on probation for one year and prohibited to display any
indication of one5s homose0uality Asuch sporting long hair and entering into a same&se0
relationshipB.
Cay and lesbian teachers also encounter discrimination because parents and school
authorities believe that they are out to 2recruit children into homose0uality.4 A lesbian
teacher from )ACA')A' was unceremoniously demoted from being a Cuidance
ounselor to merely an 9ffice ler/ after the "irectress of the school discovered that
she was counseling students who have problems with their se0ual identities that
accepting one5s se0ual orientation is healthy.
FOREIGN STU!
& Dhen #onathan became a teacher, he wanted to be open about his se0uality, but in a
school where casual use of the word HgayH as a put&down was common, he wasnGt sure
if it was a good idea. H( went through a bit of a dilemma U how could ( be a role model
for /ids who were finding it difficult to come out, if ( wasnGt brave enough to come out in
the classroom myself<H he says. About a year into his time at the school, a group of
female pupils as/ed if he was gay and he said GyesG. At first things were fine, and
#onathan felt he was able to help pupils who were :uestioning their own se0uality. 'ut
the homophobic language continued some of which was directed at him personally.
Dhat made it worse was the lac/ of support from colleagues and senior leaders. HDhile
management said all the right things, they didnGt really understand some of the issues. (
had to challenge homophobic language in each and every lesson. .ids would constantly
ma/e comments, obviously trying to wind me up or demean me.H "ealing with the
disruption this caused made it much more difficult for him to manage behaviour in the
classroom. H(t was an endless battle, and it ground me down,H he says. H( felt very
an0ious sometimes it brought me to tears outside the classroom, and there were
times ( dreaded going to wor/.H 'ut when #onathan confided in his line manager, he
didnGt get the reaction he was e0pecting. HShe laughed, and told me teachers couldnGt
be bullied. ( thin/ other members of staff didnGt understand why ( was fussing. 'ut if (Gd
been a blac/ teacher challenging racism, no one would have :uestioned it.H #onathan
left the school a year later, and says the homophobia he e0perienced was part of the
reason for his departure. !is e0periences echo the findings of a research report carried
out earlier this year by the gay e:uality organisation Stonewall, The School =eport,
which found that N>V of gay pupils had heard homophobic language such as HpoofH or
Hle;;aH at school behaviour that often goes unchallenged by teachers. According to
e:uality campaigners, having openly homose0ual teachers can provide both gay and
straight young people with role models, but all too often they lac/ the support they need
from senior leadership teams and colleagues. A survey by the Teacher Support Networ/
in ,%%> found that two&thirds of )C'T teachers had e0perienced harassment or
discrimination at wor/ because of their se0ual orientation. 1or O$V of those who
suffered any sort of discrimination it was at the hands of pupils, but 7>V said it came
from colleagues and 88V pointed the finger at managers. Sue Sanders of Schools 9ut,
a charity that promotes e:uality for )C'T people in education, estimates that as few as
,%V of gay teachers are HoutH to their pupils. HThereGs nowhere near enough support for
them,H she says. H(Gve had teachers tell me their heads wonGt let them come out. They
should fight it, but people are frightened.H (tGs a huge area that needs addressing, says
StonewallGs Des Streeting. HA great deal more wor/ is re:uired to ensure that )C'T
teachers are able to be themselves at wor/,H he says. HDith schools there is sometimes
this e0pectation that teachers maintain a distance from pupils in terms of their private
lives. There are lots of good reasons why that should be the case, but itGs really
important that pupils have positive role models. And people perform better when they
can be themselves. H The legacy of Section ,O the controversial legislation that
banned the HpromotionH of homose0uality in schools lingers on, even nine years after
its removal, says Streeting, especially given how many current teachers trained and first
taught in that era. Shaun "ellenty, the deputy head of Alfred Salter primary school in
south&east )ondon, whose successful anti&homophobic bullying programme has
attracted the attention of the "epartment for Education, says fear of bac/lash, and a
lac/ of training, are the main reasons behind some school leadersG unwillingness to
support )C'T teachers and tac/le homophobia. 9utright pre3udice, along with a
continuing misconception in society that lin/s gay men wor/ing in schools and
paedophilia, can also play a part, he says. H!eads are worried that parents and
governors will thin/ they are promoting homose0uality. 9ne teacher got in touch with me
and said his head had told him not to come out as he HcouldnGt support him if things
went wrongH. 1eli0, who wor/s at a hurch of England primary school, was horrified by
his headteacherGs response when he told him he planned to come out to his year 7
class. H!e said ( needed to as/ the governorsG permission. ( had to tell him ( had the
right to come out.H (n the event, the pupils were wonderful, he says. After some initial
HuurghH noises, they began their own dialogue about what being gay meant, with one
girl e0plaining to her classmates that it simply meant Ha man and a manH instead of a
man and a woman, recalls 1eli0. 'ut a few months later, problems began to surface. !e
recalls? HThe head and deputy head told me a parent had approached them saying lots
of parents had said ( was having a destabilising effect on the school and was
undermining the hristian ethos. They then said they thought coming out at a primary
school wasnGt age&appropriate. (t has been devastating to reali;e ( donGt have my
managementGs full support.H Training has a vital role to play, says "ellenty, who has
been wor/ing with the National ollege for School )eadership ANS)B, the professional
development body for heads, including delivering a wor/shop for school leaders on
overcoming the issues that prevent them from responding to homophobia. Dhile he
doesnGt necessarily blame school leaders who he says have often not had appropriate
training themselves what is needed, he says, is a strategic, government&led approach
to initial teacher and school leader training on the issue. HTen years ago, a lot of heads
were wary of dealing with racism because they were worried about saying the wrong
thing and ma/ing it worse. A lot of people are the same now around )C'T people,H he
says. An NS) spo/esman told the Cuardian that it has already ta/en steps towards
tac/ling the problem, including new content in the National Professional Mualification for
!eadship to help leaders recogni;e and tac/le pre3udice&based bullying. And itGs not all
bad news. There are, of course, e0amples of schools where teachers have had positive
e0periences of coming out to pupils. 'ob *c.ay, a languages teacher in .ent, thin/s
pupils at his first school respected him for telling them heGd got engaged to a man. HLou
have a much easier relationship with students when they feel you have a human side,
and if you donGt tell them youGre gay itGs really difficult to tal/ about your life, because you
canGt 3ust tal/ about your husband or wife,H he says. 'ut the conditions need to be right,
says Suran "ic/son, whose organi;ation, "iversity =ole *odels, wor/s with schools to
counter negative stereotypes. HLou need senior leadership on your sideR you need to
/now they have said thereGs no place for homophobia in the school. And youGve got to
be in a good place yourself.H .ate, a PE teacher, says she almost wishes her students
would as/ about her se0uality, because it might push her into being open. 'ut she also
fears the reaction of pupils and staff, and wonders if she would be ready for the e0tra
responsibility. HThereGs part of me that feels ( could be a positive role model, but it could
completely change the dynamic of my lessons youGve got a lot to handle as a teacher,
regardless of tal/ing about issues that are outside your classroom.H #onathan decided
not to be open with pupils about his se0uality at the school he now wor/s at. (n fact, he
suspects that coming out there would be trouble&free, but his previous e0perience plays
on his mind. H( love everything about teaching, but what happened made me not want to
go to wor/,H he says. H(tGs a scandal that there are still teachers who arenGt able to be
open about their se0uality.H
LOCAL STU!
P!()A"E)P!(A @ Administrators at a =oman atholic high school suffered a sharp
and swift bac/lash this wee/ after firing a well&li/ed teacher who sought to marry his
same&se0 partner. Educators said they had no choice, but thousands have protested the
move through 1aceboo/ groups and petitions demanding that *ichael Criffin be rehired
at !oly Chost Preparatory School. Some alumni have pledged to withhold financial
support. aught in the middle are people who say Criffin should have /nown he was
3eopardi;ing his 3ob by publici;ing his plan to wed, as well as those worry the negative
publicity is unfairly labeling the 'ensalem school as intolerant. H(t is a shame that the
students and faculty are being painted a certain way, because it is apparent with the
amount of support *r. Criffin has received, this is not the popular mentality,H said ,%$,
alum =ob 'lac/well. The case started last wee/ when Criffin informed the principal, via
email, that he would be late to a staff meeting because he was getting a marriage
license. Criffin and his partner live in *ount )aurel, N.#., a state where gay marriage is
legal. Same&se0 unions are not sanctioned under church teachings, which Criffin was
re:uired to uphold as a condition of his employment. School officials say they respected
CriffinGs private life until his email forced the issue. $HAll of us, including *r. Criffin,
understood that his decision would place him in violation of his contract,H according to a
statement from the school. Criffin, a 8-&year&old !oly Chost alum, counters that he
didnGt hide his relationship with his longtime partner, whom he 3oined in a civil union in
,%%O. Criffin did not respond to re:uests for comment left by The Associated Press, but
he told The Philadelphia (n:uirer that his partner even attended school functions.
2learly, we were a couple. De both wear rings, and we were together,H Criffin said.
HThe alums and donors, they could all see that.H After his termination "ec. >, the
criticism came fast and furious. 9ne protest letter lambasted the school for Hthis
apparent assault on diversity, this closemindedness and this devotion to doctrine when
change is happening all around you.H HCriffin deserves to be congratulated on his
upcoming nuptials, not banished for ma/ing the news public,H said the letter, signed by
nearly $%% alums, parents and former staff members. 'lac/well, who signed the letter,
described Criffin as Hreally a positive influence on the !oly Chost communityH and said
the firing goes against the schoolGs philosophy about caring for all people. !e also
worried about the effect on current students. HStudents who are gay would probably not
feel li/e itGs the same accepting community it once was,H 'lac/well said. School officials
portray the firing as a purely contractual issue that, if not addressed, could lead to a
slippery slope. TheyGve held several meetings with students and staff over the past
wee/ to e0plain the decision and mend fences. =ita Schwart;, president of a local
atholic teachers union, described the environment at church schools as HdonGt as/,
donGt tell.H Though she does not represent staff at !oly Chost, Schwart; said all atholic
schools re:uire faculty to adhere to church morals @ and that goes for heterose0uals,
too. Schwart; said sheGs seen straight atholic teachers lose their 3obs for remarrying
without getting their previous marriage annulled. HDhen you sign on to wor/ in a
atholic school ... there are certain things that you canGt do,H she said. That raises the
:uestion of why Criffin told the principal at all. Criffin, who taught Spanish and 1rench
there for $, years, noted partnerGs presence at a fundraiser might easily have :ualified
as grounds for dismissal. HTo me, that was much more public than me emailing the
principal,H Criffin told the (n:uirer. HThatGs why itGs sort of a shoc/ to me.H
Allo5ing teachers74aculty to teach su28ects outside o4 their 4ield o4
s.eciali9ation.
FOREIGN LITERATURE
& 1or teachers, it5s more wor/ to them. 'ut if they teach sincerely to the students who
really want to learn more things, even if it is not in the sub3ect or speciali;ation they5ll
teach them in order to learn more. 'ut for students that don5t want to learn, it is :uite
boring for them to /now that their teacher is teaching outside their specific
speciali;ation. And for students that want to learn, they ma/e it en3oyable because their
teachers is not selfish to share the e0perience or /nowledge to them. Thus, the teacher
is sharing more and more /nowledge to the students whether they li/e to learn or not.
Every classroom teacher, in any /ind of school organi;ation must be a specialist in the
art of providing a fle0ible environment for learning.
LOCAL LITERATURE
Some teachers in the Philippines are :uite la;y. They often use the element of
2=EA"(NC4 in teaching, but don5t /now how to e0plain further. And teacher nowadays
are always loo/ing for themselves, 3ust teach and teach even though they5re not sure if
the students are really learning or not. 'ut one teacher ama;ed me. !e5s a teacher in
6P, he teaches a lot of students in 6P. 'ut in the same time, if the students are as/ing
outside the sub3ect that TEA!E= also answer it. (f he only /new the answer, and that
teacher is :uite funny and that5s one of the techni:ue he /new to prevent boredom in
his class. And ( thin/, he inspires a lot of teachers or professors in his techni:ue in
teaching. And according to the =.A PO8> of $NN7 Article $ section ,? The state
recogni;es the vital role of the teachers in nation&building and development through a
responsible and literate citi;enry.
FOREIGN STU!
& Typically they are not supposed to. Dithin the 6nited States, the re:uirement is a master5s or
doctorate in the sub3ect area heEshe is teaching. Still there might be some e0ceptions depending
on the policies particular to the specific college or universities. That reality stems from the
economics of higher education today, and seems unavoidable. 1ew institutions have the money
it would ta/e to hire e0perts in every field of speciali;ation in a given department, and so most of
us find ourselves stretching more or less in one direction or another in any given semester. (
suspect all of us could testify to the way in which teaching outside our speciali;ation can add to
our wor/@and stress@loads. Novices have a more realistic assessment of the time it will ta/e a
learner to complete a tas/. E0perts often assign more wor/ than the learner can complete in the
time allotted. !uston cites one study that demonstrated that the estimations made by e0perts
about the time a new learner needed to complete a tas/ were not only much less reliable than
the estimations of a novice@they were actually Hworse than those of someone who has never
performed the tas/ at all.H Dhen you teach as a content novice, you become much more aware
of the limitations of thin/ing about teaching as HcoveringH content. Lou come to reali;e@as (
always li/e to tell faculty members who feel li/e slaves to content coverage@that 3ust because
you are covering it doesnGt mean they are learning it. Teaching as a content novice, you are
more li/ely to set realistic e0pectations for learners, to notice when they are brea/ing down and
e0periencing problems,
LOCAL STU!
This article is concerned with the empirical measurement of phenomenon of out&of&field
teaching. &teachers assigned to teach sub3ects for which they have inade:uate training
and :ualifications. This problem has received much attention in recent years and it has
now become common for ma3or education reports and studies to include indicators of
out&of&field teaching in their assessments of educational systems. !owever, there are a
large number of different ways of defining and assessing the e0tent to which teachers
are assigned to teach in fields for which they are inade:uately :ualified and, as of yet
there is little understanding of the variety of measures available, nor their differences
and limitations. This article see/s to address this issue by describing, comparing and
evaluating a wide range of different measures of out&of&field teaching that have been
developed over the past decade. *y central point is that how one chooses to define and
measure out&of&field teaching ma/es a difference for the amount of out&of&field teaching
one finds. *y ob3ective is clarify the strengths and limits of each type of measure in
order to aid researchers in their decisions as to which is best to use in their analyses
and to help users to interpret what any given measure actually indicates about the
e0tent to which there e0ists under:ualified teaching in classrooms
TO IENTIF! T"E :UALIT! EUCATION FOR T"ESC"OOL7
UNI$ERSIT! IS T"E RESULTS OF(#ASSING RATE NATIONAL
E+A&INATION OR T"E E&#LO!&ENT OF ITS GRAUATES
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Employability is widely cited as a /ey reason to study a language. Clobalisation
means that business is increasingly ta/ing place across international boundaries. (n
order to penetrate foreign mar/ets successfully, employers need graduates who spea/
the languageAsB of the country in which they wish to ma/e an impact. *ore
sophisticated analyses spea/ of the intercultural competence and communication s/ills
developed by *odern )anguages A*)B$ graduates and how these s/ills ma/e them
highly employable, even when the employer does not re:uire languages. (ntuitively, it
would appear that *) graduates are highly employable individuals who have s/ills and
attributes that employees demandR a demand which graduates from other sub3ects
cannot meet Sir "igby #ones, 1ormer "irector Ceneral of the onfederation of 'ritish
(ndustry A'(B, e0pressed concern about the low numbers of students studying
languages? 2 3ust one in ,- students study a modern language at A&)evel with very few
studying those needed by business in the increasingly globali;ed world & such as
*andarin, =ussian or Spanish.4 A'(, ,%%-B. !owever, this has not been the universal
message of business. (n Dales, a recent survey suggested that employers do not ran/
languages Aother than EnglishB on their list of needs A1uture S/ills Dales, ,%%8B, and if
they re:uire an employee with specific language s/ills they will employ a native spea/er
of that language who possesses high linguistic competence in English. A similar
message was e0pressed by Allan !ogarth of '( Scotland who does not see the
declining language provision in Scottish universities as 2a cause for concern4
A*ac/innon, ,%%,B. The perception of English as the Sinternational5 language is cited by
employers as a reason why spea/ing foreign languages is not essential
LOCAL LITERATURE
Education in the Philippines evolved from early settlers to the present. Education in the
country is in great importance because it is the primary avenue for upward social and
economic mobility. Philippine educational system has a very deep history from the past
in which it has undergone several stage of development going to the present system of
education. According to "r. .im Pilipo 2*as maganda /apag madis/arte /a than you5re
an intelligent guy4 *aybe, you can pass the e0amination, but even you pass it as long
as you can5t apply it on your 3ob. Employability is still better. E0perience is a great
element on employability, but on passing e0aminations, of course you need some
intelligent s/ills. 'ut finding that intelligent s/ills, you must gather information on the
internet, boo/s etc. 'ut when you have a great employability, or style you are ma/ing
uplifting yourself to a better you. Employability, is the output of all what you5re doing. So
for this, be stylistic on what you do. 'ut also, mind that intelligent s/ills. 'ecause, you
can5t pass on something if you don5t have that thin/ing or intelligent s/ills.
FOREIGN STU!
Egypt has the largest education system in the *iddle East and North Africa A*ENAB and
it has grown rapidly since the early $NN%s. (n recent years the government has
accorded even greater priority to improving the education system.
According to the !uman "evelopment (nde0 A!"(B, Egypt is ran/ed $$>. Dith the help
of the Dorld 'an/ and other multilateral organi;ations, Egypt aims to increase access to
education and to include (T at all levels of education, especially at tertiary level. The
government is responsible for offering free education at all levels.
The *inistry of Education is also trying to move from a highly centrali;ed system to
offering more autonomy to individual institutions, thereby increasing accountability. The
personnel management in education also needs to be overhauled and teachers should
be hired on merit with salaries based on performance.
LOCAL STU!
*AN()A, Philippines & Attaining a high percentage in the licensure e0ams is
un:uestionably commendable, but for *alayan olleges )aguna A*)B, an even more
important basis for the success of its graduates is their ability to apply their s/ills and
/nowledge in the wor/ing world. Engr. "od3ie *aestrecampo, *)5s e0ecutive vice
president AE+PB and chief operating officer A99B, pointed out that it is *)5s promise
to produce graduates who are fully prepared to successfully launch their careers. 29ur
3obs are not yet finished once our students have graduated. De promise to produce
competent professionals and that will only happen after they all have 3obs. So we give
more weight to employability. (t5s actually our goal to place them within si0 months after
they5ve passed the boards and as of the moment, our batting average is O%V. (5m very
proud to say that we5re able to meet that figure every year since our first batch of
graduates,4 he said. (n terms of performance in this year5s different licensure
e0aminations, *)5s alpha batch was able to attain an OPV overall passing rate, way
above the national passing percentage. (t also scored a ma3or feat last year after the
school obtained a $%%V passing rate in electrical engineering AEEB, mechanical
engineering A*EB, and marine engineering A*arEB board e0ams. A total of O8 *)
students too/ the recent *E, EE, ertified Public Accountant, electronics engineering,
civil engineering, chemical engineering, marine transportation, and *arE licensure
e0ams. Engr. "ennis !. Tablante, *)5s vice president for Academic Affairs, admitted
that scoring a high passing rate in board e0ams does ma/e a strong impression. 2(t
does create a very strong impression especially in terms of :uality of education but at
the end of the day, it all boils down to the :uestion, San they be hired<5 Employability
really should be given more importance,4 he e0plained. *)5s success can be attributed
to the school5s adoption of the outcomes&based approach to education, which ensures
the professional readiness of its students.
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Prisoners on death row are usually people who have suffered terrible abuses and
become the product of their environment.
*ost people on death row have been let down by their family and society from a very
early age. #ustice should not be about /illing them at the end of a difficult life path. (t
should be about preventing them from getting onto that path in the first place.
There is more to a human being than his worst action. =esearch shows that people can
change and suggests that a vast ma3ority of murderers have the potential to change, if
given a chance.
1urther to the 1urman v. Ceorgia decision that the death penalty constitutes a cruel and
unusual punishment in $NP,, 8,, people were released from death row in the 6SA. (n
nearly N%V of cases, released prisoners never again committed any violent felonies. (n
P out of $% cases, the reason for re&incarceration has been technical violations Asuch as
failing to inform a parole officer of a change of addressB or non&violent crimes Asuch as
an alcohol offenceB. The level of faith, support from family and friends, and education
proved to be critical factors in positive reintegrations. ASource? #oan heever5s boo/
'ac/ from the "eadB.
2That5s what he wanted to tell me on the phone, when we arranged to meet. That it is
possible to change. That a life can be turned around. That he5s not the same as he was
when he was ,$. !e /nows many people, especially the victim5s families, will never be
able to forgive him. (t5s even harder, )eroy says, to forgive yourself AUB. !e says he
/nows he can never give bac/ the life he too/ and he says he struggles daily, trying to
give something bac/ to his community. AUB )eroy fre:uently gets calls from friends and
neighbors for advice on how to help their own troubled sons. !e appears to be a model
citi;en and a good neighbor4. A'ac/ from the "ead, #oan *. heeverB
Y*any criminals suffer from mental illness.
*any people around the world fail to ac/nowledge the diminished responsibility of
someone who acted as they did because they suffer from a mental illness. No&one in
his right mind would rape a baby or chop up their mother, girlfriend, or neighbor.
LOCAL LITERATUTRE
E0ecutions should be banned by act of ongress for this simple reason? E0perience has
shown that the death penalty doesnGt serve the cause of 3usticeU !ow li/ely is it, really,
that a /iller will be more deterred by the ris/ of the death penalty than by having to
spend the rest of his life in prison< The claim fails the test of common sense.
riminologists and police chiefs say the death penalty 3ust doesnGt influence murderers
&& partly because its application is so hapha;ardU (tGs true that the purpose of
punishment is not only deterrence but also retribution. 'ut this doesnGt 3ustify the popular
view that /illers should be /illed, any more than it would support the idea that rapists
should be raped or thieves stolen from. To be 3ust, retribution must be measured and
restrained. ThatGs the difference between 3ustice and revengeU The e0traordinary
crimes that would 3ustify the death penalty are difficult to imagine, much less define,
before the fact. And, even in e0ceptional cases, the re:uirement to prove guilt beyond
any doubt is hard to satisfy. ADhat does Sbeyond any doubt5 actually mean< (s a
psychopath guilty beyond any doubt<B )etGs allow that it would have been right to
e0ecute !itler. 'ut letGs also recogni;e that restricting the death penalty to the few cases
where it would be both 3ust and safe is impractical. The best pragmatic course is not to
use the death penalty more sparingly but to abolish it outright.H
HIapital punishmentJ violates the Eighth Amendment because it is morally
unacceptable to the people of the 6nited States at this time in their history. (n 3udging
whether or not a given penalty is morally acceptable, most courts have said that the
punishment is valid unless Git shoc/s the conscience and sense of 3ustice of the people.G
Assuming /nowledge of all the facts presently available regarding capital punishment,
the average citi;en would, in my opinion, find it shoc/ing to his conscience and sense of
3ustice. 1or this reason alone, capital punishment cannot stand.H
E$ELO#ING A NATIONAL ENTRANCE E+A& FOR TERTIAR!
EUCATION
FOREIGN LITERATURE
,- Reform of $ni*ersit! entrance e4am s&ar+s de)ate
#apan could soon see a new university entrance system to replace the current, highly
competitive e0am, which is regarded as rigid and infle0ible. There has been intense
debate over how the new testing system which is li/ely to be more rigorous and based
on academic performance and thin/ing s/ills should develop.
The issue is at the heart of an education reform campaign led by Prime *inister Shin;o
Abe. According to Abe, #apan5s much&vaunted higher education system cannot meet
the re:uirements of a rapidly globalising world and needs drastic changes to produce
young people able to compete globally.
#apan, which once ran/ed at the top of international performance on tests in sub3ects
such as mathematics and science, has been falling behind counterparts in other East
Asian countries.
(n ,%$$, the Trends in (nternational *athematics and Science Study, or T(**S,
reported that #apan was trailing at si0th place in tests ta/en at age $8, behind
Singapore and South .orea, which were listed in first and second place.
A similar trend is seen among #apanese universities, with other East Asian countries
challenging #apan5s lead. #apan5s top institution, the 6niversity of To/yo, is at $-th place
globally in the latest Times !igher Education ran/ing.
A newly formed Education =ebuilding (mplementation ouncil, comprising academic
e0perts, is e0pected to unveil proposals ne0t month on a new university entrance e0am
to replace the current competitive e0am based on standardised scores.
Stringent assessments
According to reports, the li/ely focus of the council5s recommendations will be on
stringent achievement assessment tests to be held several times annually for high
school students, rather than the one Sbig bang5 high&sta/es e0amination at the end of
high school under the National enter Test for 6niversity Admissions, which was
launched in $NN%.
9ngoing discussions have also suggested a separate test and interview conducted at
each university after individual e0am scores are received. This will determine the
student5s thin/ing s/ills, as well as enthusiasm and motivation.
According to *asashi .udo, an official at the *inistry of Education, 2the goal of the new
achievement test is to raise the academic ability of students4.
6niversities also accept students on the recommendation of high school principals, an
entry system that is being increasingly followed as higher education institutions,
especially two&year colleges, struggle to fill :uotas and /eep afloat financially.
(n ,%$,, high school recommendations comprised almost 8-V of university admissions,
with 3ust --.PV admitted through the competitive entrance e0am.
Another /ey change being considered is to raise English proficiency by possibly
including T9E1) ATest of English as a 1oreign )anguageB e0am results as a university
entry re:uirement, in a bid to encourage globalisation, e0perts said.
riticisms
.a;uo *aruyama, an e0pert at the 'enesse =esearch orporation, a leading private
thin/&tan/, e0plained that the new test would focus heavily on academic achievement.
2They will have to study harder to get better scores to enter good universities,4 he told
6niversity Dorld News.
!owever, he added, the continued focus on scores did not represent the ma3or reform
that is needed in #apan.
2#apanese higher education has traditionally been rooted in developing academics who
are top researchers rather than becoming innovators in the wor/place. The much&
heralded changes in #apanese universities continue to smac/ of this conservative
trend,4 he said.
!igh school teachers have also e0pressed concerns, particularly over the idea of
allowing multiple opportunities to ta/e university entrance tests during high school.
=yoichi 9i/awa, head of the National Association of 6pper Secondary School
Principals, said? 2'eing able to ta/e the university e0am during second or third grades
Iof high school, or ages $>&$PJ ultimately means students will be studying only for the
test.4
rucial aspects of education, such as en3oying studying and promoting character
development, would fall into second place.
(ncreased choices
Some students still believe the high&sta/es end&of&high school e0amination is the best
way to enter the most reputable universities.
!igh school third grader Ni3ie 9;a/i A$PB is studying hard to enter a university she feels
will give her the best education to become an English tourist guide.
2( was able to enter a university through the recommendation system but ( refused. ( am
studying hard for the National enter Test to get high scores and get into the university (
want to,4 she told 6niversity Dorld News. !er parents are supportive and have enrolled
her in a cram school to raise her chances of success.
Tsu/asa "ai;en, a professor at the =esearch (nstitute for !igher Education at
!iroshima 6niversity, e0plained that students li/e 9;a/i are not common in #apan, with
the ma3ority of high school students unclear about their career goals when they apply for
universities.
Against this bac/drop, he said, students would focus entirely on passing a new
achievement test and then have to ta/e another test to gauge their thin/ing abilities,
which was 2a rather vague prospect4.
FOREIGN STU!
&The main measure or predicting studentsG success at university is their score on the
tertiary entrance e0aminations. (n Destern Australia this gives e:ual weight to studentsG
mar/s in either four or five sub3ects. Alternative weighting schemes or predicting the
academic success if students at the 6niversity if Destern Australia are considered.
Dhile the alternatives e0amined have better predictive capability than the Tertiary
Entrance Score in many instances, the advantages in this regard are minor, and do not
seem to match the disadvantages that the alternatives entail. A few Australian studies
have e0panded the measurement of previous academic achievement to include
studentsG mar/s in high school and enrollment in particular high school sub3ects as well
as their scores on university entrance e0ams Afor e0ample, Auyeung and Sands, $NN7R
1arley and =amsay, $NOOR "ancer and 1iebig, ,%%7R =amsay and 'aines, $NN7B. Some
of these studies have found that mar/s and enrolment in particular high school sub3ects
have a larger impact on performance at university than studentsG university entrance
e0ams. 1or e0ample, =amsay and 'aines A$NN7B report that a one percentage point
increase in studentsG mar/s in high school accounting was associated with an increase
in their mar/s in first&year university accounting of $.7 percentage points, whereas a one
percentage point increase in their aggregate university entrance score was associated
with only a %.N percentage point increase in first&year accounting mar/s.G )i/ewise,
Auyeung and Sands A$NN7B report that, in an e0amination of the determinants of
performance in first&year tertiary business accounting, the estimated coefficient for
studentsG final mar/ in high school accounting was %.8P and it was %.8$ for studentsG
score on their tertiary entrance e0ams.&
LOCAL STU!
& The ommission on !igher Education A!E"B wor/s with "ES to regulate higher
education in the Philippines. This organi;ation was created through =epublic Act
No.PP,,, also /nown as the !igher Education Act of $NN7, during the term of President
1idel +. =amos. The commissionGs vision is the pursuit of a better :uality of life for all
through education. *ost institutions of higher education are in the private sector and
there is a large concentration of them in the metropolitan area of *anila. (n $N>-&$N>>,
there were a total of -,P,%%% students A7>O,%% privateB in 7>> schools A77% privateB. (n
$NO7&$NO-, this number more than tripled to $.P8 million students A$.87 million privateB
in $,$-P schools AO8O privateB. Statistics from !E" show that by $NNO, there were
$,7N- schools A$,$$O privateB. About ,- foreign nationalities and citi;enships are
represented amongst the higher education students. hina, 6SA, and Thailand have
the most representation. !igher education programs are offered in the following fields
Awith the number of students for the years $NN% and $NN- in parenthesisB? arts and
sciences A$OP,8$8 and ,,>,$$$BR teacher education A,-P,>8O and ,P>,%7>BR engineering
and technology A,,O,P-P and ,P-,>N-BR medical and health A,P,,PO7 and ,8O,NOOBR
commerce A8O%,7N$ and >%8,-P-BR agriculture A-%,%%> and P,,>->BR law A$7,-O$ and
$8,NO8BR religion A7,P$$ and O,,>,BR information technology A8>,N7P and $$P,PNNBR
maritime AN,,$$7 and $8P,-O7BR and criminology A,7,,NP and 7P,,P8B. ommerce is the
most popular program. There has been a rapid increase, up to ,$O percent, in the
number of students ta/ing information technology. Since $NP8, students are re:uired to
ta/e the National ollege Entrance E0amination ANEEB, before they can begin higher
education. This e0am is administered during the fourth year of high school. A
controversial issue regarding this e0am is the use of English, which pre3udices against
students from rural and poor areas. Tuition in private schools of higher education is
higher than that of public schools although private tuition rates sometimes mean less
e0penditure per student as compared to public institutions. (t has even been suggested
to the Philippine government that they might save money by offering government
scholarships for students to enroll in private schools. "uring the school year $NON&$NN%,
the four autonomous campuses and five regional units of the 6niversity of the
Philippines initiated a program of sociali;ed tuition and subsidies named Sociali;ed
Tuition and 1inancial Assistance Program AST1APB. "uring its first year, 77 percent of
the ,>,%%% undergraduate students received free tuition. A tuition reduction or discount
of ,- to P- percent was given to another ,, percent. )iving and boo/ allowances are
other forms of subsidy under this program and some ,7 percent of undergraduate
students received these.
!e pointed to a lac/ of :ualified admissions teams in #apanese institutions. 2*ost
universities are short staffed and do not have the e0perience or :ualifications to handle
a new entrance test that involves the difficult tas/ of 3udging thin/ing standards, for
e0ample,4 he said.
LOCAL LITERATURE
& The advancement of educational measurement and evaluation in higher education in
the Philippines has been heavily influenced by its colonial history and it is described to
be multidisciplinary. +arious fields of study are accounted for in describing the growth
and development of discipline, theory and practice. The progress of measurement and
evaluation in the Philippines subsumes educational and psychological measurement
and evaluation, educational and psychological assessment, educational and
psychological testing, research and evaluation and psychometrics. Testing, assessment
and evaluation are essentially used formally and informally in all colleges and
universities that e0plain it as being part of the higher education system. !istorically, the
early 1ilipinos made use of primarily authentic assessment where parents teach their
children survival and livelihood s/ills such as hunting, farming, and fishing. Dhen the
Philippines was coloni;ed by the Spain, formal schooling and structured types of
assessment was introduced among the academic elites. Dhen the public educational
system was introduced during the American regime, assessment in schools was
e0panded because of the development done in the western part of the world during that
time. Significantly, it was also during this time when the Philippine +ocabulary Test was
introduced in $N,7 in the public school system. (n $N$>, )ewis Terman improved the
first intelligence test that is now /nown as
'I'LIOGRA#"!
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https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/2531/Arlie
%20Tagayuna%20--%20apital%20!unishment%20in%20the
%20!hilippines.pd"#$sessionid%&5'('03)2*+(50,5'2*))(312A,*,3-
se.uence%1
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sa%t/rct%$/.%/esrc%s/source%web/cd%1/cad%r$a/uact%0/1ed%0c2
($AA/url%http%3A%2(%2(www.chr.go1.ph%2(3A45%2520!A6*7
%2(about%2520hr%2(ad1isories%2(pd"89les%2(abolishing%2520death
%2520penalty.pd"/ei%u:+w;&y<=0b5>A?:-
42A2/usg%A(2$56A@gAmBclC5hA.DA(-
33"dhe1E2A/b1m%b1.&2,22+01Fd.d64
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sa%t/rct%$/.%/esrc%s/source%web/cd%3/cad%r$a/uact%0/1ed%0'*2
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opening-o"-classes-draws-miGed-reactions-"rom-netiHens/ei%2bsw;&-
c'I.AiA"*p+g)w/usg%A(2$56ow<3Hh7b4'g*p6!.ct+Ape+H10w/b1m%
b1.&2,22+01Fd.a6c
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/201+/02/13/pagasa-new-
academic-calendar-ad1antageous-3200,+
http://bulatlat.com/main/2011/0&/1+/di1orce-bill-pro1iding-a-
remedy-"or-women-in-abusi1e-marriages/Jsthash.hc1h2K";.dpu"
http://positi1ely9lipino.com/magaHine/2013/2/why-the-philippines-needs-a-
di1orce-law
http://bsueGegesis.wordpress.com/authors/language-education/the-
medium-o"-instruction-in-education/
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mother-tongue-as-a-medium-o"-instruction
http://blogs.timeso9ndia.indiatimes.com/cursor/entry/why-english-should-
not-be-the-medium-o"-instruction-in-india
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instruction-urdu.html
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using-internet
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use"ul-"or-research/
http://usabilitygee>.com/internet-replacing-traditional-research/
http://www.ehow.com/in"o80222&E&8ad1antages-1s-library-research-
topic.htmlJiGHH2ww(9"&B
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story%20130,1311+,501&+
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http://philbasice"*cationblo#spotcom
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boar"/'013/0'/1%/90,5%0/#ra"*ates+employability+basis+s*ccess+mcl
http://wwwreprieveor#*-/tvan"ra"io/'010.0'.17./0.1ampai#n.2i#ht.to.li
!e.evil.people
http://"eathpenaltyproconor#/viewanswersphp34*estionI/513'%
http://wwwst*"yin#awaycom/acIn!oasp63area.i"51%57i"5,73
: http://www#manetwor-com/news/story/3%''''/news/metromanila/phl+
*niversities+be#in+shi!t+to+international+school+calen"ar
http://asian8o*rnal*sacom/"ivorce+philippine+style+p110%5+15%htm
http://www"ebateor#/"ebates/internet+is+better+than+boo-s/1/
http://www#manetwor-com/news/story/151009/opinion/blo#s/en#lish+vs+
mother+ton#*e+as+a+me"i*m+o!+instr*ction
: 0hilippines + 9i#her :"*cation + St*"ents, 0rivate, Schools, an" 0ercent +
State;niversitycom
http://e"*cationstate*niversitycom/pa#es/1'0'/0hilippines+9I<9:2+
:/;1A=IO>html?i6@@'w-i/6"n"

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