The Effects of Harmonics on Differential Relay for a Transformer

J.M.HO & C.C.Liu

Electrical Engineering Dept. Chung-Yuan U.
Chung-Li, Taiwan
Summary
The applications of nonlinear devices
such as rectifiers, converters, power supplies,
and other devices in utilizing solid state
switching have been increased in industries
during recent years. These induce a lot of
harmonics in the voltage and the current, and
therefore deteriorate the power quality. This
quality deterioration causes the power loss
increasing, resonance problem, insulation
deterioration and even safety problem for
system apparatus. The protective equipments
may work at normal situation. But they may
not protect accordantly when the pollutions of
harmonics exist in the system. It is necessary
to analyze the effects of harmonics to the
protective equipments.
This paper aims at analyzing and
probing into the influences of harmonics to
differential relays. It analyzes and compares
the mathematic models, which are constructed
by using EMTP and the test results.
There are many factors to be considered
in transformer differential protection designing
and practicing. This paper only analyzes the
influential phenomenon of harmonics to
differential relay, ignoring the magnetizing
inrush current of the transformer and the
saturation phenomenon of the CT; we
study the tripping time of the differential relay
under different working frequencies and
harmonics.
Because of the pollution of harmonics,
there are many differential relays designed in
order to solve these problems, but they are all
designed on the condition that the 2
nd
harmonic component of inrush current does
not less than 15% of fundamental component
at normal situation. And the fault current,
which involve dc component, should have its
highest value of 2
nd
harmonic fewer than 7%
of fundamental component. We can distinguish
inrush current and fault current in according to
these two different characteristics. The
differential relays are always designed
according to these theorems, but they
dont focus on the situation that the pollutions
of harmonics enter the differential protective
equipments. We aim at this problem and
analyze it.
According to the simulation results, we
know that most CT doesnt perform well at
frequency domain. The magnetizing inrush
current of the transformer and the saturation
phenomenon of the CT may cause some
mistakes to the relay operations. These make
the real test very difficult. So we ignore the
magnetizing inrush current of the transformer
and the saturation phenomenon of the CT. The
tests are conducted with two conditions,
internal faults and external faults. Each test is
with different harmonic components, including
the 3
rd
harmonic components, the 5
th
harmonic
components etc, and the summations of
different order of harmonic components. From
the real test results, we learn that the trip time
of differential relay doesnt always increase
with frequencies or harmonics. There is a
nonlinear region. Beside the nonlinear region,
the trip time is proportion to frequencies and
harmonics, or the relay doesnt trip anymore.
When internal faults happen, the harmonic
components will delay the trip time of
differential relay. This will affect power
system very much. The relay will not trip
when 3
rd
harmonic are more than 66.66% of
fundamental component. The most important
point is that the trip time will delay when
harmonics enter the equipments. In addition,
the differential relay will become not so
sensitive if working frequencies are not
fundamental frequency. So the harmonics
affect the differential relay a lot. The results of
this research can provide the valuable
references and assistance in applying and
designing of protective system..
The Effects of Harmonics on Differential Relay for a Transformer
J.M.HO & C.C.Liu
Electrical Engineering Dept. , Chung-Yuan U, Chung-Li, Taiwan
I. Abstract
The use of nonlinear devices such as rectifiers,
converters, power supplies, and other devices utilizing
solid state switching have been increased in industry
during recent years. These equipments have deteriorated
the power quality. This deterioration causes the
increasing of power loss, resonance problem, insulation
deterioration, and even safety problem for system
apparatus.
This paper aims at analyzing and probing into the
influences of harmonics on a differential relay. First it
probes the operation of a CT in frequency domain. Then,
it analyzes and compares the mathematic model, which is
constructed by using EMTP, and the test results.
There are many factors to be considered in
differential protection design and application for a
transformer. This paper only analyzes the influential
phenomenon of harmonics to differential relay.
The results of this research can be valuable
references for applying and designing differential relay
protection.
II. Purpose
Because of the pollution of harmonics, there are
many differential relays designed in order to solve these
problems, but they are all designed on the condition that
the 2
nd
harmonic component of inrush current does not
less than 15% of fundamental component at normal
situation. And the fault current, which involve dc
component, should have its highest value of 2
nd
harmonic
fewer than 7% of fundamental component. Then we can
distinguish inrush current and fault current according to
these two different characteristics. The differential relays
are always designed according to these assumptions, but
they dont focus on the situation that the pollutions of
harmonics enter the differential protective equipments
[1].
III. The testing methods and results
1.Principles of the differential protection
The differential protection is a primary protection
for power equipments, which depends on the difference
value between the input and output currents. The
protection method will not only fit a lot of power
equipments but also be the first aid to important power
equipments. The protection theorems of the differential
relay are shown in Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b).
Protection
equipment
in
I
out
I
op
I
Figure 1(a) Normal or outer fault situation
Protection
equipment
1 F
I
2 F
I
2 1 F F op
I I I + =
Figure 1(b) Inner fault situation
According to the capacity and the importance of
the transformer, the protection scheme may have
different types. But the differential protection is
mainly used to protect large power transformers or
some of the important power distribution transformers
with capacities less than 10MVA[2]. This paper
focuses on the differential relay for a transformer.
2.The equivalent circuit of CT
If the current ratio between the primary and
secondary side is 1:N2, the equivalent circuits of the CT
can be shown as Figure 2. It is often that R
P
and X
P
are
far smaller than R
s
and X
s
, even at system fault. So they
can be neglected. The equivalent circuits are shown as in
Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2 The equivalent circuits with primary resistance
Figure 3 The equivalent circuits without primary
resistance
Z
M
and Z
b
mean the excitation and burden
impedance of the CT, respectively. Figure 4 shows the
voltage and current vectors of the CT. The accuracy of
the CT mainly depends on the quantity and the angle
between primary current and secondary current [3]. At
steady state, the Ratio Error and the Phase-Angle Error
of the CT can be shown as in Equation 1 and Figure 4,
respectively.
Ratio Error =
p
S
I
I N 2
(1)
Figure 4 The voltage and current vectors of CT
Where:
V
S
: the voltage on secondary
I
M
: the magnetic current
I
e
: the excitation current
I
p
: primary current
I
s
: the secondary current
3.The distribution model of CT by EMTP
The simulation problem of the transformer is the
nonlinear characteristic of magnetic core, which means
the B/H curve. The model of CT is often regarded as a
single-valued nonlinear inductance and neglecting the
hysteresis phenomenon. In order to increase the
accuracy, the hysteresis phenomenon of the transformer
must be included, especially the transient state analysis.
For example, the inrush current, resonant, and saturation
should be concerned.
The 9
th
order mathematical model constructed by
M.Poljak is shown as below (4):
( )
2
9
9
7
7
5
5
3
3
0
1 1
N
l
B c B c B c B c B
l
c
c i

+ +

+ =

Where:
c
0
-c
9
:core material volume factors
:the air gap length of the core(m)
l : the average length of magnetic (m)
N
2
: the winding turns of the secondary
B: the magnetic flux density (T)
As shown in Figure 5, EMTP has built a single-
phase saturation core transformer model. It consists of an
equivalent circuit on an ideal transformer. The - I data
cant be get directly, so a program offered by EMTP is
needed to transfer the V-I characteristic of CT to - I
data. Besides, it can use the Type-96 from EMTP to
construct equivalent circuit [5].
Figure 5 The equivalent circuit of CT by EMTP
Figure 6 The excitation curve of 10/5 CT
Because EMTP cant directly use the characteristic
curve of V-I, the V-I curve must be transfered to - I data
by the program called SATURA. The characteristic of V-
I curve of 10/5 CAPV-type CT is shown as in Figure
6[6]. To build Type-96 symbol, the -I data are
constructed by SATURA and the hysteresis curve is
created by HYSDAT[7]. The simulation results are
shown as in Table 1 and Figure 7.
Table 1 The characteristic of the CT
From these, one can see secondary current decreasing as
frequency increasing for a fixed primary current in 10
amperes. And the burden also affect the characteristic,
with larger burden, the accuracy of ratio becomes worse.
(a) The burden at secondary side is zero
(b)The burden at secondary side is 0.5
Figure 7 The characteristic of CT (primary side voltage
is 120V)
4.The experiment of the differential relay
a. The experiment layout:
Figure 8 The system block diagram
The experiment layout is shown as in Figure 8.
And the results are shown in table 2 to Table 5.
The working voltage F3 means
3
rd
harmonics (33.33%)
The working voltage F5 means
3
rd
harmonics (33.33%) and 5
th
harmonics (20%)
The working voltage F7 means
3
rd
harmonics (33.33%) , 5
th
harmonics (20%) and
7
th
harmonics (14.28%)
Working frequency
of CT (Hz)
50 60 120 300 540 660
Current on the
secondary side (A)
5.12 5.01 5.00 4.85 4.61 4.38
Working frequency
of CT (Hz)
1000 2K 3K 4K 5K
Current on the
secondary side (A)
4.06 3.62 3.2 2.9 2.8
The characteristic of CT(
Frequency
T
h
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

o
f

C
T
The characteristic of CT(
Frequency
T
h
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

o
f

C
T
The working voltage F9 means
3
rd
harmonics (33.33%) , 5
th
harmonics (20%) , 7
th
harmonics (14.28%) and 9
th
harmonics (11.1%)
The phase differences in above are all zero degree.
b. The simulation and testing of differential
protection
(1) The simulation results for inner faults:
With the setting as in Table 2
Table 2 The design example of differential relay
for inner fault
The rate current of the
simulation transformer
Primary2.89A
Secondary5A
CT current ratio
I
1
/I
2
=2.9/1.45
I
3
/I
4
=5.01/5
The current from the high
voltage side
1.45A
The current from the low
voltage side
5A
CT tap 5-5
(2) The simulation results for outer faults:
Use same circuit but reserving the output CT. And
using settings as in Table 3
.
Table 3 The design example of differential relay
for outer fault
The rate current of the
simulation transformer
Primary2.89A
Secondary5A
CT current ratio
I
1
/I
2
=2.9/2.24
I
3
/I
4
=5.01/5
The current from the high
voltage side
2.24A
The current from the low
voltage side
5A
CT tap 5-5
C.The experiment results:
When the system is at normal situation, the ratio
between the load current and differential current doesnt
change. Therefore, the tripping coil will not operate. But
at fault situations, the differential current in the tripping
coil increases, the differential ratio increases, and the
relay will trip. Table 4 shows results of the tripping time
of the differential relay at the inner faults. Table 5 shows
the results of the tripping time of the differential relay at
the outer faults.
Table 4 The tripping time of the differential relay at the
inner faults
F.
(HZ)
Tripping
time (ms)
Tripping
current
(A)
F.
(HZ)
Tripping
time (ms)
Tripping
current
(A)
60 970 6.14 F3 928 6.18
120 1150 6.17 F5 920 6.21
180 5.88 F7 940 6.14
240 5.77 F9 956 6.12
300 5.69
360 5.59
420 5.59
*The tripping time is counted by oscilloscope
Table 5 The tripping time of the differential relay at the
outer faults
Frequency
(HZ)
Tripping time
(ms)
Tripping current
(A)
60 2980 2.58
120 2.54
180 2.51
300 2.49
240 2.49
300 2.47
420 2.47
F3 2900 2.54
F5 3380 2.54
F7 3620 2.48
F9 4360 2.42
*The tripping time is counted by oscilloscope
IV. Conclusions
According to the simulation results, we know that
most CT doesnt perform well at all frequency ranges.
The magnetizing inrush current of the transformer and
the saturation phenomenon of the CT may cause some
mistakes to the relay operations. These make the real test
very difficult. So we ignore the magnetizing inrush
current of the transformer and the saturation
phenomenon of the CT. The tests are conducted with two
situations, internal faults and external faults. Each test is
with different harmonic components, including the 3
rd
harmonic components, the 5
th
harmonic components, and
etc, and summations of different harmonic components.
From real test results, we learn that the tripping time of
differential relay doesnt always increase with frequency
increasing or harmonic contents increasing. There is a
nonlinear region, beside the nonlinear region, the
tripping time is proportion to frequencies and harmonic
contents, or the relay doesnt trip anymore. When
internal faults happen, the harmonic components will
delay the tripping time of differential relay, this will
affect power system very much. The relay will doesnt
trip when 3
rd
harmonic are more than 66.66% of
fundamental component. The most important point is
that the tripping time will be delayed when harmonics
enter the equipments. In addition, the differential relay
will become not so sensitive if working frequencies are
not at fundamental frequency. The results of this research
can provide valuable references and assistance in
applying and designing of differential protective system.
V. References
1.H.Z.LEEThe experience of differential protection for
transformerThe Electricity
magazineNo.11thP109~P116, 1996.
2.American National Standard, "Guide for Protective
Relay Application to power Transformer, "ANSI/IEEE
C37.91-1985.
3.R.D.,Power System Protection Reference
Manual,pp.66-102(1982)
4.Poljak, M. and N. Kolibas, " Computation of Current
Transformer Transient Performance," IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol.3,No.4, pp.635-645(1988)
5.Kezunovic, M.,C. Wfromem and F. Phillips,"
Experimental Evaluation of EMTP-Based Current
Transformer Models For Protective Relay Transient
Study," IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery,Vol.9,No.l,pp405-413(1994)
6.The technical support from Shyh Lin Electricity.
7.Leuven,K.U.,EMTP Center, Alternative Transients
Program-Rule Book, Leuven EMTP Center,
Belgium,(1987)