AUTOMOTIVE

AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
(MFGE 425)
(MFGE 425)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Serhat ERPOLAT
ATILIM UNIVERSTY
2007-Fall
Basic Performance
Basic Performance
Calculations
Calculations
-
-
2
2
R ROLLING RESISTANCE OLLING RESISTANCE
W f R
r r
=
n
r
V b a f
* *
+ =
The rolling resistance, R
r
, is due to deformation of road and
tire and to the dissipation of energy through impact.
Its value mainly depends on vehicle speed, tire inflation
pressure, vertical load on the tire, tire diameter and the road
surface.
Typical variation of the rolling resistance coefficients for
passenger cars with vehicle speed is as shown above. However, it
is quite often that this variation is ignored altogether for simplicity
of analysis.
Typical variation
of the tire rolling
resistance for
passenger cars with
tire inflation pressure
(see reference [test]
inflation pressure).
Effect of tire pressure on tire wear: Effect of tire pressure on tire wear:
Proper tire inflation is a key ingredient in driving safety, long
tire life and low fuel consumption.
W f R
V b a f
W
W
K K
p
p
K K a a
r r
r
R
R
ref
=
+ =

=
* *
2 1 2 1
*
[an approximation of a
ref
for SBR tires is 0.0125
b
ref
for SBR tires is neglected; but 1.5 10
-5
@high speeds]
[K
1
=1.3 & K
2
=0.3 for steel belted radial tires]
Rolling resistance approximations: Rolling resistance approximations:
For load surfaces other than concrete or asphalt, use a multiplication
factor:
- Stone paved ~ 1.5 or more -Firm sand ~ 4 or more
- Pot-holed ~ 3 or more -Loose sand ~ 20 or more
Approximate Approximate coeff coeff. of rolling resistance: . of rolling resistance:
( )
( )
100
G W
GR W
x
W
R
g
= =
GRADIENT RESISTANCE GRADIENT RESISTANCE
For a vehicle climbing up a
gradient , the component of its
weight parallel to the road surface
acts as a resistance to its motion.
based on the assumtion that
sin tan = 1/x if is small enough (i.e.
x > 5)
GR : Grade ratio (1/x)
G : Grade ratio in percentage
AIR RESISTANCE AIR RESISTANCE
The air resistance is the force exerted by the air that
opposes the motion of a vehicle passing through it.
air to relative speed vehicle :
vehicle the of area frontal :
coeff. drag ess dimensionl :
pressure dynamic :
047 . 0
2
r
f
D
r f D a
V
A
C
q
V A C R =
f D a
A C q R =
( )( ) width Max height Max . A
f
. . 8 0
AIR RESISTANCE AIR RESISTANCE
The typical modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of
between 0.300.35. SUVs, with their flatter shapes, typically
achieve a C
d
of 0.350.45.
0.24 Audi A2 1.2 TDI, 2001 0.27 Merc Benz C-Class, 2001-2007
0.372 Ferrari, 1996
0.57 Hummer H2, 2003
0.7 to 1.1 F1 Car???
Drag Drag vs vs. Lift . Lift
Lift is an aerodynamic force resulting from the pressure difference above and
underneath a car. It decreases the weight of the car in effect. Drag (i.e. air
resistance) and lift are usually mutually exclusive.
Unlike standard cars that produces upward force, F1 cars can produce a
downforce equal to their weight at 125km/h to 130km/h, and at 190km/h the ratio
is roughly 2:1. Therefore, theoretically, F1 cars can drive upside down from
130km/h.
Bugatti Veyron
%2
Parts rotating at engine speed : crankshaft, flywheel, clutch,etc.
Parts rotating at propeller shaft speed: transmission shaft, etc.
Parts rotating at wheel speed : Drive axles, wheels, tires, etc.
INERTIAL RESISTANCE INERTIAL RESISTANCE
While the vehicle is in linear motion, an inertial resistance to motion due to
rotating parts also exists. Rotating masses can be grouped into:
Moment of Inertia (J) : A measure of the resistance offered by a body to
angular acceleration.

+ =
2
w
T
v v i
r
J
m a R
eq v i
m a R =

v eq
m m =
2
2 2 2
1
w v
d t e d p w
r m
i i J i J J + +
+ =
( )
2
0016 , 0 03 . 1
d t
i i + =
(An effective linear acceleration resistance)
( is the rotary mass factor)
( is the rotary mass factor)
( is the rotary mass factor)