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Psychrometrics
Theory and Applications
Dr. Murat Kacira, Associate Professor
Agri cul t ural and Bi osyst ems Engi neeri ng
Cont rol l ed Envi ronment Agri cul t ure Cent er
Theory and Applications
Cont rol l ed Envi ronment Agri cul t ure Cent er
Uni versi t y of Ari zona
mkaci ra@cal s. ari zona. edu
Objectives
Learn to answer these question at the end of
Psychrometri cs lecture session!!
What is Psychrometrics?
What are thermodynamic properties of moist air? What are thermodynamic properties of moist air?
What is the Psychrometric Chart?
How do we use the Psychrometric Chart?
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Applications:
HVAC systems, animal, plant and human comfort
Air-conditioning devices
Cooling towers
Industrial processes requiring close control of the vapor content in air
F d i d i i Food sciences and engineering
Animal housing
Plant systems (Greenhouses, growth chambers, plant based bioregenerative
life support systems etc.)
Evaporative coolers
Mold problems & health related issues (Dew & Condensation!)
Water harvesting in arid lands
What is Psychrometri cs ?
The term derives from the Greek psuchr on ()
(cold) and metron () (means of measurement) (cold) and metron () (means of measurement)
Simple definition:
the study of moist air properties!
in Engineering terms: in Engineering terms:
the science involving thermodynamic properties of
moist air.
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What are thermodynamic properties of
moist air?
Properties that describe the state of a Psychrometric
process process .
What is Moist Air?
A binary mixture of dry
air and water vapor air and water vapor.
- Each mixture component behave as ideal gases at the states
under present consideration.
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Dalton model (Partial pressures)
Each component is considered to act as if it existed alone in
the volume V at the mixture temperature T while exerting a
part of the pressure
(John Dalton, 1766 1844)
E li h h i h i i )
part of the pressure.
P = P
a
+ P
v
P = mixture pressure
P
a
= partial pressure of dry air
P
v
= partial pressure of water vapor
English chemist, physicist)
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Psychrometric definitions
A ) Temperature
Dry Bulb Temperature (T
DB
; C or F)
The temperature of air measured by a thermometer The temperature of air measured by a thermometer
freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation
and moisture.
It is the true air
temperature we feel temperature we feel.
Wet Bulb Temperature (T
WB
; C or F)
The temperature at which water, by evaporating into air,
b i h i i di b i ll h
A ) Temperature
can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same
temperature.
In other words, T
WB
is the minimum
temperature that the moist air could
achieve if enough water was added
to achieve saturation (RH= 100%).
T is often used to indicate how T
WB
is often used to indicate how
much water can be added
to the air through evaporation.
Also called the adiabatic saturation temperature.
Dry-bulb temperature (
o
C, F)
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Sling Psychrometer
One device that uses the wet/dry bulb method is the sling
psychrometer where the thermometers are attached to a psychrometer, where the thermometers are attached to a
handle or length of rope and spun
around in the air for a few minutes
Wet bulb thermometer
Wet wick
What does the reading tell you?
Dry bulb thermometer
A. If the wet bulb temperature is lower
than the dry bulb the air-vapor mixture is
unsaturated.
B. If the wet bulb temperature is the same
as the dry bulb, the air-vapor is saturated.
Assmann Psychrometer
Aspirated type portable hygrometer Aspirated type portable hygrometer
In the Assman psychrometer, the wet-
bulb thermometer is installed in a duct
where the air is flowing at reasonable
velocity (2.5 m/s wind into 2
lower pipes)
Richard Assmann (German
name Richard Amann); (1845 -
1918), meteorologist and
physician
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A ) Temperature
Dew Point Temperature (T
DP
; C or F)
The temperature at which saturation is reached
(RH= 100%) when the moisture content of the air (W)
stays constant.
In other words, T
DP
is the
temperature at which water
will begin to condense out
of moist air.
C d i h Condensation occurs when:
T
DP
> Tair
Dew point temperature is typically
achieved by sensible cooling.
Dew Point Temperature
State 1
State 2
T1
T
dp
SODA
T < T
DP
When the temperature of cold
drink is below the dew-point
temperature of the surrounding
air, it sweats.
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Psychrometric definitions
B ) Water Content
Humidity Ratio/Absolute Humidity/Specific Humidity
(W/AH; kg H2O/kg DA or lb H2O/lbDA)
- The actual water content of the air.
- Expressed as a ratio of water
vapor content to total
amount of dry air.
m
v
: mass of water vapor (kg H2O)
m
a
: mass of dry air (kg dry air)
P : Total pressure (kPa)
When the water vapor is added to the dry air, specific humidity
or humidity ratio (W) increases. As we keep adding water vapor, the air becomes
saturated and can not hold water vapor anymore.
Any more moisture addition to saturated air will condense.
The amount of water vapor in saturated air can be determined using:
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B ) Water Content
Relative Humidity (/RH; %)
- The ratio of actual vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure at the
same temperature same temperature
- Simply, it is a measure of how much water is
in the air versus how much water the air can
hold at the same temperature.
Important: Relative humidity is relative
Because it depends on the air temperature.
100
g
v
g
v
P
P
m
m
= =
p p
The air can hold more moisture at higher
Temperatures (T
DB
) than lower temperatures
(T
DB
). Therefore, air at 20C and 40% RH
will have a lower water content () than at
40C and 40% RH.
g
v
P
P
=
Combining and
( )
g
P
P

+
=
622 . 0
g
g
P P
P

=
622 . 0
( )
g
g

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B ) Water Content
Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD; kPa or mm Hg or in. H2O)
- The difference between actual vapor pressure and saturation
vapor pressure at a given temperature vapor pressure at a given temperature.
- Like relative humidity, VPD is a measure of how much water is in
the air versus how much water the air can hold at the same
temperature.
- Many plant scientists use VPD rather than RH because
transpiration by plants depends largely on the gradient between
water at the plant (P
Sat,plant
) and water in the air (P
Act, air
).
VPD = P
sat. vapor
P
actual vapor
or VPD = P
g
P
v
or VPD = e* e
C) Energy Content
Enthalpy (h; kJ/kg dry air or BTU/lb air)
- This is the amount of energy contained in the moist air. This is the amount of energy contained in the moist air.
- Enthalpy represents the
amount of sensible and
latent energy contained
in the moist air.
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Dry air
1 kg
h
a
Moisture
kg
h
g v a
mh H
H H H
=
+ =
Atmospheric air is mixture of dry and moist air, so
enthalpy of air is expressed in terms of enthalpies of dry
and moist air as:
v a
v a v
a
v
a
a
a
v v a a
h h h
h h h
m
m
h
m
H
h
m by dividing
h m h m H

+ =
+ = + = =
+ =
:
(kJ kg dry air
-1
)
(1+ ) kg of moist air
h
v
h
g
(T)
g a
h h h + =
Reference to steam table data or a Mollier diagram for water shows that the
enthalpy of superheated vapor at low vapor pressures is very closely given by the
saturated vapor value corresponding to the given temperature. Hence, the enthalpy
of the water vapor h
v
, can be taken as h
g
at the mixture temperature. That is:
Example 1
5
m
x 5
m
x 5
m
Given
Find:
a) The partial pressure of dry air
b) The specific humidity (humidity ratio) of the air
Containing air @
T = 25
o
C
P = 100 kPa
= 75%
b) The specific humidity (humidity ratio) of the air
c) The enthalpy per unit mass of dry air (specific enthalpy)
d) The masses of dry air and water vapor in the room
Solution:
a) P
a
= P P
v
P
v
= P
g
= P
sat@25
o
C
= 0.75 x 3.169 kPa = 2.38 kPa
Therefore;
P
a
= P P
v
= (100 2.38) kPa = 97.62 kPa
b) 0152 . 0
38 . 2 100
38 . 2
622 . 0 622 . 0 =

=
v
v
P P
P
kg H2O kg dry air
-1
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c) h = h
a
+ h
v
h C T h h h k k f bl h C
p
T +h
g
; h
g
=h
sat@25 oC
= 2547.2 kJ kg
-1
from Table
= [1.005 (kJ kg
-1 o
C
-1
) x 25
o
C] + [0.152 x 2547.2 (kJ kg
-1
)]
h = 63.8 kJ kg
-1
d) Both dry air and water vapor fill the entire room.
So, the volume of each element is equal to the room volume:
V
a
= V
v
= V
room
= 5 X 5 X 5 = 125 m
3
P V R T P
a
V
a
=m
a
R
a
T
P
v
V
v
=m
v
R
v
T
kg
K kgK kPam
m kPa
T
v
R
v
V
v
P
v
m
kg
K kgK kPam
m kPa
T
a
R
a
V
a
P
a
m
3 . 1
298 /
3
4619 . 0
3
125 38 . 2
61 . 85
298 /
3
287 . 0
3
125 62 . 97
=

= =
=

= =
kg k am
v
98 / 6 9 . 0

The mass of water vapor could also be computed as :

m
v
= m
a
= 0.0152 x 85.61 kg = 1.3 kg water vapor
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Specific Volume (; m
3
/kg dry air or ft
3/
lb dry air)
This is the volume of the moist air mixture (volume
D) Volume
This is the volume of the moist air mixture (volume
occupied by both dry air and water vapor) versus the
unit mass of dry air.
At higher temperatures, the air
molecules are more energetic
causing the volume of the moist causing the volume of the moist
air mixture to expand and the
density to decrease.
m
V
v =
v = specific volume (m
3
/ kg dry air)
The specific volume of air is the inverse of density
( = 1/)
a
m
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The Psychrometric Chart
What is a Psychrometric Chart? What is a Psychrometric Chart?
A graphical representation of the relations between the
thermodynamic properties of moist air
Charts are constructed for a single barometric
pressure
If you know only two properties of the moist air you If you know only two properties of the moist air, you
can determine all other thermodynamic properties of
the moist air!!
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Example 2
Given: T
DB
= 25C, T
WB
=20C
Required: Required:
(a) Relative humidity (RH) (%),
(b) Dew-point temperature (T
DP
) (
o
C)
(c) Humidity ratio (Absolute Humidity) (g per kg dry
air)
(d) S ifi l ( ) ( /k d i ) (d) Specific volume (v) (m
3
/kg dry air)
(e) Specific enthalpy (h) (kJ/kg dry air)
RH = 63%
T
DT
= 17.6
o
C
T
WT
= 20
o
C
h= 57.5 kJ/kg DA
v= 0.862 m
3
/kg DA
W = 12.6 g H
2
O/kg DA
T
DB
= 25
o
C
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Example 2 (solutions)
Given: T
DB
= 25C, T
WB
=20C
Required: Required:
(a) Relative humidity = 63 (%)
(b) Dew-point temperature = 17.6 (
o
C)
(c) Humidity ratio = 12.6 (g/kg dry air)
(d) Specific volume = 0.862 (m
3
/kg dry air)
(e) Specific enthalpy (h) = 57.5 (kJ/kg dry air)
Example 3
Based on given Find the thermodynamic properties of moist air at the
two states. Draw the process line.
State Point 1 State Point 2
T
DB 1
= 40C T
DB 2
= 25C
DB,1 DB,2

1
= 14 g/kg

2
= 0.85m
3
/kg
T
WB,1
= 25C
T
DP,1
= 19.1C
RH
1
= 30 %
h
1
= 76 kJ/kg
v
1
= 0.907 m
3
/kg
T
WB,2
= 12.5 C
T
DP,2
= 0.67 C
RH
2
= 20.7%

2
= 3.9 g/kg
h
2
= 35 kJ/kg
P
1
= 16.5 mmHg
(2.23 kPa)
P
2
= 4.8 mmHg
(0.64 kPa)
to convert from mmHg, multiply by
0.133 kPa/mm Hg
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Example
State Point 1 State Point 2
T
DB1
= 40C
1 ) Find the properties.
2) Draw the process line.
State Point 1 State Point 2
T
DB1
= 40C T
DB,2
=22.1C
DB1
T
2WB,
= 18.5C
RH
1
= 10% RH
2
= 70%
) p
3) What is the process called?
DB1 DB,2
T
WB,1
= 18.5 C T
2WB,
= 18.5C
T
DP,1
= 2.66 C T
DP,2
= 17.1 C
RH
1
= 10% RH
2
= 70%

1
= 4.6 gr/kg
2
= 12.1 gr/kg
h
1
= 51.9 kJ/kg h
2
= 52 kJ/kg

1
= 0.89 m
3
/kg
2
= 0.85 m
3
/kg
1
0.89 m /kg
2
0.85 m /kg
P
1
= 5.5 mmHg P
2
= 13.98 mmHg
How is the Psychometric Chart used?
We can determine property changes caused by a
system (process) system (process).
We can design HVAC systems based on
heating/cooling needs to achieve the final (desired)
state point.
We can determine system efficiencies.
We can determine energy changes related to moist We can determine energy changes related to moist
air properties and the systems that change them
(ventilation, evaporative cooling, heating, etc)
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AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
H
u
m
i
d
i
f
y
i
n
g
gSensible heating
Sensible cooling
D
e
h
u
m
i
d
i
f
y
i
n
gSensible heating
Modeling air conditioning (AC) processes
Most AC processes can be modeled as steady-state.
Apply:
Conservation of mass (both dry air and water vapor)
Conservation of energy


= =
=
e e a i i a e w i w
e a i a
m m or m m
m m

, , , ,
, ,
Dry air mass
Water mass

=
i i e e
h m h m W Q Energy
i and e denotes inlet and exit states, respectively.
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Sensible heating
This process involves heat transfer of only sensible
heat (remember thats the heat we feel). We can heat (remember that s the heat we feel). We can
determine the total energy added to the air by
knowing the change of enthalpy from
State 1 to State 2, as well as the total amount of air
that is receiving the energy.
Sensible Heating and Cooling ( = constant)
Heating coils
T
1
,
1
,
1
Air
T
2

2
=
1

2 <

1
2 1
m m m
a a a
= =
( )
1 2
1 2
2 1
h h q
h h m Q
a
=
=
=
2
1
= constant

1
2
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Example 4
Moist air (T
DB
= 45F, RH = 80%) enters a heating coil
at 10 ft
3
min
-1
and exits the coil at T
DB
= 84F, at 10 ft min and exits the coil at T
DB
84 F,
RH=70%.
1. Find the psychrometric properties of moist air
entering and leaving the coil.
2. What is the rate of heat transfer to the air?
3 If the coil is operated for 10 minutes what is the 3. If the coil is operated for 10 minutes, what is the
total heat added to the air?
State Point 1 State Point 2
2) How much heat is added?
Sensible Heat Energy Balance
1) Properties
Solution 4
T
DB1
= 45F T
DB,2
= 84F
T
WB,1
= T
2WB,
= 18.5C
T
DP,1
= T
DP,2
=
RH
1
= 80 % RH
2
= 70%

1
=
2
=
h
1
= h
2
=
) (
1 2 12
h h m Q
a
= &
in
a
FlowRate
m

= &
i / 78 0
min / 10
3
lb
ft
gy
Mass flow rate of air
42 F
39 F
0.005 gr/lb 0.005 gr/lb
26 BTU/lb 16.5 BTU/lb
39 F
1 2
v
in
=
min / 78 . 0
/ 8 . 12
3
lb
lb ft
f
= =
min / 41 . 7 ) 5 . 16 26 ( 78 . 0
12
Btu Q = =
Btu
Btu
Q 1 . 74 min 10
min
41 . 7
12
= =
Rate of Heat Added to Air
3) Total heat added to air after 10 min
26 BTU/lb 5 / b
12.8 ft
3
/lb
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Heating with humidification

Heating coils
Air

3
>
2
1 2 3

1
=
2
Heating section Humidifying section
(
3
-
2
)
(
3
-
2
)
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where the left side of the equation represents the slope of the humidification
process on a psychrometric chart. Thus the direction of the process can be
determined from the enthalpy of the steam added to the air stream and the
(
3
-
2
)
py
enthalpy moisture protractor on a psychrometric chart.
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Example 5
An air conditioning system is taking in outside air at
10
o
C and 30% relative humidity at a steady rate of 45 3 y y 45
m
3
min
-1
and is conditioning it to 25
o
C and 60%
relative humidity. The outdoor air is first heated to
22
o
C in the heating section and then humidified by
injection of hot steam in the humidifying section.
Assume that the processes take place at 100 kPa
pressure. Determine:
a) The rate of heat supply in the heating section?
b) The mass flow rate of the steam required in the
humidifying section?
Solution (Example 5)
Dry air mass
2 1 , ,
m m m m m
a a a e a i a
= = =


Water mass
Energy

3=
60%
3
30%
Heating coils
( )
1 2
2 2 1 1 , ,
h h m Q
m m m m
a
a a e w i w
=
= =


3
1

1=
30%
10 C
= constant
2
22 C 25 C

3
>
2
Air
1 2 3
1
=
2
T
1
=10 C

1
=30 %
V
1
=45 m
3
/min
T
3
=25 C

3
=60 %
T
2
=22 C
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kPa P P P
kPa kPa P P P
C sat g v
632 99 368 0 100
368 . 0 2276 . 1 3 . 0
20 @ 1 1 1 1
= = =
= = = =
a)
[ ]
kgdryair m
kPa
K kgK kPam
P
T R
v
kPa P P P
a
a
v a
/ 815 . 0
632 . 99
283 / 287 . 0
632 . 99 368 . 0 100
3
3
1
1
1
1 1 1
=

= =
= = =
/ 0023 . 0
368 0 100
368 . 0 622 . 0 622 . 0
min / 2 . 55
/ 815 . 0
min / 45
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
kgdryair kgwater
kPa
kPa
P P
P
kg
kg m
m
v
V
m
v
a
=

=
= = =

( ) ( )
min / 4 . 673
/ 8 . 15 28 min] / 2 . 55 [
/ 0 . 28 / 2 . 2541 0023 . 0 ) 22 / 005 . 1 (
/ 8 . 15 / 8 . 2519 0023 . 0 ) 10 / 005 . 1 (
368 . 0 100
1 2
2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
kJ Q
kg kJ kg h h m Q
kg kJ kg kJ C kgC kJ h T C h
kg kJ kg kJ C kgC kJ h T C h
kPa P P
a
g p
g p
v
=
= =
=
= + = + =
= + = + =

3 3 2 2
m m m
a w a
= +
b)
( )
[ ]
/ 01206 . 0
169 . 3 60 . 0 100
169 . 3 60 . 0 622 . 0
622 . 0
3
3 3 3
3 3
3
2 3
3 3 2 2
kgdryair kgwater
kPa
kPa
P P
P
m m
g
g
a w
a w a
=


=

=
=

( )
min / 539 . 0
0023 . 0 01206 . 0 ) / ( 2 . 55
,
kg m
kgdryair kgwater m
So
w
w
=
=
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Cooling with Dehumidification
This process involves both the removal of
water vapor and heat from the moist air.
Therefore, the energy balance equation will
include a change in enthalpy as well as a
term for the removal of moisture from the
system, both in the forms of vapor and
liquid condensate that will likely form on
the cooling coil.
Example 6
Air enters a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30 C and
80% RH at a rate of 10m3/min and leaves at saturated 80% RH at a rate of 10m3/min and leaves at saturated
air at 14 C. Part of the moisture in the air which
condenses during the process is also removed at 14 C.
Determine:
a) The rates of heat and moisture removal fromthe air
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Solution 6
Cooling coils
Air Air
T
1
=30 C

1
=80%
V
1
=10 m
3
/min
T
2
=14 C

3
=100 %
a a a
m m m = =
2 1
Condensate removal
at 14 C
( )
w w a a a a
i i e e
a w
w a a
h m h m h m Q
h m h m W Q
m m
m m m
+ =
=
=
+ =

1 1 2 2
2 1
2 2 1 1


St t 1 St t 1 St t 2
In let and exit states are completely specified and the total pressure is at 1 atm,
so we can use psychrometric chart to determine the properties of the air
Solution 6 continued
2
= constant

2=
100%

1=
80%
1
1
State 1 State 1 State 2
T
DB1
= 30 C T
DB,2
= 14 C T
DB,2
= 14 C

1
= 80 %
1
= 100 %
2
= 100 %

1
= 0.0216
kgH2O/kg dry air

1
= 0.0216
kgH2O/kg dry air

2
= 0.0100
kgH2O/kg dry air
h
1
= 85.4 kJ/kg h
w
=h
f@14C
h
w
=58.8 kJ/kg
h
2
= 39.3 kJ/kg
v
1
=0.889
m3/kg dry air
2
14 C
30 C
g y
( )
( )
min / 513
)] / 8 . 58 min)( / 131 . 0 [( / 4 . 85 3 . 39 min / 3 . 11
min / 0131 . 0 0100 . 0 0216 . 0 min / 3 . 11
min / 3 . 11
/ 889 . 0
min / 10
3
3
1
1
1
kJ Q
kg kJ kg kg kJ kg Q
kg kg m
kg
kgdryair m
m
v
V
m
w
a
=
+ =
= =
= = =
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Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling is an adiabatic process, meaning
there is no energy transfer to or from the system. there is no energy transfer to or from the system.
However, the energy is transformed from sensible to
latent.
Conventional cooling systems operate on a
refrigeration cycle, and they can be used in any part of
the world. But they have high initial and operation
costs!!
In desert (hot and dry) climates, evaporative coolers
can be used to avoid high costs of cooling.
Swamp coolers
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29
PAD-FAN system in Greenhouses
Example 7
Outside air enters a greenhouse pad at 95 F and 20%
relative humidity and enter the greenhouse interior at relative humidity and enter the greenhouse interior at
80% relative humidity. Determine:
a) The exit temperature of the air from the pad.
b) The lowest temperature to which the air can be
cooled by pad-fan system.
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30
T 95 F
%
T
1
= 95 F

1
= 20%
P = 14.7 psi

2
= 80%
T
wb
and h = constant

2=
100%

1=
20%
1
2
2

2=
80%
T
wb1@95 F and 20%
= 66 F
T = T = 66 F
95 F T
2
T
min
T
wb1
= T
wb2
= 66 F
T2
@Twb=66 F and 80%
= 70.4 F
T
min@Twb=66 F and 100%
= T
2
= 66 F
100
, ,
, ,

=
Out WB Out DB
In DB Out DB
Pad
T T
T T

% 8 . 84 100
66 95
4 . 70 95
=

=
Pad

9/18/2012
31
Adiabatic mixing of airstreams

1
h
1

2
h
2
h
1

3
h
3
Mixing
section
2
3
1
2
3

2
h1
h3
h2
h3-h1
h2-h3
Dry air mass
3 2 1
m m m
a a a
= +
95 F T
2
T
min
1
y
Water mass
Energy
1 3
3 2
1 3
3 2
2
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
h h
h h
m
m
h m h m h m
m m m
a
a
a a a
a a a
a a a

=
= +
= +



Eliminating m
a3
Example 8
A stream of 3 m
3
/s of outdoor air at 4C dry-bulb
temperature and 2C thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature
is adiabatically mixed with 7.25 m
3
/s of recirculated air at
25C dry-bulb temperature and 60% rh. Find the dry-bulb
temperature and thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of
the resulting mixture.
9/18/2012
32
The above figure shows the schematic solution.
v
1
= 0.789 m3/kg (dry air), and v
2
= 0.86 m3/kg (dry air).
m
a1
= 3 / 0.789 = 3.8 kg/s (dry air)
m
a2
= 7.25 / 0.86 = 8.43 kg/s (dry air)
m
a3
=m
a1
+m
a2
= 12.23 kg/s (dry air)
2 3 m Line

2
= 60%
69 . 0
23 . 12
43 . 8
2 1
3 1
3 1
2 3
3
2
2
1
= = =

a
a
a
a
m
m
Line
Line
or
m
m
Line
Line
Consequently, the length of line segment 13 is
0.69 times the length of entire line 12.
Using a ruler State 3 is located
T
db1
=4
o
C
T
w1
= 2
o
C
T
db2
=25
o
C
Using a ruler, State 3 is located,
Line(1-2)=6 cm
Line (1-3)=6*0.69=4.14 cm
And,
T
db3
= 18.5C
T
wb3
= 15.0C
Example 9
Moist air at 25C dry-bulb and 10C thermodynamic
wet-bulb temperature is to be processed to a final dew- wet bulb temperature is to be processed to a final dew
point temperature of 15C by adiabatic injection of
saturated steam at 110C. The rate of dry airflow is 3
kg/s (dry air). Find the final dry-bulb temperature of
the moist air and the rate of steamflow.
9/18/2012
33
From a sarurated water-vapor properties
table, the enthalpy of the steam
h
g@110 C
= 2691.5 kJ/kg ( or h
w
).
g@110 C
g (
w
)
Therefore, according to the psychrometric
equation, the condition line on the
psychrometric chart connecting
States 1 and 2 must have a direction:
h/W = 2.691 kJ/g (water)
State 2 is established at the intersection of
the condition line
with the horizontal line extended from the
10 C
15C W
2
= 10.5
with the horizontal line extended from the
saturation curve at 15C (t
d2
= 15C). And,
t
db2
= 27.5
Values of W
2
and W
1
can be read from the
chart. The required steam flow is,
m
w=
m
a
(W
2
W
1
) = 3 kg dry air/s (10.5 2)g/kg dry air = 25.5 g/s (steam)
25 C
W
1
= 2