Study guide for chapter 3

1. Which microscope is most commonly used in homes and

laboratories?
The COMPOUND microscope: Magnifies up to 1,000 times.
TEMM and SEM are other microscopes.

2. The plasma membrane is ______________ permeable
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE: Barrier around the cell that only allows substance
needed in and keeps unneeded out.

3. What are the major LIPIDS in the plasma membrane you have
to understand that lipid is the same as fat.
PHOSPOLIPDS, CHOLESTEROL, and GLYCOLIPIDS.
They are the MAIN SUBSTANCE in the membrane.

4. Know all about the membrane proteins and what they do.
CHANNEL: Pores in a membrane that allows passage of specific
substances, such as Ions.
TRANSPORTERS: Shuttles substances, such as glucose across the
membrane. * Think mail man*
RECEPTORS: Allow attachment of substances, such as glucose, across
the membrane. *Mail receiver*
ENZYMES: Participate in reaction at the surface of the membrane.
LINKERS: Give Structure to the membrane and attach to the other cells.
link them
CELL IDENITY MARKERS: Proteins unique to a persons cell; important
in the immune system and in transplantation of tissue from one person to
another. They claim the cell, its their territory

5. Know all about the different organelles and what they do.
PLASMA MEMBRANE: BILAYER, double lipid. Encloses cell contents. Like the
bouncer of the cell Outer layer of the cell; composed mainly of lipids and
proteins.
IN THE CELL
ABSORB MATERIALS INTO THE CELL!
POWER HOUSE. CONTAINS CHROMOSOMES!
SITE OF MANY CELLULAR ACTIVITES, CONSIST OF CYTOSOL
AND ORGANELLES.
: SURROUND THE ORGANELLES. FLUID PORTION OF CYTOPLASM.
O GELLY SUBSTANCE, ALL ORGANELLES HANGOUT
SORTS PROTEINS AND FORMS THEM INTO MORE COMPLEX
COMPOUNDS.
O RIBOSOMES(DOTS ON WALL)
INVOLVED IN LIPID SYNTHESIS.
O NO RIBOSOMES

MANUFACTUR PROTEINS.
O SMALL BODIE IN CYTOPLASM ATTCHED TO ROUGH ER.
CONVERT ENERGY TO ATP.
O LARGE BODIES WITH INTERNAL FOLDED MEMBRANES.
MAKES COMPOUNDS CONTAINING PROTEINS; SORTS
AND PREPARES THESE COMPOUDS FOR TRANSPORTS TO OTHER PARTS OF
CELL OR OUT OF CELL.
O LAYERS OF MEMBRANOUS SACS.
DIGEST SUBSTANCES WITHIN THE CELL.
O SMALL SACS OF ENZYMES.
BREAK DOWN HARMFUL SUBSTANCES.
O SMALL SACKS OF ENZYMES.
STORE MATERIALS AND MOVE MATERIALS INTO OR OUT OF CELL
IN BULK.
O SMALL STORAGE SACKS.
: MOVE THE CELL OR FLUIDS AROUND THE CELL.
O ROD SHAPED NEAR NUCLEUS.

OUTSIDE THE CELL
MOVE THE FLUIDS AROUND CELL.
O SHORT, HAIRLIKE
MOVES THE CELL.
O LONG, WHIPLIKE EXTENSION FROM CELL


6. What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures made up of MICROTUBULES, IN THE ANIMAL
CELL.
REPLICATES DURING INTERPHASE OF MITOSIS!
7. Do not confuse centrioles with a centromere know the
difference.
The point on a CHROMOSOME by which it is attached to a spindle fiber
during cell diffusion.

8. Ingestion of fluid droplets into a cell is called??

o PINO= CELL DRINKING!!
o This is how larger protein molecules; in suspension, travel in cell
membrane.



Know all the processes for transfer of substances in an out of
the cell. Which ones and which ones
DIFFUSIOIN: Random movement of particles with concentration
gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration) until they
reach equilibrium.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Movement of materials across the
plasma membrane along the concentration gradient using transporters to
speed the process.
OSMOSIS: Diffusion of materials through a membrane under
mechanical force.
FILTRATION: Movement of materials through a membrane under
mechanical force.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Movement of materials through the plasma
membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient using transporters.
BULK TRANSPORT: Movement of LARGE AMOUNTS of material through
the PLAMSA MEMBRANE using vesicles; also called vesicular transport.
ENDOCYTOSIS: Transport of BULK AMOUNTS of materials INTO THE
CELL using vesicles.
EXOCYTOSIS: Transport of BULK MATERIAL OUT OF CELL using
vesicles.

10. Stages of mitosis P M A T.
PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE.

11. Know hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic
HYPOTONIC: Has LOWER concentration of dissolved substance than
the fluid in the cell. CELL TAKES IN FLUID AND BURST.
HYPERTONIC: Has a HIGHER concentration of dissolved substance
than the fluid in the cell. CELL WILL LOOSE H20 and SHRINK!
ISOTONIC: Has the SAME concentration of dissolved substances as
the fluid in the cell. NOTHING, CELL IS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH
ENVIORMENT.

12. What is a nucleotide and how is it formed (hint It is made
up of a nitrogen base and what other two things)?
NUCLEOTIDE: Form the BASIC structure of DNA.
Consist of, NITROGEN BASE, SUGAR UNIT and PHOSPHATE GROUP.

13. What are ribosomes and what type of RNA to they hang out
with?


14. Translation synthesizes what kind of substance?


15. Know what happens during the stages of mitosis.
INTERPHASE
o DNA replicates. ( Stage of cells life between mitosiss)
PROPHASE
o The doubled strands of DNA return to their tightly wound spiral
organization and become visible like dark thread like
chromosomes.
METAPHASE
o The chromosomes line up in across the center of the cell attached
to the spindle fibers.
ANAPHASE
o The centromere splits and the duplicated chromosomes separate
and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell.
TELOPHASE
o A membrane appears around each group of separated
chromosomes, forming two new nuclei.


16. Know what membrane potential means?
Difference in electric charge on either side of the plasma membrane.
Membrane potential allows the plasma membrane to act as a battery. It uses
electrical energy to power the membrane functions.
Cause by separation of POSITIVE and NEGATIVE ions and proteins on
EITHER SIDE OF THE MEMBRAINE( mainly sodium and potassium)