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= + 6D7
+here iM.,2, #or ,ort 1 and 2 res,ectively.
+& .ffshore enery par/ mode"
)he ,lat#orm sho+n in @igure . +ith 29 or 49 rene+able
units +ill be di##icult to simulate due to signi#icant
com,uting time. In simulation they are re,resented as t+o
single e0uivalent .99A1 generators, subse0uently
converters + and E are also modeled at .99A1.
)he .99A1 +ind turbine out,uts electrical ,o+er
bet+een 2..DA1 and .99A1 as the +ind s,eed varies
bet+een Dm<s3.9m<s. )he .99A1 EASG Simulin! model
used #or tidal energy out,uts electrical ,o+er bet+een
.2.4A1 and .99A1 as the tidal stream s,eed changes
bet+een 2m<s3=m<s, +ith diode recti#ied voltage varying
bet+een 2!;3=!;.
;. SIA%C&)I*( R$S%C)S
System res,onse to small signal disturbances is tested and
also #or t+o DC #aults. )he #ault locations are sho+n in
@igure .. )he DC #aults are tested during steady state +ith a
+ind s,eed o# ?m<s and tidal stream s,eed o# =m<s. &t the
moment +hen the #ault occurs, the intertie DCDC converter
! is dis,atching 9..4 pu tidal ,o+er #rom branch 2 into
branch ..
%& Sma"" sina" responses
@igure D con#irms system stability and correct o,eration
o# all control loo,s 6+ith no ,o+er dis,atch through the
intertie at this stage7. In ,articular the DC voltages at D9!;
and =9!; bus are !e,t at rated values #or +ide range o#
,o+er levels. &lso the reactive ,o+er control loo,s o,erate
normally #or +ide range o# ,o+er orders.
+& #! fau"t 1
@igure H sho+s the system res,onses #or a transmission
cable DC #ault condition on branch . at 2.4s. )he local
DC<DC converters limit the #ault current and ,revent #ault
,ro,agation. )he #aulted 249!;dc transmission line is
,ermanently isolated by o,ening &C C5. and bloc!ing
transmission DCDC converter % 649ms a#ter the lo+ DC
voltage is detected, using control in @igure 47. 5oth +ind and
tidal energy #arm o,erate normally during and a#ter the #ault,
and #ull .99A1 branch ,o+er is diverted through the intertie
branch a#ter the #aulted cable is isolated. )here +ill be no DC
voltage colla,se on D9!; 6or =9!;7 DC cable.
!& #! fau"t 2
DC #ault 2 is a ,ole to ,ole short circuit #ault at 2.4s on
the interconnecting cable a3c, and @igure ? sho+s the system
res,onses. During the #ault, DCDC converters %, + and !
initially limit the current. 1hen lo+ DC voltage is detected
#or 29ms, DCC5 is o,en and the #ault is ,ermanently
isolated. )hen 4ms later DCDC converters % and + increase
Mf,ref 6control bloc!s sho+n in @igure 47 and they
automatically resume normal o,eration. )his ,rocess is
com,leted +ithin 49ms be#ore the tri,,ing time o# DCDC
converters. In this case, branch . recovers #rom DC #ault 2
and the +ind ,o+er is continuously transmitted to onshore
utility .. )idal energy #arm o,erates normally during a#ter the
#ault and branch 2 retains #ull #unctionality.
)he details o# DCC5 o,ening ,rocess and converter
recovery ,rocess are illustrated in @igure P. '#!F2 is the local
voltage +hich dro,s #rom D9!; to zero at 2.4s due to short
circuit #ault. &t 2.42s, the current through DCC5 I#!!+ is zero
at the moment o# o,ening DCC5L at 2.424s DCDC
converters % and + begin to resume and the ,o+er delivery is
recovered at about 2.4Hs. )his is indicated by I#!+ and I#!%1,
+hich are the currents out o# DCDC converter + and into
DCDC converter % res,ectively.
In this test, during the #ault conditions a cho,,ed
resistor is used to maintain the o##shore D.4!; dc voltage
constant, +hich is triggered +hen the DC voltage reaches
H!;.
@igure D Simulation results #or 299A1 DC collection grid
#or ste, changes in o##shore energy.
=
@igure H Simulation results #or ,ole3to3,ole DC #ault at 2.4s
on 249!;dc transmission line, branch .
@igure ? Simulation results, branch . recovery #rom ,ole3to3
,ole DC #ault at 2.4s on interconnecting cable a3c
;I. C*(CC%SI*(
)he o,eration and ,rotection o# a subsea DC collection grid
e0ui,,ed +ith CCC DCDC converters is ,resented. )he grid
,o+er can be reliably delivered under both small signal and
@igure P DCC5 o,ening ,rocess +ith I#!!+M9 and '#!F2M9,
and the recovery o# DCDC converters % and +
large signal disturbances. )his grid is ca,able o# connecting
di##erent DC transmission system +ith (3. security, or acting
as inter#aces #or &C utilities. )+o3branch system is sho+n in
this article but e>,ansion to multi,le branches is ,ossible.
Rene+able ,o+er branches can be recovered #rom DC
intertie #aults by the coordinated o,eration strategy on DCDC
converters and &C circuit brea!ers 6or DC disconnectors7.
)he above #unctions are achieved +ithout the ,resence o# #ast
DC circuit brea!ers.
R$@$R$(C$S
-./ CIGR$ 1or!ing Grou, 5=.42, NH;DC Grid @easibility Study,O
CIGR$ brochure 488, &,ril, 29.8.
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N@easibility o# DC transmission net+or!s,O in )roc& 2011 2
nd
IEEE
)ES Inno$ati$e Smart 1rid Techno"oies !onf&, ,,..3?.
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security assessments #or integrating large3scale tidal current and ocean
+ave resources into #uture electrical grids,O in )roc& IEEE vol. .9., iss.
=, &,ril 29.8, ,,. P4D3PHH.
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Trans& )ower #e"i$ery, vol. 2?, no =, ,,. 29H.329HP, *ct. 29.8.
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,er#ormance and cost analysis o# DC grids #or connecting multi,le
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D.
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N*ne3,o+er3,oint o,eration o# variable s,eed +ind<tidal stream
turbines +ith synchronous generators,O IET Renewab"e )ower
1eneration, vol. 4, iss., ., ,,. PP3.9?, Jan. 29...
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