Analysis of water flow and transportation into the soil

Foreword: The paper presents the results of some studies regarding the flow and transportation process
alteration in the soil. The site that was chosen for this case-study is located in the commune of Gorban,
neighbouring the county of Vaslui. A boring was performed into the soil and the hydrogeological
parameters of the aqueous stratum were determined. The data obtained represented the reference data in the
B!"T program which allowed the simulation of the ground water flow process and the chemical
compounds transportation process into heterogeneous porous media that showed #ariable saturation in a
bidimensional system.
Keywords: soil, boring, ground water, transportation, alteration
1. INTRODUCTION
The site that is the ob$ect of this case-study is located on the inferior west side of the hill
%ealul &alcia, the commune of Gorban, county of asi, and whose absolute altitudes are
at '( ) *( metres.
Geologically spea+ing, the commune of Gorban is situated within the ,olda#ian -lateau
.nit /.nitatea -latforma ,oldo#eneasca0. This unit is characterised by two different
types of structure:
crystalline bedrock: which is the basement of the ,olda#ian -lateau and is
composed, in terms of roc+s, of crystalline schists with granite diffusions. The
crystalline bedroc+ is at a depth of 11(( ) 12(( metres in the area of the
commune of Gorban.
sedimentary cover
3tarting with the -recambrian crystalline bedroc+, a number of sedimentary roc+s
formed strata in a discordant and transgressi#e manner, starting with a late &ambrian
and early !rdo#ician formations and reaching *(( metres in thic+ness. 4e5t, there
are the 3ilurian roc+s that reach as much as 22( ) 2*( metres in thic+ness. At the end
of this period, the ,olda#ian -lateau e5perienced a stage of emersions and de#eloped
in a subaerial e5posure until the end of the &retaceous, when the marine transgression
allowed the 3enonian limestones of 6( metres in thic+ness to appear and accumulate.
The last stratum of the sedimentary co#er is made of 4eo7oic formations dating since
the late 4eo7oic /the Badenian ) 3armatian sedimentary cycle0 and reaches almost
6(( metres in thic+ness. Their lithology is predominantly shaly-limestone and shaly
with intercalations of calcareous sandstone. The latest deposits of the sedimentary
co#er date since the early 8uaternary, and reach a thic+ness of about 1( ) 6( metres9
they are lithologically made of sands, clay sand and clays at the end.
:ydrographical &lassification and Geomorphology
The commune of Gorban belongs to the -rut hydrographical basin and has a poor
hydrographical networ+9 the only water flow is Broo+ Gorban.
n terms of geomorphology, the commune of Gorban belongs to the -rut 3tream .nit
/.nitatea &uloarul -rutului0 in the ,olda#ian -lain ;egion /;egiunea &ampia
,oldo#ei0.
3ite location
The prospected and in#estigated boring site is located at the south end of the
commune of Gorban, neighbouring the county of Vaslui, within the glacies area of
;i#er -rut. n the course of time, within its perimeter, there ha#e been quite a few
sporadic sand e5ploitations for the local use.
2. METHODS
The hydrological perimeter was e5plored by a prospecting boring of *< in diameter and
16 metres deep. The rate at the boring aperture was determined by interpolation.
n order to simulate the flowing and transportation processes, the B!"T program was
used9 this is a 6% and 2% analysis model of two-dimensional and three-dimensional
elements for the water flow and for the aqueous transportation phase of pollutants into the
soil. Than+s to the precision offered by the B!"T program, one can establish the
irregular field limits, the irregular field areas, deep soil geology and ground water
geology.
B!"T can con#ey 6% plotting both for the saturated and for the unsaturated areas, in
e5tremely complicated conditions, that simulate flow transportation both #ertically
/together with the leachate migration0 and hori7ontally /together with the leachate
interfering with the ground water lateral flow0.
Than+s to a tabulated agenda-li+e interface, the B!"T pre-processor allows to edit and
store the data entered in the A3& te5t files as well as to #iew the control parameters, the
initial wor+ conditions, the species properties and the inferior area of the analysed
aquifer.
3. RESULTS AND COMMENTS
=ollowing the tests made on the samples ta+en from the site under discussion, we reached
the conclusion that the ground had the following downwards lithological succession
/starting from the surface0:
grey friable topsoil up to (.> metres depth9
yellow loess clay powder, solid plastic and consistent plastic sensiti#e to
wetting belonging to group A and identified in the =1 boring up to '.>
metres depth9
at ?.? metres underneath the loess clay powder, a permeable porous
hori7on was identified9 it had an upper stratum of brownish - greyish
friable powdery sand /1.> metres deep0 and with a lower stratum of
medium to large rusty ) greyish friable sand /2.* metres deep0. At a depth
of 11.@ metres a brownish clay stratum with greyish sand diffusions,
plastic consistency was identified9 this stratum was in#estigated up to 16
metres in depth.
The boring identified the hydrodynamic le#el at a depth of 12.' metres.
Two water sources were identified within the prospecting site:
the surface water resulted from springs and broo+s9
ground water
a0 The surface water
Aithin the prospected site as well as in the neighbouring areas, there were neither water
outcrops nor permanent or seasonal broo+s9 thus, from this perspecti#e, there were no
conditions to feed any possible negati#e influence on the surface water sources.
b0 The ground water
The hydrostatic le#el is at a depth of 12.' metres underneath the soil surface. The supply
of the aqeous stratum is made by lateral infiltration of the ground water in the sandy
diffusions, and comes from ;i#er -rut meadow.
Table 1. The hydrogeological parameters of the aqueous stratum within the prospected
site, the commune of Gorban
4o Aqueous
stratum -
lithology
3ite of
analysis
3pecific
flow
/q0
:ydraulic
gradient
/l0
=low
unit
/80
Aater
flow
speed
/Vr0
,a5.
speed in
the well
/Va0
Absorbtion
capacity
3torrage
coefficient
lBs --- lBs mBday mBs C C
1. brownish
- greyish
friable
powdery
sand
=1
boring
--- --- D2.* --- --- 26.(E 1?.6
2. medium
to large
rusty )
greyish
friable
sand
=1
boring
--- --- D2.? --- --- 22.? 1@.6
De5perimental #alues
Table 2. :ydrogeological boring - no. =1 F *< /'1, '( m0
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m
(.((
m
(.((
m C C C C C C C C C
/.0 (.>
12.'
grey friable topsoil
1.2 '.>
yellow loess clay
powder, solid
plastic and
consistent plastic
sensiti#e to wetting
belonging to group
A
1
2
6
1.((
6.((
*.((
1*.@
1*.6
1*.2
6?.(
6>.2
6>.(
21.2
2(.E
2(.@
1@.6?
2(.*2
22.11
(.@@
(.?*
(.>?
12
16
1>
*@
>(
*?
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2?
2?
2.2 2.*
brownish sandy
clay of plastic
consistency
'
*
*.*
?.*
1>.'
1>.>
'2.1
'1.*
2*.?
2'.E
26.>@
26.'
(.?2
(.?6
62
6*
62
2E
6>
6>
3.3 1.>
brownish - greyish
friable powdery
sand
0
?
@.((
E.((
--
--
--
--
--
--
26.12
26.6E
--
--
*6
>(
6>
6(
11
1(
11.4 2.*
medium to large
rusty ) greyish
friable sand
4
E
1(
E.*
1(.*
11.*
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
22.?
26,2>
26.@*
--
--
--
@>
?>
*'
E
12
26
*
12
16
16 1.2
brownish clay with
greyish sand
diffusions, plastic
consistency
11
12
12
16
1>.>
1>.>
'@.2
'E.2
61.>
62.'
2'.12
2*.>'
(.?*
(.?2
11
12
'>
'*
'6
'6
Table '. The aqueous stratum hydrogeological parameters of the site ) commune of
Gorban
4o Aqueous
stratum
lithology
3ite of
analysis
Aqueous
stratum
depth
:ydrodynami
c le#el
/4A0
:ydrostatic
le#el
/4:0
=iltration
coefficient
/G0
Transmisibility Hffecti#e
porosity
m m m mBday mIBday C
1. brownish -
greyish
friable
powdery sand
=1 boring 1.> --- --- D*'.@ @?.? 2*.6?
2. medium to
large rusty )
greyish
friable sand
=1 boring 1.> --- --- D>2 1** 2>.E2
DH5perimental #alues
Table '. :ydrogeological characteristics for samples 6 and '
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JmK J+4BmLK JCK JCK - JCK J+4BmLK - J+4BmLK JCK
> @ 1?.? '?.1@ 2*.6? (.@E >@.@' 1'.6@ 2E.21 1@.*@ 26.(E
@ E.* 1?.*1 '?.6* 2>.E2 (.E >>.@' 1'.2? 2@.@E 1@.6E 22.?
9. CONCLUSION
Ta+ing into account the hydrogeological features established in the analysed samples, we
can reach the conclusion that the land presents a lithological succession made of basic
sands, clay dust and clays in terminal side. The boring could identify the hydrodynamic
le#el at a depth of 12.' metres. The pedological and geological features and the
hydrogeological and hydraulic parameters were established in the aqueous stratum of the
analysed perimeter.
Two soil samples were ta+en from a depth of @ and E.* metres9 they were made of dust
sands, sensiti#e to wetting. These were considered primary data for the B!"T program
in order to simulate ground water flow and transportation in the two-dimensional system,
through heterogenous porous en#ironments with #ariable saturation. The calculation of
the efficient solutions in B!"T was obtained by mesh solutions in hori7ontal strips.
This led to reducing the amount of time necessary to calculate and sol#e problems with
high degree of difficulty.