Climate of New York - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

2/22/2014 Climate of New York - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_New_York 1/6
Lake effect snow bands over Upstate New
York
Climate of New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Climate of New York state is generally humid continental, and
features significant variation over the years. Winter temperatures
average below freezing during January and February but near
freezing along the Atlantic coastline, while summerlike conditions
prevail from June to August statewide. Cold air damming east of the
Appalachians leads to protracted periods of cloud cover and
precipitation east of the range, primarily between October and
April. On average, western New York is cloudier than southeast
New York, much of it generated from the Great Lakes. Greenhouse
gas emission is low on a per capita basis when compared to most
other states due to the extensive use of mass transit, particularly
across New York City. The significant urbanization within New
York City has led to an urban heat island, which causes
temperatures to be warmer overnight in all seasons.
Precipitation-wise, extratropical cyclones bring much of the
precipitation to the region from fall through spring. Significant Lake-
effect snows fall downwind of Lake Ontario and well as the Finger Lakes region of New York. Large, long-lived
complexes of thunderstorms can invade the state from Canada and the Great Lakes during the summer, while
tropical cyclones can bring rains and winds from the southwest during the summer and fall. Hurricane impacts on
the state occur once every 1819 years, with major hurricane impacts every 7074 years. An average of ten
tornadoes touch down in New York annually.
Contents
1 Temperatures
1.1 Summer
1.2 Winter
2 Cloudiness
3 Precipitation
4 Air pollution
5 Severe weather
6 See also
7 References
Temperatures
See also: Cold air damming and Urban heat island
A high pressure system in Canada
surges the air southward into the
oncoming storm system, creating the
potential for heavy wintry
precipitation anywhere the cold and
moist air masses meet, when it is
sufficiently cold.
The annual average temperature across the state ranges from around 39 F (4 C) over the Adirondack Mountains
to near 53 F (12 C) across Long Island.
[1]
New York generally has a
humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa in some central and southern
lowlands and the Hudson Valley south of Albany and in some isolated
pockets of Western New York, but otherwise Dfb over the rest of the
upstate). Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental
air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one
from the northwest.
[2]
A cool, humid airflow from the North Atlantic has a noticeable effect on
weather in the state. When a cool high-pressure area wedges in east of
the Appalachians, a cold air damming situation develops which causes a
persistent cloud deck with associated precipitation which linger across
the region for prolonged periods of time. Temperature differences
between the warmer coast and inland sections east of the terrain can
exceed 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius), with rain near the
coast and frozen precipitation, such as sleet and freezing rain, falling
inland. Two-thirds of such events occur between October and April, with
summer events preceded by the passage of a backdoor cold front,
[3]
which moves from northeast to southwest.
Unlike the vast majority of the state, New York City features a humid
subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa). New York City is an urban heat
island, with temperatures 5-7 degrees Fahrenheit (3-4 degrees Celsius)
warmer overnight than surrounding areas. In an effort to fight this
warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an
effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo.
[4]
Summer
In Huntington the average high July temperature is 23C,
[5]
while in Ticonderoga the average high in July is 81 F
(27 C),
[6]
the latter much further north, but in the former on Long Island, summer air is cooled by the surrounding
ocean. The summer climate is cooler in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau
due to the elevated terrain. The New York City area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have hot summers
by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys
pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime
temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s F (25 to 30 C), over much of the state. The record
high for New York state is 108 F (42 C), set at Troy on July 22, 1926.
[2]
Winter
The winters are very cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of
13 F (25 C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 0 F (18 C) or
colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The Adirondack region records from 35
to 45 days with below zero temperatures, in normal to severe winters.
[citation needed]
Winters are also long and
cold in both Western and Central New York, though not as cold as the Adirondack region due to the warming
influence of the Great Lakes. The New York City metro area, in comparison to the rest of the state, is milder in the
winter (especially in the city itself, which averages near or slightly above freezing). The record low for New York
state is 52 F (47 C), set at Stillwater Reservoir on February 9, 1934 and at Old Forge on February 18,
1979.
[2]
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures in Celsius (Fahrenheit) For Various New
York Cities
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Albany
0/-10
(31/13)
1/-8
(34/16)
7/-3
(45/25)
13/2
(57/36)
21/8
(70/47)
25/12
(78/55)
27/16
(82/61)
26/14
(80/58)
21/10
(71/50)
15/3
(60/39)
8/0
(48/31)
2/-6
(36/20)
Binghamton
-2/-9
(28/15)
0/-8
(31/17)
5/-3
(41/25)
11/1
(53/35)
18/7
(66/46)
22/12
(73/54)
25/15
(78/59)
24/13
(76/57)
20/10
(68/50)
13/4
(57/40)
6/0
(44/31)
0/-6
(33/21)
Buffalo
0/-7
(31/18)
0/-7
(33/19)
5/-3
(42/26)
12/2
(54/36)
18/8
(66/48)
23/13
(75/57)
26/16
(80/62)
25/15
(78/60)
21/11
(70/53)
15/6
(59/43)
8/1
(47/34)
2/-4
(36/24)
New York City
2/-5
(36/23)
4/-4
(40/24)
8/0
(48/32)
14/5
(58/42)
20/11
(68/53)
25/17
(77/63)
28/20
(83/68)
27/18
(81/66)
23/14
(74/58)
17/8
(63/47)
11/3
(52/38)
5/-2
(42/28)
Syracuse
0/-10
(31/14)
1/-8
(34/16)
6/-4
(43/24)
13/1
(56/35)
20/7
(68/46)
25/12
(77/55)
27/15
(82/60)
26/15
(80/59)
21/10
(71/51)
15/4
(60/40)
8/0
(47/32)
2/-6
(36/21)
Rochester
0/-8
(31/17)
0/-8
(33/17)
6/-3
(43/25)
12/1
(55/35)
20/7
(68/46)
25/12
(77/55)
27/15
(81/60)
26/15
(79/59)
21/10
(71/51)
15/5
(60/41)
8/0
(47/33)
2/-5
(36/23)
Watertown
-2/-13
(28/9)
-1/-12
(30/11)
4/-6
(40/22)
12/2
(53/35)
19/8
(66/47)
24/13
(75/56)
26/16
(79/61)
26/16
(78/60)
21/11
(69/51)
14/4
(57/39)
7/-1
(45/30)
1/-8
(33/17)
[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
Cloudiness
Southeast sections of the state have an average annual cloud cover of 59-62%, while areas of western New York
around Buffalo average 71-75% cloud cover annually.
[14]
Precipitation
See also: United States rainfall climatology
Annual average precipitation for New
York state
Average annual snowfall (in inches)
within the Lake effect snowbelts of
western New York
Average precipitation across the region show maxima within the mountains of the Appalachians. Between 28 inches
(710 mm) and 62 inches (1,600 mm) of precipitation falls annually across the Northeastern United States,
[15]
and
New York's averages are similar, with maxima of over 60 inches
(1,500 mm) falling across southwestern Lewis county, northern Oneida
county, central and southern Hamilton county, as well as northwestern
Ulster county. The lowest amounts occur near the northern borders with
Vermont and Ontario, as well as much of southwestern sections of the
state.
[16]
Temporally, a maximum in precipitation is seen around three
peak times: 3 a.m., 10 a.m., and 6 p.m. During the summer, the 6 p.m.
peak is most pronounced.
[17]
Coastal extratropical cyclones, known as nor'easters, bring a bulk of the
wintry precipitation to the region during the cold season as they track
parallel to the coastline, forming along the natural temperature gradient of
the Gulf stream before moving up the coastline.
[18]
The Appalachian
Mountains largely shield New York City from picking up any lake-effect
snow,
[19]
which develops in the wake of extratropical cyclones
downwind of the Great Lakes. The Finger Lakes of New York are long
enough for lake-effect precipitation. Lake-effect snow from the Finger
Lakes (like elsewhere) occurs in upstate New York until those lakes
freeze over.
[20]
Annual average lake-effect snows exceed 150 inches
(380 cm) downwind of Lake Erie and 200 inches (510 cm) downwind of
Lake Ontario.
[21]
During the summer and early fall, mesoscale convective systems can
move into the area from Canada and the Great Lakes. Tropical cyclones
and their remains occasionally move into the region from the south and
southwest.
[22]
The region has experienced a couple heavy rainfall events
that exceeded the 50-year return period, during October 1996 and October 1998, which suggest an increase in
heavy rainfall along the coast.
[23]
Air pollution
New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This efficiency
is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.
[24]
Severe weather
New York experiences an average of ten tornadoes per year,
[25]
with one tornado every five years considered
strong or violent.
[26]
The return period for hurricane impacts on the state is 1819 years,
[27]
with major hurricane
return periods between 7074 years.
[28]
See also
List of New York hurricanes
References
1. ^ Northeast Regional Climate Center (2012). "Normal Average Temperatures (Deg F): Annual (1971-2000)"
(http://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/normals/ntAnn.png). Cornell University. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
2. ^
a

b

c
"Climate of New York" (http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html). New York State Climate Office -
Cornell University. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
3. ^ Gerald D. Bell and Lance F. Bosart (January 1988). "Appalachian Cold Air Damming"
(http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281988%29116%3C0137%3AACAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2).
Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 116: 137. Bibcode:1988MWRv..116..137B
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988MWRv..116..137B). doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0137:ACAD>2.0.CO;2
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281988%29116%3C0137%3AACAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2). Retrieved
2012-03-14.
4. ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center (2012-03-07). "Reducing the Urban
Heat Island Effect: Bright Is the New Black as New York Roofs Go Cool"
(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120307185111.htm). ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
5. ^ Average Weather for Huntington, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
(http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USNY1348?from=36hr_bottomnav_undeclared)
6. ^ Average Weather for Ticonderoga, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
(http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USNY1448?from=36hr_bottomnav_undeclared)
7. ^ Average Weather for Rochester, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
(http://www.weather.com/outlook/homeandgarden/garden/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USNY1232?
from=search)
8. ^ Average Weather for Syracuse, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
from=search)
9. ^ Average Weather for New York, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
from=search)
10. ^ Average Weather for Buffalo, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
from=search)
11. ^ Average Weather for Binghamton, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
from=search)
12. ^ Average Weather for Albany, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
from=search)
13. ^ Average Weather for Watertown, NY - Temperature and Precipitation
from=search)
14. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2005-06-24). "Mean Sky Cover (Percent)"
(http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/climaps/skyc5013.pdf). National Oceanic or Atmospheric Administration.
Retrieved 2012-03-14.
15. ^ Allan D. Randall (1996). Mean Annual Runoff, Precipitation, and Evapotranspiration in the Glaciated Northeast
United States, 1951-1980. (http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/of96395/OF96-395.plate2.pdf) United States
Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
16. ^ Christopher Daily and Jenny Weisburg (2008-12-19). "Annual Average Precipitation: New York"
(http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ny.gif). Western Region Climate Center. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
17. ^ Michael G. Landin and Lance F. Bosart (June 1985). "Diurnal Variability of Precipitation in the Northeastern
United States" (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-
0493(1985)113%3C0989%3ADVOPIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1). Monthly Weather Review (American
Meteorological Society) 113 (6): 9891014. Bibcode:1985MWRv..113..989L
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985MWRv..113..989L). doi:10.1175/1520-
0493(1985)113<0989:DVOPIT>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-
0493%281985%29113%3C0989%3ADVOPIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2). Retrieved 2008-03-01.
18. ^ George J. Maglaras, Jeff S. Waldstreicher, Paul J. Kocin, Anthony F. Gigi, and Robert A. Marine (March 1995).
"Winter Weather Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States. Part 1: An Overview". Weather and
Forecasting (American Meteorological Society) 10: 6.
19. ^ Frank P. Colby, Jr. (2003). Mesoscale Snow Bands in an Ocean-Effect Snowstorm.
(http://storm.uml.edu/~colby/mesobands.pdf) University of Massachusetts Lowell. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
20. ^ Neil F. Laird (2004). Understanding Lake-Effect Snow Storms in the Finger Lakes & Great Lakes Regions.
(http://fli.hws.edu/powerpoint/FLI-Dedication-Presentation-2004.ppt) Finger Lakes Institute. Retrieved on 2008-
03-01.
21. ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office, Buffalo, New York (2003-09-23). "Average Seasonal Snowfall Over
the Eastern Great Lakes Region" (http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/buf/lakeffect/snowseason.html). National Weather
Service Eastern Region Headquarters. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
22. ^ David R. Vallee (Summer 2002). A Centennial Review of Major Land-Falling Tropical Cyclones in Southern New
England. (http://www.mass.gov/czm/coastlines/2002/c12.htm) Government of Massachusetts. Retrieved on 2008-
03-01.
23. ^ Barry Keim (June 1999). Current Climate of the New England Region: New England Regional Assessment.
(http://www.necci.sr.unh.edu/Nera-products/NERA-Climate-2pager-6.99.PDF) University of New Hampshire.
Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
24. ^ The New York Post (2007-06-03). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air"
(http://www.nypost.com/seven/06032007/news/regionalnews/a_breath_of_fresh_n_y__air_regionalnews_.htm).
25. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2012-03-07). "U.S. Tornado Climatology"
(http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadoes.html). National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
26. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2012-03-07). "Average Annual Number of EF3-EF5 Tornadoes"
(http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/totavg-ef3-ef5-torn1991-2010.gif). National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
27. ^ National Hurricane Center (2012-03-01). "Return Period (Years) Hurricane"
(http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/images/return_hurr.jpg). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
28. ^ National Hurricane Center (2012-03-01). "Return Period (Years) Major Hurricane"
(http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/images/return_mjrhurr.jpg). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Categories: Climate of the United States by state Environment of New York
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