1

INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING GSM

MESSAGING
A Project Report Submitted in the Partial fulfilment of
Bachelor of technology
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
By
Pratesh Kumar Reddy Rajupalem 091114076
Hithesh Reddivari 091114115
Lavudi Prudhvi 091114121
Annangarachari R 091114148
Korrapati Chandralohit 091114149

Under Guidance of
Dr. Arvind Rajawat

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BHOPAL
INDIA
April 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Abstract
Motivation for the project
1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 3
2 G.S.M MODEM 4
3 AT COMMANDS 7
4 SYNTAX OF AT COMMANDS 9
5 BASIC AT COMMANDS SET 11
6 ERRORS RETURNED BY GSM MODEM. 13
7 ARDUINO 14
8 INTERFACING ARDUINO WITH GSMMODEM 21
9 PIR SENSOR 28
10 INTERFACING PID WITH ARDUINO 32
11 ALGORITHM, FLOW CHART AND CODE. 33
12 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 39
References 40




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ABSTRACT
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT IS TO INFORM THE PERSON USING
THIS SYSTEM ABOUT THE ATTEMPT(S) OF BURGLAR TO UNLOCK THE
DOOR. THE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM WORKS IN TWO MODES:
HOME MODE, WORK MODE. IN THE HOME MODE, IF A BURGLAR
TRIES TO BREAK IN TO THE HOUSE THEN AN ALARM WILL GO OFF
INFORMING THE USER IN THE HOUSE. IN THE WORK MODE, THE
SYSTEM SENDS A FLASH MESSAGE TO THE USER INFORMING HIM
ABOUT THE INTRUSION. THE USER CAN SET THE MODE OF THE
SYSTEM.

MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT:
We come across many articles in the newspapers
about burglary of houses and banks; high incidence of
burglary has been reported in many cities over the past
one year. The modern security systems are very
expensive and it would cost the common man an arm
and a leg to buy the modern security systems available
in the market. So, we decided to make a cost-effective
system that detects the intrusion.




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1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT:
The purpose of our detection system is to detect the intrusion of a
burglar in to the house of the user. We use a P.I.R (PASSIVE
INFRARED) Sensor to detect the attempt(s) of a burglar to break in to
the house. We use an Arduino to set the alarm in the home mode of
the system or to send a flash message to the users cell phone in the
work mode. We use a G.S.M modem to send the flash message. The
arduino, in the work mode, sends AT commands to the G.S.M in
order to send the message. We use MAX-232 to interface arduino
with the modem. A detailed description of the procedure is
explained in the forthcoming chapters.

P.I.R HOME
INPUT MODE





WORK
MODE

BLOCK DIAGRAM-INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM.
2. GSM MODEM:
ARDUINO.
ALARM
GSM
MODEM
MOBILE
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GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a
computer and a GSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher data
transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS
modem assembled together with power supply circuit and
communication interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The
MODEM is the soul of such modules.



FIGURE.1 GSM MODULE


GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are
designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS
network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like
mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also
they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number
similar to mobile phones for their identification.


A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:

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1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.
2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or
controller, which are communicated through serial communication.
These commands are sent by the controller/processor. The MODEM
sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT
commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the
processor/controller/computer to interact with the GSM and GPRS
cellular network.



FIGURE.2 GSM MODEM



Features of GSM Modem:
1. GSM/GPRS Modem using SIMCOM-300Module
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2. RS232 interface DB port
3. Voice communication port
4. On board voltage regulator
5. Power / single led indication
6. SMA connector for antenna connection.




Parameter Min Max Unit
Peak current of power supply 0 4.0 A
RMS current of power supply (during
one TDMA- frame)
0 0.7 A
Voltage at digit pins -0.3 3.3 V
Voltage at analog pins -0.3 3.0 V
Voltage at digit/analog pins in POWER
DOWN mode
-0.25 0.25 V


3. AT COMMANDS:
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AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation
for Attention. These commands come from Hayes commands that
were used by the Hayes smart modems. The Hayes commands
started with AT to indicate the attention from the MODEM. The dial
up and wireless MODEMs (devices that involve machine to machine
communication) need AT commands to interact with a computer.
These include the Hayes command set as a subset, along with other
extended AT commands. The Hayes command set is a specific
command-language originally developed for the HayesSmartmodem
300 baud modem in 1981. The command set consists of a series of
short text strings which combine together to produce complete
commands for operations such as dialling, hanging up, and changing
the parameters of the connection.


FIGURE.3 AT COMMANDS IN GSM MODEM.
AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be
used to access following information and services:
1. Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device
orMODEM and SIM card.
2. SMS, MMS services.
3. Fax services.
4. Data and Voice link over mobile network.
The Hayes subset commands are called the basic commands and the
commands specific to a GSM network are called extended AT
commands.
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Command, Information response and Result Codes:
The AT commands are sent by the computer to the MODEM/ mobile
phone. The MODEM sends back an Information Response i.e. the
information requested by or pertaining to the action initiated by the
AT command. This is followed by a Result Code. The result code tells
about the successful execution of that command.





FIGURE.4 EXECUTION OF AT COMMANDS
There are also unsolicited Result Codes that are returned
automatically by the MODEM to notify the occurrence of an event.
For example the reception of a SMS will force MODEM to return an
unsolicited result code.
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4. AT commands' syntax:

Case Sensitivity -
The AT commands are generally used in uppercase letters. However
some MODEMs and mobile phones allow both uppercase and small
case letters.

Single Command -
The AT commands include a prefix AT which indicates the beginning
of the command to MODEM; and a carriage return which indicates
the end of the command.



FIGURE.5 FORMAT OF AT COMMAND

However string AT itself is not the part of the command. For
example in ATD, D is the command name not ATD.
The extended AT commands have a + in the command name.
For example: AT+CGMI<Carriage return>


String in Command Line -
Strings in a command line are enclosed in double quotes.
For example: AT+CGML=ALL<Carriage return>

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Information Response and Result Code
The Information Response and Result Codes, returned by the
MODEM, have a carriage return and line feed in the beginning as
well as at the end.

FIGURE.6 Information Response and Result Code

For example:
<Carriage return><Line feed>OK<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>ERROR<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>+CBC: 0, 60<Carriage return><Line
feed> etc.

Sequence of Execution -
In the command line, the command appearing first is executed first.
The execution then follows for second appeared command and so
on. The execution of commands in a command line takes place in
sequential manner.

If an error occurs in the execution of a command, an error result
code is returned by the MODEM and the execution of the command
line is terminated irrespective of presence of other commands next
in the command line.
There are four types of AT commands:
1) Test commands
2) Read commands
3) Set commands
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4) Execution commands.



5. BASIC AT COMMANDS



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LIST OF AT COMMANDS USED TO SEND A FLASH MESSAGE:
1. AT
2. AT+CMGF=1
3. AT+CSMP=17,167,0,16
4. AT+CMGS= +918989588733





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6.COMMON ERRORS RETURNED BY GSM MODEM:


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7. ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on
flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino can sense the
environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can
affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using
the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the
Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino
projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software
running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).
The Arduino software consists of a development environment (IDE)
and the core libraries. The IDE is written in Java and based on
the Processing development environment. The core libraries are
written in C and C++ and compiled using avr-gcc and AVR Libc. The
software also consists of the boot loader that runs on the board.
The hardware consists of a simple open hardware design for the
Arduino board with an Atmel AVR processor and on-
board input/output support.
Arduino Platform:
Hardware:
An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel
AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate
programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important
aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are
exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of
interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Official Arduinos
have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8,
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful
of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most
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boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some
designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the
onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An
Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader
that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory,
compared with other devices that typically need an
external programmer.
At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all
boards are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the
way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino
boards contain a simple inverter circuit to convert between RS-232-
level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed
via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as
theFTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the
unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board
or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used with traditional
microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR ISP
programming is used.)The Arduino board exposes most of the
microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.

SOFTWARE:
heArduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is
derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and
the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists
and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It
includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also
capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a
single click. The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called
"Wiring" (from the project of the same name), which makes many
common input/output operationsmuch easier. Arduino programs are
written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions to
make a runnable program:
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setup() a function run once at the start of a program that can
initialize settings
loop() a function called repeatedly until the board powers off
A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks a LED on
and off. In the Arduino environment, the user might write a program
like this:
#define LED_PIN 13

void setup () {
pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // enable pin 13 for digital output
}

void loop () {
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // turn on the LED
delay (1000); // wait one second (1000 milliseconds)
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // turn off the LED
delay (1000); // wait one second
}
For the above code to work correctly, the positive side of the LED
must be connected to pin 13 and the negative side of the LED must
be connected to ground. The above code would not be seen by a
standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks
the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is
written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top
and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid
C++ program.






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Arduinouno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on
the ATmega328 . It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can
be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the
FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.









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Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter
(wall-wart) or battery. The board can operate on an external supply
of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin
maysupply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB
connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage
through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller
and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN
via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another
regulated 5V supply.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It
also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode(), digital Write(), and digitalRead() functions.
They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum
of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
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default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of
the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger
an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in
value using attachInterrupt()
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which
provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default
they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change
the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used
with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used
to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.


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Communi cati on
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers.
The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which
is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a
virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware
uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is
needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data
to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the
board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).
Programmi ng
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software
(download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu
(according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see
the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with
a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the
use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).











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8. Interfacing Arduino with GSM modem:
In this section we will discuss how to interface GSM modem
with arduino. The block diagram is shown below.

Block diagram of interfacing GSM modem with arduino


As the above block diagram shows, the GSM modem is connected to
arduino using serial communication protocol. It is called UART
(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) protocol. It is
described in the following section.
UART:
A Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter,
abbreviated UART, is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter",
a piece of computer hardware that translates data
between parallel and serial forms. UARTs are commonly used in
conjunction with communication standards such as EIA, RS-232, RS-
422 or RS-485. The universal designation indicates that the data
format and transmission speeds are configurable and that the actual
electric signalling levels and methods (such as differential
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signalling etc.) typically are handled by a special driver circuit
external to the UART.
A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used
for serial communications over a computer or peripheral
device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in
microcontrollers. A dual UART, or DUART, combines two UARTs into
a single chip. Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also
communicate synchronously; these devices are
called USARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous
receiver/transmitter).
Transmitting and receiving serial data:
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) takes
bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential
fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into
complete bytes. Each UART contains a shift register, which is the
fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel
forms. Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a
single wire or other medium is much more cost effective than
parallel transmission through multiple wires.
The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external
signals used between different items of equipment. Separate
interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals of the
UART to and from the external signalling levels. External signals may
be of many different forms. Examples of standards for voltage
signalling are RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 from the EIA. Historically,
current (in current loops) was used in telegraph circuits. Some
signalling schemes do not use electrical wires. Examples of such
are optical fibre, IrDA (infrared), and (wireless) Bluetooth in its Serial
Port Profile (SPP). Some signalling schemes use modulation of a
carrier signal (with or without wires).
Communication may be simplex (in one direction only, with no
provision for the receiving device to send information back to the
transmitting device), full duplex (both devices send and receive at
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the same time) or half duplex (devices take turns transmitting and
receiving).

Character framing
The idle, no data state is high-voltage, or powered. This is a
historic legacy from telegraphy, in which the line is held high to show
that the line and transmitter are not damaged. Each character is sent
as a logic low start bit, a configurable number of data bits (usually 8,
but legacy systems can use 5, 6, 7 or 9), an optional parity bit, and
one or more logic high stop bits. The start bit signals the receiver
that a new character is coming. The next five to eight bits, depending
on the code set employed, represent the character. Following the
data bits may be a parity bit. The next one or two bits are always in
the mark (logic high, i.e., '1') condition and called the stop bit(s).
They signal the receiver that the character is completed. Since the
start bit is logic low (0) and the stop bit is logic high (1) there are
always at least two guaranteed signal changes between characters.
Obviously a problem exists if a receiver detects a line that is low for
more than one character time. This is called a "break." It is normal to
detect breaks to disable a UART or switch to an alternative channel.
Sometimes remote equipment is designed to reset or shut down
when it receives a break. Premium UARTs can detect and create
breaks.
Receiver
All operations of the UART hardware are controlled by a clock
signal which runs at a multiple of the data rate. For example, each
data bit may be as long as 16 clock pulses. The receiver tests the
state of the incoming signal on each clock pulse, looking for the
beginning of the start bit. If the apparent start bit lasts at least one-
half of the bit time, it is valid and signals the start of a new character.
If not, the spurious pulse is ignored. After waiting a further bit time,
the state of the line is again sampled and the resulting level clocked
into a shift register. After the required number of bit periods for the
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character length (5 to 8 bits, typically) have elapsed, the contents of
the shift register is made available (in parallel fashion) to the
receiving system. The UART will set a flag indicating new data is
available, and may also generate a processor interrupt to request
that the host processor transfers the received data.
The best UARTs "resynchronize" on each change of the data line that
is more than a half-bit wide. In this way, they reliably receive when
the transmitter is sending at a slightly different speed than the
receiver. (This is the normal case, because communicating units
usually have no shared timing system apart from the communication
signal.) Simplistic UARTs may merely detect the falling edge of the
start bit, and then read the centre of each expected data bit. A
simple UART can work well if the data rates are close enough that
the stop bits are sampled reliably.
It is a standard feature for a UART to store the most recent character
while receiving the next. This "double buffering" gives a receiving
computer an entire character transmission time to fetch a received
character. Many UARTs have a small first-in, first-out FIFO buffer
memory between the receiver shift register and the host system
interface. This allows the host processor even more time to handle
an interrupt from the UART and prevents loss of received data at
high rates.
Transmitter
Transmission operation is simpler since it is under the control
of the transmitting system. As soon as data is deposited in the shift
register after completion of the previous character, the UART
hardware generates a start bit, shifts the required number of data
bits out to the line, generates and appends the parity bit (if used),
and appends the stop bits. Since transmission of a single character
may take a long time relative to CPU speeds, the UART will maintain
a flag showing busy status so that the host system does not deposit a
new character for transmission until the previous one has been
completed; this may also be done with an interrupt. Since full-duplex
operation requires characters to be sent and received at the same
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time, practical UARTs use two different shift registers for transmitted
characters and received characters.

Structure
A UART usually contains the following components:
a clock generator, usually a multiple of the bit rate to allow
sampling in the middle of a bit period.
input and output shift registers
transmit/receive control
read/write control logic
transmit/receive buffers (optional)
parallel data bus buffer (optional)
First-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer memory (optional)
UART in modems
Modems for personal computers that plug into a motherboard
slot must also include the UART function on the card. The original
8250 UART chip shipped with the IBM personal computer had no on-
chip buffering for received characters, which meant that
communications software performed poorly at speeds above 9600
bits/second, especially if operating under a multitasking system or if
handling interrupts from disk controllers. High-speed modems used
UARTs that were compatible with the original chip but which
included additional FIFO buffers, giving software additional time to
respond to incoming data.
A look at the performance requirements at high bit rates shows why
the 16, 32, 64 or 128 byte FIFO is a necessity. The Microsoft
specification for a DOS system requires that interrupts not be
disabled for more than 1 millisecond at a time. Some hard disk drives
and video controllers violate this specification. 9600 bit/s will deliver
a character approximately every millisecond, so a 1 byte FIFO should
be sufficient at this rate on a DOS system which meets the maximum
interrupt disable timing. Rates above this may receive a new
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character before the old one has been fetched, and thus the old
character will be lost. This is referred to as an overrun error and
results in one or more lost characters. With error correcting
modems, any lost characters will be retransmitted, but
retransmission slows the connection.
A 16 byte FIFO allows up to 16 characters to be received before the
computer has to service the interrupt. This increases the maximum
bit rate the computer can process reliably from 9600 to 153,000 bit/s
if it has a 1 millisecond interrupt dead time. A 32 byte FIFO increases
the maximum rate to over 300,000 bit/s. A second benefit to having
a FIFO is that the computer only has to service about 8 to 12% as
many interrupts, allowing more CPU time for updating the screen, or
doing other chores. Thus the computer's responses will improve as
well.

Voltage level conversion:
Coming back to the interfacing GSM modem to arduino, we have to
connect the rx line of GSM modem to tx line of Arduino and tx line of
GSM modem to rx line of Arduino. But the GSM modem we are using
operates between +10V to -10V and Arduinooperates between +5 to
0V. Directly connecting them may cause damage to Arduino. So we
use a voltage level conversion chip MAX232 IC. This IC converts the
voltages from RS232 level to TTL or CMOS level. The description of
MAX232 is given below.
MAX232
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from
an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible
digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and
typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V)
from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external
capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices
that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V
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range, as power supply design does not need to be made more
complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.
The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V),
to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of
1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.
Voltage levels
It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a
MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to
between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -
15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be
confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission
voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control
Line voltages at the same logic state. To clarify the matter, see the
table below. For more information see RS-232 Voltage Levels.
RS232 Line Type & Logic Level
RS232
Voltage
TTL Voltage to/from
MAX232
Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0
+3 V to
+15 V
0 V
Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1
-3 V to -
15 V
5 V
Control Signals
(RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0
-3 V to -
15 V
5 V
Control Signals
(RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1
+3 V to
+15 V
0 V

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Once again coming back to interfacing GSM modem with Arduino,
we see that they are interconnected using a MAX232 IC.


9. Passive infrared sensor (PIR) :
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic
device that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its
field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIR-
based motion detectors (see below). Apparent motion is detected
when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human,
passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such
as a wall. This is not to say that the sensor detects the heat from the
object passing in front of it but that the object breaks the field which
the sensor has determined as the "normal" state. Any object, even
30




one exactly the same temperature as the surrounding objects will
cause the PIR to activate if it moves in the field of the sensors.
All objects above absolute zero emit energy in the form of
radiation. Usually infrared radiation is invisible to the human eye but
can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming
infrared radiation. Infra meaning below our ability to detect it
visually, and Red because this colour represents the lowest energy
level that our eyes can sense before it becomes invisible. Thus,
infrared means below the energy level of the colour red, and applies
to many sources of invisible energy.
Design
In a PIR-based motion detector (usually called a PID, for Passive
Infrared Detector), the PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed
circuit board containing the necessary electronics required to
interpret the signals from the pyro electric sensor chip. The complete
assembly is contained within a housing mounted in a location where
the sensor can view the area to be monitored. Infrared energy is able
to reach the pyro electric sensor through the window because the
plastic used is transparent to infrared radiation (but only
translucent to visible light). This plastic sheet also prevents the
intrusion of dust and/or insects from obscuring the sensor's field of
view, and in the case of insects, from generating false alarms.
A few mechanisms have been used to focus the distant infrared
energy onto the sensor surface. The window may have multiple
Fresnel lenses moulded into it.
PIR based motion detector:
In a PIR-based motion detector (usually called a PID, for Passive
Infrared Detector), the PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed
circuit board containing the necessary electronics required to
interpret the signals from the pyro electric sensor chip. The complete
assembly is contained within a housing mounted in a location where
31




the sensor can view the area to be monitored. Infrared energy is able
to reach the pyro electric sensor through the window because the
plastic used is transparent to infrared radiation (but only
translucent to visible light). This plastic sheet also prevents the
intrusion of dust and/or insects from obscuring the sensor's field of
view, and in the case of insects, from generating false alarms.

The PID can be thought of as a kind of infrared camera that
remembers the amount of infrared energy focused on its surface.
Once power is applied to the PID, the electronics in the PID shortly
settle into a quiescent state and energize a small relay. This relay
controls a set of electrical contacts that are usually connected to the
detection input of a burglar alarm control panel. If the amount of
infrared energy focused on the pyro electric sensor changes within a
configured time period, the device will switch the state of the alarm
relay. The alarm relay is typically a "normally closed (NC)" relay, also
known as a "Form B" relay.

A person entering a monitored area is detected when the
infrared energy emitted from the intruder's body is focused by a
Fresnel lens or a mirror segment and overlaps a section on the chip
that had previously been looking at some much cooler part of the
protected area. That portion of the chip is now much warmer than
when the intruder wasn't there. As the intruder moves, so does the
hot spot on the surface of the chip. This moving hot spot causes the
electronics connected to the chip to de-energize the relay, operating
its contacts, thereby activating the detection input on the alarm
control panel. Conversely, if an intruder were to try to defeat a PID,
perhaps by holding some sort of thermal shield between himself and
the PID, a corresponding 'cold' spot moving across the face of the
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chip will also cause the relay to de-energize unless the thermal
shield has the same temperature as the objects behind it.

Manufacturers recommend careful placement of their products
to prevent false (non-intruder caused) alarms. They suggest
mounting the PIDs in such a way that the PID cannot 'see' out of a
window. Although the wavelength of infrared radiation to which the
chips are sensitive does not penetrate glass very well, a strong
infrared source such as from a vehicle headlight or sunlight reflecting
from a vehicle window can overload the chip with enough infrared
energy to fool the electronics and cause a false alarm. A person
moving on the other side of the glass however would not be 'seen'
by the PID.

They also recommended that the PID not be placed in such a
position that an HVAC vent would blow hot or cold air onto the
surface of the plastic which covers the housing's window. Although
air has very low emissivity (emits very small amounts of infrared
energy), the air blowing on the plastic window cover could change
the plastic's temperature enough to, once again, fool the electronics.

PIDs come in many configurations for a wide variety of
applications. The most common, used in home security systems,
have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments and an effective
range of about thirty feet. Some larger PIDs are made with single
segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over one
hundred feet away from the PID. There are also PIDs designed with
reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad coverage
(110 wide) or very narrow 'curtain' coverage.

PIDs can have more than one internal sensing element so that,
with the appropriate electronics and Fresnel lens, it can detect
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direction. Left to right, right to left, up or down and provide an
appropriate output signal.


10. Interfacing PIR to Arduino:
The PIR sensors output line goes high for around 1min when
any signal is detected. This line is connected to the digital input pin
of arduino. When this line goes high, the program in the arduino
detects its change and generates an alarm or sends SMS depending
on what mode it is working. It is shown in the figure below.









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11. Arduino algorithm:
1) When sensor output goes high, the arduino detects it and
activates alarm or sends SMS based on which mode it is working.
2) There are two modes
a) Home mode
b) Work mode

Home mode:
This mode is switched on when the user is inside the home. In
this mode when the intruder enters the home (probably in the
nights), the alarm is activated.

Work mode:
The user turns on this mode when he goes to office or on
vacation. In this mode when any intruder enters the home, the PIR
detector detects the human intrusion. The arduino sends SMS to the
user so that he can take necessary actions like, informing the
neighbours or local police.


The code and its working:
The code is written in arduinoIDE(Integrated development
environment). It is in C language with the functions from arduino
library.
Structure of the code:
It consists of two basic functions setup and loop. The pre
setups are defined in the setup function and the main program is
written in the loop function. Setup runs only once but the loop
function keeps on repeating. Remaining things are explained in
Arduino section.
35




Flow chart:







36




The code:
/*It is an intrusion detection program, which detects the intrusion
of any person by using PIR detector and activates alarm on home
mode
or sends SMS in outmode
*/
unsigned char homeMode,workMode;
void alarm(void)
{
tone(7, 440, 3000);
delay(3000);
}
voidsmsSend(void)
{
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
Serial.print("at+cmgs=\"+919907537229\"\r"); // \r\n
delay(4000);
Serial.print("home alarm");
Serial.print((char)0x1A);
while(digitalRead(9) == 0);
delay(1000);
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digitalWrite(8, LOW);
}
void setup()
{
pinMode(13,INPUT);//homemode push button
digitalWrite(13,0);
pinMode(12,OUTPUT);//homemode LED
pinMode(11,INPUT);//workmode push button
digitalWrite(11,0);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);//workmode LED
pinMode(9,INPUT);//sensor input
digitalWrite(9,0);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);//sensor LED
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);//alarm out pin
homeMode=1;
digitalWrite(12,1);
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(500);
Serial.print("at\r\n"); // \n\r
delay(2500);
}
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void loop()
{
while(homeMode)
{
if(digitalRead(9))//sensor input high
{
digitalWrite(8,1);
alarm();//homemode trigger alarm
digitalWrite(8,0);
}
if(digitalRead(11))//outmode button pushed
{
digitalWrite(12,0);
homeMode=0;
outMode=1;
digitalWrite(10,1);
}
}
while(workMode)
{
if(digitalRead(9))
39




{
smsSend();
delay(100);
}
if(digitalRead(13))//homemode button pushed
{
digitalWrite(10,0);
homeMode=1;
outMode=0;
digitalWrite(12,1);
}
}
}







40




12. Future Scope of the project.
This intrusion detection system can be extended for many practical
systems some of them are based on large scale installations.
The signals from the sensor can be sent through wireless
communication to the (processor-GSM module) kit kept
somewhere else which furthers enhances the security system.
The sensors can also be installed at doors, windows and
lockers in the building and all these sensors send their signals
wirelessly to the single centralized (processor-GSM module)
present at a safe place.
This system will be very advantageous in preventing car thefts
by setting up the sensor in the car, which sends the signal to
the (processor-GSM module) present somewhere.
If installed at large scale (for e.g. in all buildings in a region)
and with the option of sending the intrusion message to the
nearby police station number, it becomes easy for the police to
respond quickly and increase the chances of catching the thief
red-handed.
The owner of the building can select the mode of the system
(home or work mode) or can turn it ON/OFF by sending the
message from his own cellular phone. This makes the system
versatile and thus improving human-system interface.
The cost of the system can be further reduced by using a single
GSM module and processor for a set of buildings and using RF
communication for the interaction between the (processor-
GSM module).


41




References
1. http://probots.co.in/Manuals/GSM%20GPRS%20Modem%20-
%20Starter%20Guide.pdf
2. http://probots.co.in/Manuals/GSM%20Modem%20-
%20Circuit.png
3. http://probots.co.in/Manuals/AT%20COMMANDS.pdf
4. http://probots.co.in/Manuals/SIM300.pdf
5. http://probots.co.in/Manuals/SIMCom%20Modules%20Multip
arty%20Application%20Note_V1.0.pdf.pdf
6. http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment
7. http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/serial-uart/
8. http://www.gsm-modem.de/M2M/m2m-apps/gsm-gprs-gps-shield-for-arduino-board-
duemilanove-atmega328/