International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(10), pp.

470-479, 2014
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsrk
ISSN: 2322-4541; 2014; Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2014-p0470-0479


470
Full Length Research Paper

Electronic Waste Generation: Observational Status and Local Concept along with
Environmental Impact

Md. Abdur Rakib
1
*, Mohammad Ali
2


1
Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author: rakibmamun_ju@yahoo.com; abdur.rakib84@yahoo.com

Received 02 August 2014; Accepted 19 September 2014

Abstract. Electronic waste and its negative consequences affect to the living standards and environmental sustainability.
Consequently, this study was performed on E-waste generation and management approach in the aspects of local concept.
Results showed that, total amount of E-waste generation have been increased along with technological advancement,
marketing system and policy improvement. Most of respondents were found to be not aware on waste management,
environmental and health impacts. Its long term continuation may goes to worsen living standard compared to well plan and
superior urban management approach. A number of people were identified who were suffering from different diseases evolved
from E-waste handling and servicing work. In addition, E-waste considered being highly contagious for the environment and
its components. It may pose environmental risk for sustainable development.

Keywords: E-waste, Local Concept, Management approach and Environmental & Human health Impact

1. INTRODUCTION

Waste is a very important word in the present world
which is associated with negative or positive
consequences. In the categorical aspects, different
types of wastes (e.g. biodegradable and non-
biodegradable) are produced but it is very critical to
manage non-biodegradable than biodegradable waste
(Rakib et al., 2014). In addition, solid waste make
vulnerable or sensitive to living organism and
environmental health. In addition, it is important to
mention here that, the large mass electrical appliances
such as air-conditioners, refrigerators etc. are not
included in the said calculation of E-waste, so it will
be higher if it is taken into account as E-waste
(Gaidajis, 2010). In recent decades, the consumption
rate of WEEE (worlds waste electrical and electronic
equipment) has dramatically increased (Wang and Zu,
2014). However, electronic-waste (E-waste) is an
emerging issue in the developed and developing
country, owing to its negative consequences on
environmental and human health.
Now-a-days, develop countries has been developed
a number of recycling technique of solid waste
materials and its derivatives. High tech recycling
operations have no any environmental impact in the
develop countries like as Japan (Aizawa et al., 2008).
Emerging recycling tools and technique is more
effective to control environmental pollution but it is
not enough and/or sufficient to make sound
environment. On the other hand, E-waste is a great
threat for the living organism like as plants and
animals owing to its harmful compound along with
long term impacts on surrounding environment. A
number of E-waste is more hazardous than other solid
waste because of their continuous emission and toxic
materials releases in the environment. Burning of E-
waste at low temperature produces Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Burning the plastic cover of
cables in open barrels produces more dioxin which is
100 times than the domestic waste burning (Gullett et
al., 2007). In addition, most of the developing
countries have been suffering from E-waste burden
and improper management approach. In the European
Union, E-waste is increased three times faster than the
urban solid waste at the rate of 3-5 % per year
(Hischier et al., 2005). Some people are directly
affected (suffering from diseases) by E-waste toxicity
due to lack of proper management and handling
approach. Bangladesh is one of the most affected
countries due to over population growth and its waste
burden along with inappropriate management
activities. Consequently, population growth is a key
factor to generate huge amount of solid waste. By this
Rakib and Ali
Electronic Waste Generation: Observational Status and Local Concept along with Environmental Impact
471
way, the consumption habits are affected by the
industrial sectors, especially electronic industry which
is developed day by day and create more E-waste
(Gaidajis et al., 2010). In the present era, peoples are
inclined to electronic device for the communication,
entertainment, computing, preservation purpose and
so on but it has no proper way to dispose, recycling,
recovery and reuse technique in purpose of E-waste
management.
Electronic-waste management is a critical point in
this technological era because of its growing markets,
cheep rate, availability, easy access and local demand.
This advancement and success has been accelerated to
daily life style and working opportunity. In some
cases, wastage materials of electronic device create
global problem due to its toxicity and poisoning
effects. Nevertheless, a typical portion of the E-waste
consisted of plastic (10-30%) materials (Taurino et al.,
2010), it often enclosed with BFRs (brominated flame
retardants), PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl) and
TBBA (tetrabromobisphenol) (Schlummer et al.,
2007a; Menad et al., 1998; Luda and Balabanovich,
2011). However, improper management approach
attribute to environmental deterioration and
carcinogenic diseases for the human being. The aim of
this study is to investigate the amount of E-waste
generation and its management approach. It also leads
to assess perceptional views on E-waste impacts to
environment and human health. This study will be
helpful to make the real scenario along with new
approach to sustainable management of E-waste.

2. RESEARCH METHODS

The study was performed on the basis of present E-
waste scenario and its problematic site identification
along with recommended outline to make out
probable solution. The study area (Rangpur Division)
was selected as an emerging city corporation and/or
newly developed city of Bangladesh. Here, population
density (total number of population around 1 million)
and structural development following upward trends
while a number of government and nongovernment
institutions are established or transferred from the
periphery to the heart point of the Rangpur City
Corporation. This qualitative research was carried out
using structural questionnaire survey method. It was
consisted of four parts like as part one was contained
demographic information, part two was contained E-
waste generation approach along with source and
quantification, part three was contained E-waste
management approach along with the perceptional
attitude of shop owner and labor, part four was
contained information on environmental and human
health impacts in the aspects of exposure time, place
and types of shop.
This questionnaire was randomly distributed in the
different categorize of E-waste generating shops (such
as TV shops
1
, Mobile servicing shops
2
, Freeze and
AC servicing shops
3
, Home appliances servicing
shops
4
) at the thirteen selected area (Ram Mohan
market
1
, Super market
2
, Haque super market
3
, Sen
para
4
, Mulatol
5
, Zahaz Company shopping complex
area
6
, College Road Sapla
7
, Station Road
8
, Zahaz
Company
9
, Kamal Kachna
10
, Dhap area
11
, CO bazaar
12
and Mahigonj
13
) in the Rangpur City Corporation
area. Most of the respondents were too much
congenial to communicate (for giving information)
and shear of their own practical experience. The
respondents statement and observational feature were
coincided with the realistic view of E-waste
generation and management activities. In addition,
informal dialogue was performed with the local
people (e.g. tea stall, road side, on the way to survey,
street people and so on) and personnel who (e.g.
household waste collector, dustbin waste collector,
waste picker, track labor and managerial person) were
directly involved with the waste collection and
management activities in favor of the city corporation.
It was very important to find out the actual scenario of
the solid waste management approach like as How
much E-waste generate per day in the consequences
of. What happen? Besides, perceptional views of
the shop owner, labor and technician were recorded
using another note books in the aspects of E-waste
generation and management attitude. On the other
hand, it was observed that, environmental and health
consequences owing to E-waste exposure and/or long
time handling. The statistical analysis was carried out
using different statistical tools (windows package
software SPSS 11.5, MS Excel 2007 and Sigma plot
version 7) and technique.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Socioeconomic condition and educational
qualification is a good indicator of a society to
evaluate any conditional achievement or elements.
Consecutively, waste generation and management
approach directly make a linkage with the social and
situational factor, while it may influence to the actual
scenario or cause. However, most of the respondents
age were observed range from 11-20 (5 percent), 21-
30 (46 percent), 31-40 (25 percent), 41-50 (12
percent) and 51-60 (12 percent) respectively.
However,7%, 14%, 30%, 32% and 13% people were
found to be illiterate, only achieved primary
education, S.S.C ( secondary School Certificate) and
H.S.C ( higher secondary school certificate) pass
respectively. In addition, major part of the E-shop
found to be some of them owner (44 percent), partner
(9 percent) while 47 percent people were observed
International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(10), pp. 470-479, 2014
472
day labor basis employer (technician). In the
categorical aspects, five types of respondents were
identified in the aspects of monthly income level like
as >1500 Tk (US$19.34), 1500 Tk (US$19.34) to
2500 Tk (US$32.24), 2500 Tk (US$32.24) to 3500 Tk
(US$45.13), 3500 Tk (US$45.13) to 4500 Tk
(US$58.02) and <4500 Tk (US$58.02) respectively.
With the advancement of technology, unemployed
people were interested to get involve in electronic
device repairing and selling business.

3.1. E-waste generation and quantification

E-waste generation rate and its magnitude depend on
technological advancement and availability. In the
developing country, the availability of electronic
device does not ensure better quality and long lasting
components. Sometimes, E-waste generation rate rely
on its quality and endurance capacity. Thats why, in
the develop country E-waste generation rate has been
decreased due to its own technological evolution
along with E-waste recycling and/or management
strategy development. However, a total number of 452
electronic repairing shops were identified which is
consisted of 257 for mobile phone repairing shops,
111 for TV and Computer repairing shops and 84 for
refrigerator and AC repairing shops respectively.
Each of the mobile phone repairing shops, TV and
computer repairing shops and Refrigerator, and AC
repairing shops was found to generate E-waste around
0.5 kg/day (0.5 x257=128 kg/day), 1 kg/day
(1x111=111 kg/day) and 5 kg/day (2x84=168 kg/day)
respectively. In total amount of E-waste, It was
quantified as 56.86 (percent) for mobile phone related,
24.56 (percent) for TV and computer related and
18.58 (percent) for refrigerator and AC waste
respectively. Computers, mobile telephones are
produced more E-waste because of their short life
span and frequent use in daily life. The most E-waste
produces in Europe, United States, Australia, China
and Eastern Europe. Currently, the total global E-
waste production is 20-25 million tons per year
(Robinson, 2009). On the other hand, after a certain
period of time (life cycle), a number of electronic
appliances do not work as a new one then it consider
to be E-waste like as telephone (average life time 5
years & mass 1.25 kg), microwave (average life time
8 years & mass 14 kg), iron (average life time 8 years
& mass 1.25 kg), Hair dryer (average life time 5 years
& mass 2 kg), washing machine (average life time 10
years & mass 65 kg), curry cooker (average life time 3
years & mass 2.5 kg), rice cooker (average life time 3
years & mass 2.5 kg), calculator (average life time 5
years & mass .25 kg), video player (average life time
4 years & mass 5 kg), radio (average life time 9 years
& mass 2 kg), photocopier (average life time 8 years
& mass 60 kg), fax machine (average life time 5 years
& mass 2 kg). Almost similar findings have been
reported by Gaidajis et al. (2010). 1-3% global urban
waste (1636 Mt) (Cobbing, 2008; OECD, 2008) is
produced from E-waste. It is assessed at 20-50
Mt/year (UNEP, 2006). E-waste will increase at 8% of
the urban waste volume in the develop countries
(Widmer et al., 2005).

3.2. E-waste Generation and Local concept

Amount of E-waste generation is gradually increasing
with the enhancement of technological development
and rapid marketing system improvement along with
selling policy at cheaper rate. Middle class to rich
people try to get chance technological facilitate in this
globalization era. But its operating system along with
management strategy not so clear from customer level
to dealer in the local market. Actually, this electronic
device made of some hazardous materials and toxic
chemical compound, it may pose environmental and
health hazards due to lack of proper management
approach. On the other hand, unsafe recycling (E-
waste) is one of the most important cause for the
environmental pollution due to heavy metal content,
fire retardants and its secondary (dibenzofurans and
polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins) derivatives
(Wang et al., 2005; Chan et al., 2007; Sderstrm and
Marklund, 2002). Regarding with whole respondents
perception, using rate of electronic device has been
increased three to four times higher than previous
times (at least 10 years ago). Concurrently, E-waste
generation rate has increased along with the tendency
to get a new one (update version). Ultimately, old
device and its structural component handed over to
another people (third person) at cheaper rate. After a
certain period of time it will be threw in the dustbin.
A number of respondents reported that, 51 (percent)
for mobile phone waste, 35 (percent) TV and
Computer waste and 14 (percent) for refrigerator and
AC waste has increased before than the previous
condition in the study area. A number of potential
factor were identified, it may be newly developed city,
growing population, electronic device availability,
cheaper rate, marketing policy development, life style
and also socioeconomic condition. There are some
different reasons such as lack of facilities, high labor
costs and tough environmental regulations, thats why
rich countries are not inclined to recycle E-waste
(Robinson, 2009). Otherwise, the poor countries either
export from rich countries or landfill and they are
recycled by using primitive techniques (Cobbing,
2008).

Rakib and Ali
Electronic Waste Generation: Observational Status and Local Concept along with Environmental Impact
473
Fig. 1: Shows the overall waste disposal site at the open place (figure a indicate to amalgamate waste disposal
site which is located at the road side, figure b shows discarded E-waste part at the repairing shop site, figure c
denoted discarded different types of E-waste and packaging materials, figure d keep left E-waste at the drainage
site and it make some time blockage)

3.3. E-waste Management approach

E-waste is considered to be carcinogenic and more
hazardous because of its composed materials and its
non-degradable characteristics. Moreover, most of E-
waste is composed of Cu, Al and Fe, attached to,
covered with or mixed with various types of plastics
and ceramics (Hoffmann, 1992). It helps to create all
sorts of health and environmental risk. Proper
management approaches facilitate to environmental
risk reduction and ensure environmental sustainability
(Rakib et al., 2014). In the categorical aspects of E-
waste risk, its segregation is very important according
to composed materials, life time, damage function,
degradability, abundance, management capacity, place
and its endurance. These characteristics contribute to
make easiest way to build up management strategy
with the knowing damage functional approach. In the
study area, we did not found any precaution measure
among the technical worker or technician. They were
informed about the harmful consequences of the E-
waste and its derivatives. Regarding with the
respondents It is a device which is made of plastic
and iron along with some plates, why it is harmful for
us? Actually they were not so well informed and
conscious about environmental and health impacts. It
was frequently found among the whole respondents
except one who received higher education and some
technical training. Most of the shops are accumulated
their debris and/or rejected materials in a one place.
After a certain period of time (after 3 to 4 days), it
was disposed beside the market in an amalgamate
way. It was not followed by any rules, protocol and
segregating method. The toxic and non-toxic materials
were accumulated beside the markets and it creates
problem for the pedestrian, and making odor along
with drainage system blockage. It was observed that,
the city corporation authority made some efforts to
solid and organic waste management in an
aggregating way but it was not sufficient to make
environment friendly. On the way to observation, it
was found some dumping site which is located at the
open place and also street site (Fig. 1). But it should
be done so well, while it does not make bore to local
residents and environment. In addition, any different
action was not observed for the E-waste management
and some initiatives to make awareness among the
technical worker on health and environmental
impacts.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(10), pp. 470-479, 2014
474

Fig. 2: shows waste management approach and its initiatives (its denoted the real feature of the waste management approach
and its present status, a number of question has been drawn which may act as a critical point to get better findings on waste
management and its negative consequences. First part contained, the skill development programme is a preliminary initiatives
to concern mass people who are involved with waste generating and handling activities, second part contained, present
scenario of E-waste cycle whereas one portion is used for recycling approach and another portion were disposed at the
common waste disposal site, third part consisted of some recommended outline step by step it may helps to sustainable E-
waste management and policy making)

3.4. Worker Knowledge and Environment

Education is a crucial factor to develop a nation. As a
united force, knowledge empowerment and skill
development can lead to achieve sustainability in all
sectors. Meanwhile, It act as a main distinguishing
parameter in between develop and developing
countries (Rakib et al., 2014). People can do
everything, if their perception power is grown.
Consequently, sustainable environment is directly
indicated to ones educational qualification and
natural justice What is good and unethical? Also,
Rakib and Ali
Electronic Waste Generation: Observational Status and Local Concept along with Environmental Impact
475
it may imply to self understanding along with better
performance for the future prospect. On the other
hand, waste generation and its proper management
approach are now a concerning issue in the present
world. Along with these, Primary waste management
strategy is attributed to local people and their
realization power. Actually, it is a first step, where we
may get free from waste curse and its negative
impacts on environment. In this study, among the total
respondents 6(percent), 5(percent), 2(percent),
13(percent), 15(percent), 17(percent), 3(percent),
5(percent), 21(percent), 17(percent) and 5(percent)
were well known on E-waste and its future
consequences like as environmental impact, health
impact, Atmospheric pollution, soil pollution, water
pollution, odor pollution, knowledge on carcinogenic
diseases, knowledge on chronic diseases, knowledge
on recycling approach, knowledge on management
approach and knowledge on sustainable urban
management respectively (Fig. 3a). It may depend on
educational qualification and social awareness
development programme. Consequently, a critical
findings identified from respondents opinion in favor
of large amount of E-waste generation , like as 37
(percent), 36 (percent), 3(percent) and 42 (percent)
respondents were strongly agreed with the self
development behavior, family development attitude,
long term impact on child and high income approach
respectively (Fig. 3b). It may directly imply to
socioeconomic condition and family status.


Fig. 3: Shows some concerning issues of the E-waste worker (figure a consisted of knowledge variable question to known
the existing status of worker; EI=Environmental Impact, HI=Health Impact, AP=Atmospheric Pollution, SP=Soil Pollution,
WP=Water Pollution, Op=Odor Pollution, KCD=Knowledge on Carcinogenic diseases, KCHD=Knowledge on Chronic
diseases, KRA=Knowledge on Recycling approach, KMA=Knowledge on Management approach, KSUM=Knowledge on
Sustainable Urban Management, whereas figure b consisted of self motivation question rather than prior to environmental
concerning issues; SDB= Self Development Behavior, FDA= Family Development Attitude, LIC= Long term Impact on Child,
HIA= High Income approach)


Fig. 4: Show environmental & health consequences of E-waste along with environmental impact ( whereas part a indicated
to the health impacts due to long term working with E-waste, part b denoted the overall respondents idea on E-waste and
environmental impacts based on YES NO question)

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(10), pp. 470-479, 2014
476
3.5. Environmental Health Impact

General and Environmental education is an important
factor to build up knowledge and awareness on the
environmental issues (Rakib and Bhuiyan, 2014). In
some cases, local awareness acts as a critical
parameter to make a sound environment. However,
most of the respondents were not concerned on
environmental pollution and pollutant. Actually, they
do not know How E-waste pollute environment?
But, in total number of respondents only 37 (percent)
people were conscious on E-waste and its impacts on
environmental health and degradation. One of the
respondents were reported that, E-waste is a
hazardous waste which is responsible to air and soil
pollution through different types of emission and its
consisting ingredients, it actually made of hazardous
materials which is composed of non-biodegradable
materials. E-waste may have been deposited in
aquatic systems via leaching from dumpsites (
Robinson, 2009). Air may be polluted by spreading
the dust of E-waste contaminants. It is one of the
major exposure pathways for humans through
ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption (Mielke and
Reagan, 1998). On the other hand, in total number of
63 respondents were not alert to hazardous E-waste.
Respondents reported that, this is plastic
materials.How it contribute to environmental
pollution? It is impossible to pollute environment, just
it made for use only. After using this device then it
sells to ferriwalla
1
or disposes it beside the dustbin.
Combustion retardants such as PBDEs
(Polybrominated dipheny) are finally effect to the
environment and it is important to mention here that
they are lipophilic compounds, are bioaccumulated in
living organisms (Deng et al., 2007). On the other
hand, air-conditioners & refrigerators are produced
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) which is destroyed the
ozone layer (Scheutz et al., 2004). In fact, ecological
impact of landfilling of incinerated E-waste is greater
than recycling of E-waste (Hischier et al., 2005).

3.6. E-waste and Human Health

Health is a concerning issues in the emerging world.
At this technological era, life style has accelerated as
well modernize due to rapid urbanization and
industrialization. Meanwhile, unplanned urbanization
leads to environmental degradation which is attributed
to health impacts. It s long term continuation goes to
worsen living standard compared to well planned and
superior urban management approach. In addition,
most of the develop countries implies to ensuring

1
Ferriwalla: who collect waste (solid) by exchanging
money or daily useable product from household
sustainable urban development initiatives using their
national policy and planning practices. In contrast, in
the third world country, urban solid waste
management approaches not thus suitable as well-
planned or consistent. In addition, E-waste considered
being highly contagious for the natural environment
and living organisms (Fig. 5). Liu et al. (2008) found
higher concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in soils,
plants and snails from the town of Guiyu and the
surroundings area. E-waste and its derivatives may
contain inorganic and organic contaminants (Weber
and Kuch, 2003; Schlummer et al., 2007b). In
presence of toxic materials and its derivatives, it may
poses threat to human body mechanism and/or system
impairment. There is a risk in the poor countries
where children may be engaged to separate E-waste
components (Ladou and Lovegrove, 2008). In the
developing countries, a number of people have been
suffered from unusual health disease due
unconsciousness and unseemly management practices
compared to develop countries. However, a people
affliction also depends on exposure time, place, types
of materials and precaution measure in the working
places. Among the total number of respondents, 52
identified who were not affected by E-waste evolving
diseases and also 48 respondents were affected by
different types of diseases. Subsequently, at least 8
diseases were identified among the local technology
repairing worker and other relevant working activities.
However, from the observation a numbers diseases
were identified among the respondents in the study
area like as Itching (4.2 percent), Digestive problem
(1.68 percent), Respiratory problem (4.2 percent),
Pulmonary and Cardiovascular diseases (4.2 percent),
Depression (17.65 percent), Headache (25.21
percent), Insomnia (13.45 percent) and Fatigue (29.41
percent) due to lack of precautionary measure,
knowledge, environmental education and ignorance
(Fig. 4a). Although, not a single person were
identified known about personal protective equipment
(PPE) and health perspective.
Rakib and Ali
Electronic Waste Generation: Observational Status and Local Concept along with Environmental Impact
477


Fig. 5: Shows how E-waste leads to environmental crisis? (part a denoted..why E-waste more hazadous than others?, part
b indicated which components of E-waste are responsible to make it risky for living organism, part c indicated to
environmental component which is directly influenced by E-waste, part d denoted the ultimate effect of E-waste on
environmental and human health)

4. CONCLUSION

Electronic waste generation and its management is a
critical factor along with the technological
advancement. Observational results expressed the
situational E-waste generation status and present
management approach. It was found to be total
amount of E-waste generation increased but
management strategy not so congenial enough for the
environment. It was also revealed that, primary level
E-waste management depends on local people and
their realization capacity. However, in presence of
toxic materials and its derivatives, it may poses threat
to human body mechanism and/or system impairment.
In addition, E-waste considered being highly
contagious for the natural environment and living
organisms. It may pose environmental risk for
sustainable development.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors acknowledge to the respondents who
were willing agreed to give the information on E-
waste and its environmental impacts.

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Rakib and Ali
Electronic Waste Generation: Observational Status and Local Concept along with Environmental Impact
479




Md. Abdur Rakib, M.Sc, is a faculty member of the department of Disaster Management, Begum
Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh. He is experienced on environmental issues and its impacts
along with problem solving thoughts. His number of articles has been published in renowned impact
journals.









Mohammod Ali is a graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajshahi University of
Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. He is experienced on waste management
technique and soil contamination. For the last two years, he is working in Unrban Developer and
Consultant Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh.