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a
f
= [DNA[=
b
f
1=K
b
b
f
A) 1.54178 1.54178
Crystal system Triclinic Monoclinic
Space group P-1 P2(1)/c
Unit cell dimensions
A (
) 86.780 (8) 90
b (
) 79.462 (6) 90
Volume (
A
3
) 651.07 (12) 1397.6 (2)
Z 1 2
Density (calculated)
(Mg/m
3
)
1.725 1.674
Absorption coefcient
(mm
1
)
4.279 4.013
F (000) 342 716
Theta range for
data collection
3.75e59.96
6.03e59.99
Index ranges 7 _ h _ 7, 9 _ k _ 9,
13 _ l _ 13
14 _ h _ 14, 7 _ k _ 6,
19 _ l _ 19
Independent
reections
1869 [R (int) = 0.0367] 2047 [R (int) = 0.0522]
Max. and min.
transmission
0.8824 and 0.7259 0.9241 and 0.6897
Data/restraints/
parameters
1869/0/181 2047/0/191
Goodness-of-t on F
2
1.113 0.947
Final R indices [I >
2sigma(I)]
R1 = 0.0406,
wR2 = 0.1064
R1 = 0.0256, wR2 = 0.0731
R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0425,
wR2 = 0.1079
R1 = 0.0294, wR2 = 0.0746
Largest diff. peak
and hole (e.
A
3
)
0.998 and 0.345 0.267 and 0.298
Table 2
Selected bond lengths (
A) and angles (
) of the complexes.
1 2
Cu(1) e O(1) 1.952 (3) 1.964 (16)
Cu(1) e N(1) 1.947 (3) 1.939 (2)
Cu(1) e O(2) 1.970 (3) 1.984 (16)
Cu(1) e Cl(1) 2.498 (11) 2.515 (7)
Cu(1) e O1(1) bridge 1.992 (3) 1.981 (16)
N(1)-Cu(1)-O(1) 90.82 (12) 91.09 (7)
N(1)-Cu(1)-O(2) 80.99 (12) 80.56 (7)
O(1)-Cu(1)-O(2) 164.97 (12) 165.33 (7)
N(1)-Cu(1)-O(1) bridge 156.46 (13) 159.31 (8)
O(1)-Cu(1)-O(1) bridge 79.10 (11) 79.08 (7)
O(2)-Cu(1)-O(1) bridge 103.63 (11) 104.78 (7)
N(1)-Cu(1)-Cl(1) 98.81 (10) 98.93 (6)
O(1)-Cu(1)-Cl(1) 101.19 (9) 106.34 (5)
O(2)-Cu(1)-Cl(1) 92.55 (9) 86.97 (5)
O(1) bridge-Cu(1)-Cl(1) 103.96 (9) 101.28 (5)
M. Alagesan et al. / European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 78 (2014) 281e293 284
E
pa
and E
pc
, is 0.15 and 0.016 V in the absence of DNA. The presence
of DNA in the solution at the same concentration of binuclear
complex causes shift in E
1/2
of 0.15 and 0.023 V and a decrease in DE
of 4 and 14 mV. The ratio of cathodic to anodic peak currents i
pa
/i
pc
,
are 0.30 and 0.047, the value of i
pa
/i
pc
also decreases with the in-
crease of the DNA concentration. The decrease in peak currents can
be explained in terms of an equilibrium mixture of free and DNA-
bound copper(II) complex to the electrode surface [43,44]. Upon
addition of DNA, the anodic and cathodic peak potentials shift more
positive values, but i
pc
/i
pa
value decreases with the increase of the
DNA concentration. The more decrease of the peak currents
observed for 1 than that of 2 upon addition of CT-DNA indicated
that the binding afnity of the former to DNA is stronger than that
of the latter.
2.2.4. Circular dichroism (CD) studies
Circular dichroic spectral analysis provides valuable information
on the binding mode of metal complexes with DNA [45]. Generally,
structural alterations of DNA caused by interaction with com-
pounds are reected as signicant changes in intrinsic CD spec-
trum. In Fig. 7, the CD spectrum of free DNA showed a positive peak
at approximately 278 nm and a negative peak at 247 nm which
corresponds to B-DNA. These bands are caused by stacking in-
teractions between the bases and the helical supra structure of the
polynucleotide that provides an asymmetric environment for the
bases [41]. Simple groove binding and electrostatic interaction of
molecules show less or no perturbation on the base stacking and
helicity, while intercalation decreases or increases the intensities of
both positive and negative bands [46e48]. The CD spectra of DNA
recorded after the addition of different concentration of binuclear
copper complexes 1 and 2 caused an increase in the intensity of
both positive and negative bands of DNA due to an intercalative
mode of interaction between them.
2.3. Cleavage of pBR322 plasmid DNA by copper(II) complexes
To assess the DNA cleavage ability of the new Cu(II) complexes
by gel electrophoresis, supercoiled (SC) pBR322 DNAwas incubated
with three different concentrations of copper complexes in 5 mM
TriseHCl/50 mM NaCl buffer (pH 7.2). Both the complexes, 1 and 2
exhibited concentration-dependent nuclease activity during which
SC DNA was converted in to nicked circular (NC) DNA (Fig. 8, lanes
3e8) without any reductant. Upon increasing the concentration of
the complex solution from 2.5 mM to 10 mM, the extent of NC form
of DNA was also increased. Moreover, at 10 mM concentration, 1
showed more cleavage efciency than 2 to convert SC DNA (Form I)
to NC DNA (Form II) revealing the superior performance of the
former. However, free ligands and precursor
complex [CuCl
2
(DMSO)
2
] did not exhibit any cleavage activity un-
der the same experimental conditions. Thus, the cleavage proper-
ties of the present compounds are attributed to the coordination
geometries and the proximity of the DNA-bound complexes to the
deoxyl ribose rings, as understood from the spectral and electro-
chemical properties. Similar observation was made by Yingying
Kou et al. [49],. Further, the cleavage efciency of complexes, 1 and
2 remains unaffected in the presence of scavengers of hydroxyl
radicals (DMSO and mannitol), singlet oxygen (sodium azide and L-
histidine), and superoxide radical scavengers (SOD). This indicates
Fig. 2. Changes in the electronic absorption spectra of the ligands HL1 (a), HL2 (b) and complexes 1(c) and 2(d) (25 mM) with increasing concentration of CT-DNA (0e20 mM).
M. Alagesan et al. / European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 78 (2014) 281e293 285
that the cleavage of DNA probably follows a hydrolytic cleavage
mechanism [39,49,50]. Moreover, inhibition or promotion of DNA
cleavage was not appreciably altered under aerobic as well as
anaerobic conditions and thereby conrmed that the cleavage did
not follow oxidative mechanism.
2.4. Protein binding studies
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA)
are the most widely investigated proteins [51,52]. Among them,
BSA is the major soluble protein that has many physiological
functions, such as maintaining the osmotic pressure and pH of
blood and as carriers transporting a great number of endogenous
and exogenous compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids, drugs
and pharmaceuticals [53]. A useful feature of the intrinsic uores-
cence of proteins is the high sensitivity of tryptophan and its local
environment. Changes in the emission spectra of tryptophan are
common in response to protein conformational transitions, subunit
associations, substrate binding, or denaturation [54]. Therefore, the
intrinsic uorescence of proteins can provide considerable infor-
mation on their structure and dynamics and is often utilized in the
study of protein folding and association reactions. Hence, uores-
cence quenching is an important technique to study the interaction
of metal complexes with BSA because of its accuracy, sensitivity,
rapidity and convenience of usage. A solution of BSA (1 mM) was
titrated with various concentrations of the compounds (0e8 mM).
The uorescence of BSA at around 345 nmwas gradually quenched
upon increasing the concentration of ligands and complexes with a
little blue shift of the emission maximum wavelength as shown in
Fig. 9.
Addition of the above compounds to the solution of BSA resulted
in a signicant decrease in the uorescence intensity of BSA at
345 nm, up to 51%, 57%, 89% and 78% of the initial uorescence
intensity of BSA for HL1, HL2, 1 and 2 respectively. The observed
blue shift of 5 and 6 nmfor 1 and 2 is mainly due to the fact that the
active site in the protein is buried in a hydrophobic environment.
This result suggested a denite interaction of the compounds with
the BSA protein. Quenching may occur by different mechanism
usually classied as dynamic quenching and static quenching. Dy-
namic quenching refers to a process in which the uorophore and
Fig. 3. Plots of [DNA]/(
a
f
) versus [DNA] for the compounds with CT-DNA.
Fig. 4. Fluorescence quenching curves of ethidium bromide bound to DNA: ligands HL1(a) and HL2(b) and the complexes 1(c) and 2(d). [DNA] = 10 mM, [EB] = 10 mM, and
[compound] = 0e16 mM.
M. Alagesan et al. / European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 78 (2014) 281e293 286
the quencher come into contact during the transient existence of
the excited state. Static quenching refers to the uorophoree
quencher complex formation in the ground state. A simple method
to explore the type of quenching is UVevisible absorption spec-
troscopy. UVevisible spectra of BSA in the absence and presence of
the compounds (Fig. 10) showed that the absorption intensity of
BSA was enhanced as the compounds were added and there
observed a slight blue shift of about 2 and 3 nm for the ligand and
binuclear Cu(II) complexes, respectively. Hence, change in the
absorption spectrum of uorophores, reveals quenching of BSA by
the compounds are static quenching processes [53]. To study the
quenching process further, uorescence quenching data were
analyzed with the SterneVolmer and Scatchard equations.
The values of K
q
and K
bin
for the ligands and the binuclear Cu(II)
complexes suggested that the complexes interact with BSA more
strongly than ligands. The quenching constants (K
q
= 9.5 10
6
(1),
7.2 10
6
M
1
(2), 1.1 10
4
M
1
(HL1), 1.7 10
4
M
1
(HL2)) have
been calculated from the plot of I
0
/I versus [Q] (Fig. 11B). Based on
the plot of log (I
0
I)/I versus log [Q] (Fig. 11A), binding constant
(K
bin
1.8 10
6
M
1
(1), 1.1 10
6
M
1
(2), 1.2 10
4
M
1
(HL1),
1.3 10
4
M
1
(HL2)) have been obtained. The value of n indicates
the existence of a single binding site in BSA for the complex or
ligand. The larger values of K
q
and K
bin
indicate a strong interaction
between the BSA and the complex over the ligands.
2.4.1. Characteristics of the synchronous uorescence spectra
Synchronous uorescence spectra provide information on the
molecular micro-environment particularly in the vicinity of the
uorophore functional groups [55]. The uorescence of BSA is due
to presence of tyrosine and tryptophan residues. Among them,
tryptophan is the most dominant uorophore, located at the sub-
strate binding sites. Most of the drugs bind to the protein in the
active binding sites. Hence, synchronous method is usually applied
to nd out the conformational changes around tryptophan and
tyrosine region. According to Miller, the difference between the
excitation and emission wavelengths (Dl = l
em
l
ex
) reects the
spectra of a different nature of chromophores [56]. If the Dl value is
15 nm, the synchronous uorescence of BSA is characteristic of a
tyrosine residue, whereas a larger Dl value (60 nm) is characteristic
Fig. 5. SterneVolmer plots of the uorescence titration of the ligands and the
complexes.
Fig. 6. Cyclic voltammogram of complexes in the absence and presence (inner line) of DNA (10 mM). Scan rate: 100 mV s
1
.
Fig. 7. Circular dichroic spectra of CT-DNA (10 mM) with the addition of different concentration of binuclear copper complexes 1 and 2 (10 mM).
M. Alagesan et al. / European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 78 (2014) 281e293 287
of tryptophan [57]. To investigate the structural changes that
occurred in BSA upon the addition of our compounds, synchronous
uorescence spectra of BSA were measured before and after the
addition of test compounds. The synchronous uorescence spectra
of BSA with various concentrations of test compounds were
recorded at Dl = 15 nm and Dl = 60 nm and are shown in Figs. 12
and 13, respectively. In the synchronous uorescence spectra of BSA
at Dl = 15, the addition of the compounds to the solution of BSA
resulted in a small decrease in the uorescence intensity of BSA at
302 nmup to 30, 39, 56 and 56% of the initial uorescence intensity
of BSA for the ligands and the complexes respectively, with no shift
in their emission wavelength maxima. But, in the case of the syn-
chronous uorescence spectra of BSA at Dl = 60, the addition of
compounds to the solution of BSA signicantly decreased the
uorescence intensity of BSA at 342 nm, up to 16, 42, 88 and 74.1%
accompanied with a blue shift of 1 and 2 nm for the ligands and
complexes, respectively. Thus, synchronous uorescence spectral
studies suggested that the uorescence intensity of both tyrosine
and tryptophan residues were affected by increasing the concen-
tration of compounds, but the signicant decrease along with a
blue shift of the uorescence intensity of tryptophan has been
observed. These results suggested that the interaction of the ligand
and the complex with BSA affects the conformation of tryptophan
much than the tyrosine micro-region. The binding strength of the
binuclear Cu(II) complexes with BSA is signicantly higher than
that of the ligands, which can be explained by the fact that the
hydrophobicity of the complex is greater than that of the ligand. So,
the strong interaction between the compounds and BSA suggested
that these compounds can easily be stored in protein and can be
released to desired targets. Hence, we took interest to study the
cytotoxicity of the compounds.
2.5. Evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity
Cytotoxicity of the compounds were tested against a series of
cancer cell lines and a normal cell line by two different methods
such as Trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT method.
2.5.1. Trypan Blue assay
Trypan Blue, a blue acid dye with two azochromophoric groups
will not enter into the live cell, but into dead cell and makes it blue
color stain [58,59]. The number of dead cells can be easily calculated
by counting stained cells through microscope. The results of in vitro
cytotoxicity test were shown in Table 3 as their IC
50
values. The
result obtained showed that both the binuclear copper(II) com-
plexes are highly toxic towards Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Dal-
tons ascites lymphoma cell lines, whereas the ligand and
[CuCl
2
(DMSO)
2
] did not show any signicant activity on all the
cancer cells. Fromthe results obtained, it is clear that coordinationof
copper atom enhanced the cytotoxic potential of free ligands [60].
2.5.2. MTT assay
The potential toxicity of the compounds towards the HeLa
(cancer cell line) and NIH 3T3 (normal cells) was further studied by
MTT assay. The complexes were dissolved in DMSO and diluted to
the required concentration and same volume of DMSOwas taken as
control to balance solvent activity in the cytotoxicity experiment.
The results were analyzed by means of cell inhibition expressed as
IC
50
values and are given in Table 4. The IC
50
values presented in
Table 4 showed that the new complexes, 1 and 2 are signicantly
active against HeLa, with less toxicity to normal cells. However, it is
to be noted that both the ligands and precursor complex
[CuCl
2
(DMSO)
2
] did not show any signicant activity on the above
cancer cells (IC
50
= above 100 mM). Hence, it is concluded that
chelation of the ligand with Cu(II) ion only responsible for the
observed cytotoxic properties of the new Cu(II) complexes. The
better cytotoxic activity of the Cu(II) complex may be attributed to
the extended planar structure induced by the p e p* conjugation
resulting from the chelation of the Cu(II) ion with ligand.
3. Conclusion
In this study, we describe the synthesis and single crystal
structure of two new, binuclear copper(II) hydrazone complexes.
Interaction of the complexes and free ligands with biomolecules
such as DNA/BSA and in vitro anticancer activity versus cancer and
normal cells were also presented. The magnitude of binding con-
stant of the test compounds with CT-DNA decreased in the order
HL2 <HL1 <2 <1 and the corresponding values are 1.13 10
4
M
1
,
2.3 10
4
M
1
, 1.96 10
5
M
1
and 3.46 10
5
respectively. Hypo-
chromism in the absorption band of the complexes upon the
addition of DNA determined by UVevisible absorption and uo-
rescence emission titration methods suggested an intercalative
mode of interaction between them. Signicant changes observed in
the CD signature of CT-DNA at the helical and base stack regions
further supported the winding of DNA upon intercalation by the
complexes 1 and 2. 2.5e10 mM solutions of the complexes cleaved
supercoiled DNA into nicked circular form without any external
agents such as an oxidant/reductant or laser/UVevisible light. The
in vitro anti cancer activity of complexes 1 and 2 demonstrated that
they are signicantly toxic to HeLa, EAC and DAL cancerous cells.
Particularly, cytotoxicity of complex 1 is promising (IC
50
= 0.7 mM)
in comparison with reported binuclear complexes and hence, a
suitable candidate for further studies of Cu-based chemothera-
peutic agents.
4. Experimental
4.1. Materials and methods
Reagent grade chemicals were used without further purication
in all the synthetic work. Solvents were puried by standard
methods. Triply distilled water was used to prepare buffer solutions
and biological experiments. CuCl
2
v2H
2
O, benzhydrazide, p-tol-
uichydrazide, salicylaldehyde, ethidium bromide, calf-thymus DNA
(CT-DNA), trypan blue and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from
SigmaeAldrich, Chemie and Alfa Aesar. Human cervical cancer cell
line (HeLa), normal mouse embryonic broblasts cell line (NIH
3T3), were obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS),
Pune, India. Daltons ascites lymphoma (DAL) and Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma (EAC) cell lines were obtained from Amala Cancer
Research Center, Thrissur, India. All other chemicals and reagents
Fig. 8. Cleavage of supercoiled pBR322 DNA by the copper(II) complexes in a buffer
containing 5 mM TriseHCl and 50 mM NaCl. Lane1, DNA control; lane 2, DNA 2.5 mM
complex 1; lane 3, DNA 5 mM complex 1; lane 4, DNA 10 mM complex 1; lane 5,
DNA 2.5 mM complex 2; lane 6, DNA 5 mM complex 2; lane 7, DNA 10 mM complex
2. Forms I and II are supercoiled and nicked circular of DNA, respectively.
M. Alagesan et al. / European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 78 (2014) 281e293 288
used for the biological studies were of high quality and procured
commercially from the reputed suppliers.
4.2. Physical measurements
Elemental analyses (C, H and N) were performed on Vario EL III
Elemental analyzer instrument. IR spectra of the samples were
recorded as KBr pellets on a Nicolet Avatar instrument in the fre-
quency range of 400e4000 cm
1
. Melting points were determined
with a Lab India instrument. Absorption and emission spectra were
recorded in DMSO-buffer solution on a Jasco V-630 spectropho-
tometer and Jasco FP 6600 spectrouorometer respectively, at
room temperature. Electrochemical measurements were per-
formed in a conventional two compartment three electrode cell
with a mirror polished GCE as a working electrode, Pt wire as a
counter electrode and NaCl saturated Ag/AgCl as a reference elec-
trode. The electrochemical measurements were carried out with
CHI electrochemical workstation (Model 643B, Austin, TX, USA). All
the electrochemical measurements were carried out under nitro-
gen atmosphere at room temperature. Induced Circular Dichroism
spectra were recorded on JASCO J-810 spectropolarimeter with
PMT detector in DMSO-buffer solution.
4.3. Synthesis of benzoic acid (2-hydroxy-benzylidine)-hydrazone
(HL1) and 4-methyl-benzoic acid (2-hydroxy-benzylidine)-
hydrazone(HL2) ligands
The ligands were prepared according to the literature method
with slight modications [32,61]. The hydrazone ligands (HL1) and
(HL2) were synthesized by mixing equimolar amounts of salicy-
laldehyde (0.122 g; 1 mM) with benzhydrazide(1 mM) or p-tol-
uichydrazide (0.150 g; 1 mM) in ethanol (50 mL) respectively. The
reactionmixturewas reuxedonawater bathfor 5handpouredinto
crushed ice. The corresponding hydrazone formed was ltered and
washed several times with distilled water and recrystallized from
ethanol with 85% yield. The purity of the ligands was checked by TLC
and melting point has been compared with the literature [61].
4.4. Synthesis of metal complexes
4.4.1. Synthesis of [CuCl(L1)]
2
(1)
A warm DMF solution (20 mL) containing [CuCl
2
(DMSO)
2
]
(0.344 mM, 0.1 g) was added to a methanolic solution of
Fig. 9. The emission spectrum of BSA (1 mM; l
ex
= 280 nm, l
em
= 345 nm) in the presence of increasing amounts of the ligand HL1(a) and HL2(b) and the complexes 1(c) and 2(d)
(0e8 mM). The arrow shows the decreases in the emission intensity upon increasing the concentration of the compounds.
Fig. 10. Electronic absorption spectra of BSA (5 mM) with ligands and complexes
(10 mM).
M. Alagesan et al. / European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 78 (2014) 281e293 289
HL1(0.344 mM, 0.082 g) and reuxed for an hour. Green single
crystals suitable for X-ray studies were obtained on slow evapo-
ration of the reaction mixture over a period of 15e20 days.
Yield: 52%. Melting point: <300
C. Elemental Analysis: Found
(calculated) (%) for C
28
H
22
Cl
2
Cu
2
N
4
O
4
: C, 49.7 (49.72); H, 3.2 (3.23);
N, 8.28 (8.31). UVevisible (solvent: TriseHCl buffer, nm): (,
M
1
cm
1
): 374 (23,800), 319 (25,800), 253 (29,000). IR: n
max
(cm
1
): n
C
]
O
: 1623, n
C
]
N
: 1480.
4.4.2. Synthesis of [CuCl(L2)]
2
(2)
Complex 2 was prepared by following the procedure as
described for complex 1 with HL2 (0.344 mM, 0.088 g) as the ligand
and [CuCl
2
(DMSO)
2
] as starting precursors. Transparent, green
crystals were obtained on slowevaporation of the reaction mixture
over a period of 15e20 days.
Yield: 49%. Melting point: <300
C. Elemental Analysis: Found
(calculated) (%) for C
30
H
26
Cl
2
Cu
2
N
4
O
4
: C, 51.1 (51.4); H, 3.71 (3.76);
N, 8.25 (8.28). UVevisible (solvent: 5% DMSO and 95% TriseHCl
buffer nm): (, M
1
cm
1
) 375 (5000), 320 (5360), 254 (6120). IR:
n
max
(cm
1
): n
C
]
O
: 1626, n
C
]
N
: 1478.
4.5. X-ray crystallography
A BRUKER GADDS X-ray (three-circle) diffractometer was
employed for crystal screening, unit cell determination and data
collection. The goniometer was controlled using the FRAMBO
software, v.4.1.05 [62]. The sample was optically centered with the
aid of a video camera such that no translations were observed as
the crystal was rotated through all positions. 180 data frames were
taken at widths of 0.5