PAPER PRESENTATION

Nano fluids
And its thermal applications

IEEE
6/3/2014


Anutsek sharma
anutseks@gmail.com
+918608932046











2

INDEX

Sl. no Content Pg. no
1. Abstract 1
2. Introduction 1
3. Coolant 2
4. nanocoolant 2
5. Abbreviations and acronyms 3
6. Table 3
7. Diagram 4
8. Conclusion 4
9. Bibliography 5

3


Nano fluids
Its thermal applications
Anutsek sharma
student Department of mechanical engineering
SRM University, Vadapalani
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
anutseks@gmail.com


Bineesh madhu, M.E
Assistant professor,
Department of mechanical engineering,
SRM University, Vadapalani
Chennai, Tamil Nadu


Abstract In todays trend of enhancement
and development in field of science & technology,
Technology and design of automobiles is evolving
to a new state, previously normal machines and
mechanisms were used but today we use
hydraulics and pneumatics ,which increases the
ease working and increases efficiency of vehicle .
My topic of research is related to fluid (hydraulics
) and thermal exchange in radiator in automobiles
.Basically water was used in past as a coolant
around engine which is send by radiator ,after that
some different variety of oils and mixture of oil
and water was used ,however it cools the engine
but itself get hot and takes time to get cool .but if
a very new variety of fluid called as nanofluid is
used instead of all other fluid stuff a lot of heat
can be evolved , transformed ,also cooling occurs
gradually.

Keywords: Nanofluids, Thermal Properties,
Apllications, Efficiency comparison

I. INTRODUCTION
The situation changed when Choi and Eastman
in Argonne National Laboratory revisited this
field with their nanoscale metallic particle and
carbon nanotube suspensions (Choi and Eastman
(1995); Eastman et al. (1996)). Choi and Eastman
have tried to suspend various metal and metal
oxides nanoparticles in several different fluids
(Choi (1998); Choi et al. (2001); Chon et al.
(2005); Chon et al. (2006);Eastman et al. (2001);
Eastman et al. (1999); Eastman et al. (2004)) and
their results are promising, however, many things
remain elusive about these suspensions of nano-
structured materials, which have been termed
nanofluids by Choi and Eastman. Nanofluid is a
new kind of heat transfer medium, containing
nanoparticles (1100 nm) which are uniformly
and stably distributed in a base fluid. These
distributed nanoparticles, generally a metal or
metal oxide greatly enhance the thermal
conductivity of the nanofluid, increases
conduction and convection coefficients, allowing
for more heat transfer. A Nanofluid is a fluid
containing nanometer-sized particles, called
nanoparticles. These fluids are engineered
colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base
fluid. The nanoparticles used in nanofluids are
typically made of metals, oxides, carbides, or
carbon nanotubes. Common base fluids include
water, ethylene glycol and oil. Nanofluids have
novel properties that make them potentially useful
in many applications in heat transfer, including
microelectronics, fuel cells, pharmaceutical
processes, and hybrid-powered engines, engine
cooling/vehicle thermal management, domestic
refrigerator, chillier, heat exchanger, nuclear
reactor coolant, in grinding, machining, in space
technology, defence and ships, and in boiler flue
gas temperature reduction. They exhibit enhanced
thermal conductivity and the convective heat
transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid.
Knowledge of the behaviour of nanofluids is
found to be very critical in deciding their
suitability for convective heat transfer
4

applications. Generally of all the methods used to
produce nanofluids, most important are: Two-step
method is the most widely used method for
preparing nanofluids. Nanoparticles, nanofibers,
nanotubes, or other nanomaterials used in this
method are first produced as dry powders by
chemical or physical methods. Then, the
nanosized powder will be dispersed into a fluid in
the second processing step with the help of
intensive magnetic force agitation, ultrasonic
agitation, high-shear mixing, homogenizing, and
ball milling. Two-step method is the most
economic method to produce nanofluids in large
scale, because nanopowder synthesis techniques
have already been scaled up to industrial
production levels. Due to the high surface area
and surface activity, nanoparticles have the
tendency to have heat transfer at high rate. The
important technique to enhance the stability of
nanoparticles in fluids is the use of surfactants.
However, the functionality of the surfactants
under high temperature is also a big concern,
especially for high-temperature applications. As
discussed above nanofluids have an excellent
property of exchanging heat ,they can even work
in small volume, they are moderate in cost and are
excellent discovery which can ease working of
engine and can even compact the size of radiator
by few percent ,but this few percent Is worth in
many ways. Different studies have revealed that
nanofluids are much worthy and efficient then
oil+water used as coolant.
A. Coolant
A coolant is a fluid which flows through or
around a device to prevent its overheating,
transferring the heat produced by the device to
other devices that use or dissipate it. An ideal
coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity,
is low-cost, non-toxic, and chemically inert,
neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the
cooling system. Some applications also require
the coolant to be an electrical insulator. While the
term coolant is commonly used in automotive
and HVAC applications, in industrial
processing, heat transfer fluid is one technical
term more often used, in high temperature as well
as low temperature manufacturing applications.
Another industrial sense of the word
covers cutting fluids. The coolant can either keep
its phase and stay liquid or gaseous, or can
undergo a phase transition, with the latent
heat adding to the cooling efficiency. The latter,
when used to achieve low temperatures, is more
commonly known as refrigerant. An emerging and
new class of coolants are nanofluids which consist
of a carrier liquid, such as water, dispersed with
tiny nano-scale particles known as nanoparticles.
Purpose-designed nanoparticles of
e.g. CuO, alumina, titanium dioxide, carbon
nanotubes, silica, or metals (e.g. copper,
or silver nanorods) dispersed into the carrier
liquid the enhances the heat transfer capabilities
of the resulting coolant compared to the carrier
liquid alone.
[6]
The enhancement can be
theoretically as high as 350%. The experiments
however did not prove so high thermal
conductivity improvements, but found significant
increase of the critical heat flux of the coolants.
Some significant improvements are achievable;
e.g. silver nanorods of 5512 nm diameter and
12.8 m average length at 0.5 vol.% increased the
thermal conductivity of water by 68%, and
0.5 vol.% of silver nanorods increased thermal
conductivity of ethylene glycol based coolant by
98%. Alumina nanoparticles at 0.1% can increase
the critical heat flux of water by as much as 70%;
the particles form rough porous surface on the
cooled object, which encourages formation of new
bubbles, and their hydrophilic nature then helps
pushing them away, hindering the formation of
the steam layer. Nanofluid with the concentration
more than 5% acts like non-Newtonian fluids.
[1]

B. Nanocoolant

More efficient heat transfer systems are
increasingly preferred because of the
accelerating miniaturization on the one hand
and the ever-increasing heat flux on the other
in auto engine. The poor heat transfer
properties of common fluids like water
compared to most solids is a primary obstacle
5

to the high compactness and effectiveness of
heat exchangers. Passive enhancement
methods such as enhanced surfaces are often
employed in thermofluid systems. Therefore
the development of advanced heat transfer
fluids with higher thermalconductivity and
improved heat transfer is in strong demand.
Nanofluids are heat transfer liquids with
dispersed nanoparticles. Recent research has
shown that they are capable of improving the
thermal conductivities and heat transport
properties of the base fluid and enhancing
energy efficiency and may have potential
applications in the field of heat transfer
enhancement. The effectiveness of heat
transfer enhancement has been found to be
dependent on the amount of dispersed
particle material type particle shape and so
on.
[2]
some of the applications are :
1-All heating and cooling exchangers.
2-Electricity diesel generators.
3-Power plant generators.
4-Civil and agriculture machineries.
5-All Cooling systems and chillers.
6-All diesel engines (trucks and buses)
7- All passenger cars.
The properties of these coolants are:
1- Increasing the thermal conductivity
coefficient in a coolant.
2-Cooling the heat exchangers.
3-Increasing the efficiency of electricity power
plants.
4-Increasing the efficiency of all kinds of
transformers.
5-Anti-scale properties.
6-Decreasing the fuel consumption in
passenger cars

thermal properties can be explained as:
a wide range of experimental and theoretical
studies were conducted in the literature to model
thermal conductivity of nanofluids. the existing
results were generally based on the definition of
the effective thermal conductivity of a two-
component mixture. the maxwell (1881) model
was one the first models proposed for solidliquid
mixture with relatively large particles. it was
based on the solution of heat conduction equation
through a stationary random suspension of
spheres. the effective thermal conductivity
(eq.1) is given by
k
eff
=kp+2kbf+2(kpkbf)kp+2kbf(kpkbf)kbf
options
where,
kp is the thermal conductivity of the particles,
keff is the effective thermal conductivity of
nanofluid,
kbf is the base fluid thermal conductivity,
and is the volume fraction of the suspended
particles.
the general trend in the experimental data is that
the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases
with decreasing particle size. this trend is
theoretically supported by two mechanisms of
thermal conductivity enhancement; brownian
motion of nanoparticles and liquid layering
around nanoparticles (ozerinc et al), 2010.

II. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
1) Nanocoolants: consists of nano particles
working as coolant
2) Nanoparticles: Nanoparticles are used to
manufacture it.
3) Thermal conductivity: propertity of material to
conduct heat.
4) Surfactants: used to reduse surface tension




III. TABLES

Thermal
Conductivity
Efficiency(Outpu
t)
Thermal conductivity of
oil at 25degree
0.15 k - W/(m.K)

Thermal conductivity of
water at 25 degree
0.58 k - W/(m.K)

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Themal conductivity of
oil+water at 25degree
0.21 k - W/(m.K)



IV. DIAGRAM






V. DEFINITIONS
1) NANOFLUIDS: They are the kind of fluids in
which Nanoparticles are suspended and is used
mainly for heat transfer mechanisms
2) COOLANT: A fluid mixture or fluid which
absorbs heat from hot surface and cools it.
3) SURFACTANTS: are compounds that lower the
surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two
liquids or between a liquid and a solid .Exampls:
Mixture of ethoxylated linear fatty alcohols,
Polycondensed fatty acid.



VI. CONCLUSION
It is concluded that due to high conductivity and transfer
properties nanofluids can make place in places of heat
transfer and absorbtion.Due to its ability to absorb heat it
has a vast area of application in heat transfer area.Working
as a coolent is also the most important property of
nanofluids,their excellence in absorbing heat can make them
capabale of being used in absorbing heat.
As stated in above data it has vast use,if used properly
around engine,by using it size of turbine will be reduced and
that area will be used in other constructive purpose.
Further,it can also be used in nuclear reactor(under research)
as a collent which will cool rods of reactor more efficiently
and will save water too,in lage amount.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolant
2) http://corridor.nano.ir/index.php?ctrl=prod
uct&actn=product_view&lang=2&id=404
3) http://corridor.nano.ir/index.php?ctrl=prod
uct&actn=product_view&lang=2&id=404
4) http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/201
2/435873/
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+of+car+radiator+added+fan+from+inside
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=ghk
WU-

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to%252Fcar-care%252Fantifreeze-
101%3B700%3B420

8) http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/therm
al-conductivity-d_429.html

9) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofluid
7


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