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This document describes an optical fiber system developed for transmitting video and telemetry signals. The system uses single mode fiber operating at 1550nm and 1300nm wavelengths in a full-duplex configuration. Video signals are transmitted using pulse-frequency modulation, while telemetry uses frequency-shift keying. The system achieves a bit error rate below 10-11 and a video signal-to-noise ratio of 48dB over 3km, with good margin. Computer simulation was used during development and showed close agreement with measured results.
This document describes an optical fiber system developed for transmitting video and telemetry signals. The system uses single mode fiber operating at 1550nm and 1300nm wavelengths in a full-duplex configuration. Video signals are transmitted using pulse-frequency modulation, while telemetry uses frequency-shift keying. The system achieves a bit error rate below 10-11 and a video signal-to-noise ratio of 48dB over 3km, with good margin. Computer simulation was used during development and showed close agreement with measured results.
This document describes an optical fiber system developed for transmitting video and telemetry signals. The system uses single mode fiber operating at 1550nm and 1300nm wavelengths in a full-duplex configuration. Video signals are transmitted using pulse-frequency modulation, while telemetry uses frequency-shift keying. The system achieves a bit error rate below 10-11 and a video signal-to-noise ratio of 48dB over 3km, with good margin. Computer simulation was used during development and showed close agreement with measured results.
OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM FOR VIDEO AND TELEMETRY SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
Chong Wing Keong*
Singapore Polytechnic, Electronics and CommEngineering Dept K R Subramanian and V K Dubey School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Abstract A cost effective optical fiber systemfor transmission of video and telemetry signal (2 Mbps) in onedirection and command signal (2 Mbps) in theother has been designed and developed. The optical fiber systemusing single mode optical fiber and semiconductor lasers operates at 1550nm and 1300nnl wavelength full-duplex modethrough optical Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM)/Bidirectional couplers. Pulse-Frequency-Modulation /Optical Intensity Modulation PFM/IM is adopted for the transmission of video signal while the transmission of telemetry signal adopts the Frequency-Shift-Keying F S W technique. The systemdeveloped achieves a data bit error rate of better than lo- and video signal-to-noise ratio of 48 dB for a transmission span of above 3 km with very good system margin. Computer simulation programfor evaluation of optical fiber data transmission systemperformance was adopted in thesystemdevelopment. 1. Introduction: Optical fiber transmission systemhas the advantage of very wide transmission bandwidth which, with appropriate frequency division multiplexing scheme, allows simultaneous transmission of information fromdifferent signal sources in a single fiber hence increasing transmission efficiency. The transmission efficiency can be further enhyced by sending optical carrier in full-duplex mode(bi-directionally) in a single fiber using a WDM/Bi- directional coupler at each end of theoptical fiber. A research and development project has been successfully carried out at theNanyang Technological University 0 Communications Laboratory JXI to explore the abovementioned technical feasibilities. Theproject involved developing a low cost integrated optical fiber systemfor simultaneous transmission of video and telemetry signal in order to facilitate complete systemperformance evaluation particulary in the area of possible co-channel electrical interference and interference between the two optical wavelengths transmitted in contra-directions. The performance of thesystemdeveloped was tested and the results were found to be very encouraging, the system developed can also beconsidered for industrial application. Computer simulation programdeveloped by theNTU Comms Lab III for optical fiber data transmission system performance evaluation was used during system development. Computer simulated results on data link performancewerecompared with measured results obtained fromthe systemdeveloped, they werefound to have close agreement. 2. System Overview Thecomplete optical fiber systemfor video and telemetry signal transmission is shown in Fig-1 .There are two opto- electronic interfaces in thesystem, namely the uplink and downlink interfaces. The optical link is bi-directional, transmitting at wavelengths of 13OOnmin the uplink direction and 155Onmin thedownlink direction. Uplink Interface Unit The uplink interface unit transmits a command Signal at 8x100 kbps (2 Mbps is used as systemspec.) using a 1300 nm digital intensity modulation laser transmitter. At the same time, it receives a combined video (PFM) and telemetry signal (FSK) through an analog optical receiver. Separation of this combined signal is performed by a diplexer unit which comprises two bandpass filters with passbands in the rangeof 18-32 MHz (for the PFM video signal) and 6-14 MHz (for the FSK telemetry signal). The modulated video and telemetry signals received are then demodulated using their respective demodulators. Downlink Interface Unit: The downlink interface unit transmits a 6 MHz video and 8x100 kbps ( again 2 Mbps is used as systemspec.) telemetry signals. Before transmission, the video signal modulates a 25 MHz carrier employing PFM. The digital telemetry signal is modulated Using FSK with mark and spacefr-equency of 12.5 MHz and 7.5 MHz respectively. The modulated video and telemetry signals are combined in a diplexer similar to that in the uplink interfaceunit. The composite signal is then transmitted through the fiber using a wavelength of 155Onm. The downlink intdace unit al so receives a 8x100 kbps ( 2 Mbps is used as systemspec.) command signal fromthe uplink. * The author is pursuing a postgraduate programe at Univfmity. the School of EEE, Nanyang Technological 71 optical Link: Command rl pndt (I OD kbpr x 8) modulator modulator t oo kt+n H~ l p k a e r vtdeo dgnd (0-6 MHz) 4 Telcmstr). rlgnds ( IO0 kbp9x t) I _ _ _ _ _ _ - Figure-1. SystemBlock Diagram: Optical Fiber Systemfor Video and Telemetry Signal Transmission The optical fiber link comprises the 1300nmand 155Onm laser modules, broadband pinFET photoreceiver, 3km single-mode optical fiber and a pair of WDM/bi-directional couplers. 3. System Performance The Systemperformance measured are summarised as follows: Overall SystemMargin (optical): 16 dB at a BER of lo7 and video S/N (unweighted) at 45 dB Uplink Command Signal and Downlink Telemetry Signal Quality: BER of lO''O, 2 h4bps NRZ. Downlink Video Signal Quality: signal-to-noise ratio 48 dB. The picture quality was considered good. Downlink CO-Channel Interference (Video & Data): No significant co-channel interference between the downlink video and telemetry signals was found. (Refer to Chart-1). CO-Channel Interference Between Optical Wavelengths: No interference between the uplink (13OOnm) and downlink (1550 nm) optical channels was detected. Port to port directivity at the WDM/bi-directional coupler was better than 60 dl3. Whileisolation between trunk to port was better than 40 dl3. Insertion loss was less than 0.6 dB. 4. Analysis of SystemPerformance Uplink BER vs. Received Optical Power (Theoretical & Measured Results): The measured and theoretical results of BER vs. received optical power for the 2 Mbps uplink command signal were found to be in close agreement (refer to Chart-2). The theoretical results were derived from the simulation programbased on the mathematical model described in this paper. Downlink Video C/N, Detected S/N Ratio vs. Received Power: The downlink video carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) was able to maintain at a constant level of 53 dB until the received optical power fell below -17 dbm. Whereas, the signal-to- noise (S/N) kept constant at 48 dB until the received optical power fell below -23 dbm(refer to Chart-3). This is due to the built-in Automatic-Gain-Control (AGC) function at the photodetectodamplifier. It is observed from Chart-3 that at high received optical received power, the C/N is higher than the S / N of the detected video signal. It is due to the fact that at high C/N region the S/N of the detected video signal is very much limited by the S/N of the signal generated by the video pattem generator (about 50 a). However, at a lower received optical power region, the S/N out performs the C/N due to FM improvement factor. 72 1.00Et00 1 .00E-O 1 1.00E-02 1 .00E-03 (Dow n-Link) A 1.00E-04 2 2 1.OOE-05 d 1.00E-06 w - W 1.00E-07 1.00E-08 1.00E-09 1.OOE-10 1.00E-11 -42 -41 -40 -39 -38 -37 -36 -35 -34 -33 -32 Received Optical Power (dbm) Chart-I BER vs. Received Optical Power (Down-Link) 1.00E+00 1.00E-03 1.00E-05 n bD 0 5 1.00E-07 d w E: m 1 .(NE49 1.00E-11 1.00E-13 (Up-Link) -50 -49 -48 -47 -46 -45 -44 -43 -42 Received Optical Power (dbm) Chart-2 BER vs. Received Optical Power (Up-Link) 73 (Down-Link) I I I i I I 1 i ~ IAN i i I I I ! : I I , 50 h P a, 40 vl 2 U 0 0 30 2 U 20 10 0 , C/N ~, / .. Chart-3 Video C/N, Detected S/ N Ratio vs. Received Optical Powex @own-Link) 5. Mathematical Modeling of Optical Fiber Transmission Systems The computer simulation programused in thi s project was designed tb cover typical system operating with a multimode or single mode laser, single-mode or graded index fiber and direct detection with a PIN or APD photodiode. A basic systemmodel based on which the computer simulation programis developed is shown in Fig. 2 (Refer to [6] for details): The transmission characteristics of the three main components of an optical transmission system can be described by frequency-dependent but dimensionless normalised transmission functions &,,,,(f) with thetime parameters is the conversion factor of the photodetector, M is the multiplication factor of an avalanche photodiode, R is the load resistor and G is the amplification factor of an electronic amplifier. D, is the attenuation of the fiber, hv Transnicter Fiber RectiVU r 1 1 - t I 1 1 Figure 2. Basic Model of an &tical Fiber Transmission Svstem 74 Evaluation of systemPerformance: A. Gaussian Distribution Model: In digital transmission system, the amplitude distribution of the noise is usually assumed to be Gaussian. A simple formula exists for calculating the bit error rate fromthe signal-to-nojse ratio 131: B. Non-Gaussian Distribution Model: The assumption of Gaussian noise amplitude distribution is not always valid. Of the numerous noise sources that had to be taken into account, at least two i.e the modepartition noise and avalanche noise have Non-Gaussian distribution. The Non-Gaussian noise amplitude distribution model may be given by the WMC Distribution function 141. The bit error probability for one pulse is found by integrating the WMC Distribution function on the wrong side of the decision threshold mT. 0 iii, *T iiil m- Figure- 3 Non-Gaussian Noise Amplitude Distribution in APD photoreceiver. High power (right) represents a "1" and low power (left) represents a "0" with residual light. 6. Conclusion The developed systemachieves a bit error rate of better than 10" at 2 Mbps for the command and telemetry signals and a signal to noise ratio of better than 48 dB for the video signal under normal working conditions. A system margin of 16 dB has been catered for additional fiber attenuation, such as microbending loss, which may be incurred during the installation process of the optical fiber cable. a video PFM carrier centred at 25 MHz. In order to operate- the link at a higher data speed, a wider separation of the carrier frequencies is necessary to avoid any possible interference between the side-bands of the FSK signal and the PFM signal. Test results showed that there was an excellent isolation between the optical wavelengths in the uplink and downlink channels. No significant interference was detected in either direction of the link. Computer programdeveloped by the Communication ID Laboratory in the NTU was adopted for the purpose of systemperformance prediction and evaluation (Refer to [6]). In that, results generated by the simulation program were verified with measured results and validity of the theoretical analysis and simulation models were proven. Both simulation models using Gaussian and Non-Gaussian noise distribution were examined. The Non-Gaussian model was found to be more realistic when theoretical and measured results are compared, although the difference was not subtle (Refer to [6]). References [ 13 Paul E. Green, J r, Fiber Optic Networks, Prentice- Hall, 1993. [2] Robert J. Hoss, Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook, Prentice-Hall, 1990. [3] S . Geckeler, Modeling of Fiber-optic Transmission System on Desktop Computers, IEEE I nternational Conference on Communications, Philadephia, paper 19.2, 1988. S. Geckeler, Fast Numerical Approximation of Bit Error Rate Caused by Non-Gaussian Noise, ICQC, Philadephia, 1988. S . Geckeler, Optical Fiber Transmission Systems, Artech House, Boston, 1987. K.C Neo and WF Tai, Modeling of High Speed Fiber-optic Transmission Systems, Final year Project, School of EEE, NTU, Singapon% 1993. [4] [SI [6] The proposal of utilizing frequency multiplexing and optical wavelength division multiplexing scheme in this project was found feasible. Thesystemdeveloped has a FSK carrier centred at 10 h4HZ for the telemetry signal and 75
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