Indian rock-cut architecture

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Oldest Rockcut cave of India Barabar Caves

Entrance of Rockcut cave temple(Similar style as Barabar Caves) at Guntupalle, Andhra Pradesh

An early group of caves atKanheri Caves

Advanced beds in earlyviharas at Kanheri Caves

Rock cut stair leading to Kanheri

Guntupalle Rockcut Caves,Andhra Pradesh
Indian rock-cut architecture is more various and found in greater abundance than any other form of rock-
cut architecture around the world.
[1]
Rock-cut architecture is the practice of creating a structure by carving it
out of solid natural rock. Rock that is not part of the structure is removed until the only rock left are the
architectural elements of the excavated interior. Indian rock-cut architecture is mostly religious in
nature.
[2][3]

There are known more than 1,500 rock cut structures in India. Many of these structures contain artworks of
global importance, most are adorned with exquisite stone carvings. These ancient and medieval structures
are amazing achievements of structural engineering and craftmanship.
[4]

In India, caves have long been regarded as places of sanctity. Caves that were enlarged or entirely man-
made were felt to hold the same sanctity as natural caves. In fact the sanctuary in all Indian religious
structures, even free standing ones, retain the same cave-like feeling of sacredness, being small and dark
without natural light.
[5]

The Oldest rock-cut architecture is the Barabar caves, Bihar built around 3rd Century BC, other early cave
temples are found in the western Deccan, mostly Buddhist shrines and monasteries, dating between 100 BC
and 170 AD. They were probably preceded as well as accompanied by wooden structures which are
destroyed over time while stone endures. Throughout the history of rock-cut temples, the elements of
wooden construction have been retained. Skilled craftsmen learned to mimic timber texture, grain and
structure. The earliest cave temples include the Bhaja Caves, the Karla Caves, the Bedse Caves, the Kanheri
Caves and some of the Ajanta Caves. Relics found in these caves suggest an important connection between
the religious and the commercial, as Buddhist missionaries often accompanied traders on the busy
international trading routes through India. Some of the more sumptuous cave temples, commissioned by
wealthy traders, included pillars, arches, and elaborate facades during the time maritime trade boomed
between the Roman Empire and south-east Asia.
[6]

Although free standing structural temples were being built by the 5th century, rock-cut cave temples
continued to be built in parallel. Later rock-cut cave architecture became more sophisticated as in the Ellora
Caves, culminating ultimately the monolithic Kailash Temple. After this, rock-cut architecture became
almost totally structural in nature (although cave temples continued to be built until the 12th century), made
from rocks cut into bricks and built as free standing constructions. Kailash was the last spectacular rock-cut
excavated temple.
[7]


Contents
1 Early caves
2 Cave temples
3 Monolithic rock-cut temples
4 Free-standing temples
5 Rock-cut monuments in India
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Early caves
The earliest caves employed by humans were natural caves used by local inhabitant for a variety of purposes
such as shrines and shelters. The early caves included overhanging rock decorated with rock-cut art and the
use of natural caves during the Mesolithic period (6000 BC). Their use has continued in some areas into
historic times.
[8]
The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, a World Heritage Site, are on the edge of the Deccan
Plateau where deep erosion has left huge sandstone outcrops. The many caves and grottos found there
contain primitive tools and decorative rock paintings that reflect the ancient tradition of human interaction
with their landscape, an interaction that continues to this day.
[9]

Cave temples

Ajanta caves
When Buddhist missionaries arrived they naturally gravitated to caves for use as cave temples and abodes,
in accord with their religious ideas of asceticism and the monastic life. The Western Ghats topography with
its flat-topped basalt hills, deep ravines and sharp cliffs, was suited to their natural inclinations. The earliest
of the Kanheri Caves were excavated in the 1st and 2nd centuries B.C. as were those at Ajanta which were
occupied continuously by Buddhist monks from 200 BCE to 650 AD.
[10][11]
The Buddhist ideology
encouraged identification with trade, monasteries became stopovers for inland traders and provided lodging
houses that were usually located near trade routes. As their mercantile and royal endowments grew, cave
interiors became more elaborate with interior walls decorated with paintings and reliefs and intricate
carvings. Facades were added to the exteriors as the interiors became designated for specific uses as
monasteries (viharas) and worship halls (chaityas). Over the centuries simple caves began to resemble three-
dimensional buildings, needing to be formally designed and requiring highly skilled artisans and craftsmen
to complete. Theses artisans had not forgotten their timber roots and imitated the nuances of a wooden
structure and the wood grain in working with stone.
[12]


Worship hall (Chaitya) atAjanta Caves

Badami Cave Temples -Sanctum sanctorum inside Cave No.1
Early examples of rock cut architecture are the Buddhist and Jain cave basadi, temples and monasteries,
many with chandrashalas. The ascetic nature of these religions inclined their followers to live in natural
caves and grottos in the hillsides, away from the cities, and these became enhanced and embellished over
time. Although many temples, monasteries and stupas had been destroyed, by contrast cave temples are very
well preserved as they are both less visible and therefore less vulnerable to vandalism as well as made of
more durable material than wood and masonry. There are around 1200 cave temples still in existence, most
of which are Buddhist. The residences of monks were called Viharas and the cave shrines, called Chaityas,
were for congregational worship.
[12]
The earliest rock-cut garbhagriha, similar to free-standing ones later,
had an inner circular chamber with pillars to create a circumambulatory path (pradakshina) around
the stupa and an outer rectangular hall for the congregation of the devotees.
The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, a World Heritage Site, are 30 rock-cut cave Buddhist temples carved into
the sheer vertical side of a gorge near a waterfall-fed pool located in the hills of the Sahyadri mountains.
Like all the locations of Buddhist caves, this one is located near main trade routes and spans six centuries
beginning in the 2nd or 1st century B.C.
[13]
A period of intense building activity at this site occurred under
the Vakataka king Harisena between 460 and 478 A profuse variety of decorative sculpture, intricately
carved columns and carved reliefs are found, including exquisitely carved cornices and pilaster.
[14]
Skilled
artisans crafted living rock to imitate timbered wood (such as lintels) in construction and grain and intricate
decorative carving, although such architectural elements were ornamental and not functional in the classical
sense.
[12]

Later many Hindu kings from southern India patronize many cave temples dedicated to Hindu gods and
goddesses. One such prominent example of cave temple architecture are the Badami Cave Temples at
Badami, the early Chalukya capital, carved out in the 6th century. There are four cave temples hewn from
the sides of cliffs, three Hindu and one Jain, that contain carved architectural elements such as decorative
pillars and brackets as well as finely carved sculpture and richly etched ceiling panels. Nearby are many
small Buddhist cave shrines.
[15]

Monolithic rock-cut temples

Varaha Cave Temple 7th century

Pancha Rathas monolith rock-cut temple, late 7th century

Ellora cave 16
The Pallava architects started the carving of rock for the creation of a monolithic copies of structural
temples.
[5]
A feature of the rock-cut cave temple distribution until the time of the early Pallavas is that they
did not move further south than Aragandanallur, with the solitary exception of Tiruchitrapalli on the south
bank of the Kaveri River, the traditional southern boundary between north and south. Also, good granite
exposures for rock-cut structures were generally not available south of the river.
[7]

A rock cut temple is carved from a large rock and excavated and cut to imitate a wooden or masonry temple
with wall decorations and works of art. Pancha Rathas is an example of monolith Indian rock cut
architecture dating from the late 7th century located at Mamallapuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Ellora cave temple 16, the Kailash Temple, is singular in that it was excavated from the top down rather than
by the usual practice of carving into the scarp of a hillside. The Kailash Temple was created through a
single, huge top-down excavation 100 feet deep down into the volcanic basaltic cliff rock. It was
commissioned in 8th century by King Krishna I and took more than 100 years to complete.
[16]
The Kailash
Temple, or cave 16 as it is known at Ellora Caves located at Maharastra on the Deccan Plateau, is a
huge monolithic temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. There are 34 caves built at this site, but the other 33 caves,
Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain, were carved into the side of the plateau rock. The effect of the Kailash Temple is
that of a free-standing temple surrounded by smaller cave shrines carved out of the same black rock. The
Kailash Temple is carved with figures of gods and goddesses from the Hindu Puranas, along with mystical
beings like the heavenly nymphs and musicians and figures of good fortune and fertility.
[17]
Ellora Caves is
also a World Heritage Site.
[18]


Free-standing temples
There is no time line that divides the creation of rock-cut temples and free-standing temples built with cut
stone as they developed in parallel. The building of free-standing structures began in 5th century, while rock
cut temples continued to be excavated until the 12th century.
Rock-cut monuments in India

Ellora caves. Cave 34. Theyakshini Ambika, theyakshini of Neminath at aJain Cave at Ellora

Rock cut steps atRamatheertham, Andhra Pradesh

Bojjannakonda Rockcut Caves, Andhra Pradesh

Rock cut Stupas,Bojjannakonda

Panoramic view of relief sculpture at Mahabalipuram, a World Heritage Site
Aihole has one Jaina/
Badami Cave Temples
Bagh Caves
Ellora Caves has twelve Buddhist, 17 Hindu and five Jain temples.
[19]

Kanheri Caves
Mahabalipuram
Pancha Rathas
Pandavleni Caves
Shore Temple - structural
Undavalli caves, Andhra Pradesh
Varaha Cave Temple at Mamallapuram
Masroor Temple at Kangra
Bojjannakonda Buddhist Site, Andhra Pradesh
Guntupalle Buddhist Site, Andhra Pradesh
Ramatheertham, Andhra Pradesh