Prof.

Cristiano Nicolella
Unit Unit Unit Unit
Unit Unit Unit Unit
Operation Operation Operation Operation
Operation Operation Operation Operation
I II I
I II I
Universit di Pisa
Facolt di Ingegneria
Evaporators
Evaporators
Unit Operations I
Duhring Duhring Duhring Duhring lines lines lines lines for for for for water water water water solutions solutions solutions solutions of of of of NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl
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Boiling Boiling Boiling Boiling point point point point rise rise rise rise for for for for aqueous aqueous aqueous aqueous solutions solutions solutions solutions
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Specific Specific Specific Specific heats heats heats heats of of of of aqueous aqueous aqueous aqueous solutions solutions solutions solutions
Perry VIII, Table 2.158-2.175
Sodium hydroxide:
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Enthalpy Enthalpy Enthalpy Enthalpy of of of of aqueous aqueous aqueous aqueous solutions solutions solutions solutions
Heats of solutions: Perry VIII, Table 2.182
Sodium hydroxide:
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Water nucleate Water nucleate Water nucleate Water nucleate boiling boiling boiling boiling coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient
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Classification Classification Classification Classification
Forced-circulation evaporators
Boiling in tubes
Submerged type
Short-tube vertical evaporators
Long-tube evaporators
Rising film
Falling film
Unit Operations I
Forced Forced Forced Forced- -- -circulation circulation circulation circulation evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
Boiling Boiling Boiling Boiling in the in the in the in the tubes tubes tubes tubes
Suitable for many uses, may not be the most
economical
Separated function for
Heat transfer
Vapor-liquid separation
Cristallisation
Circulation maintained regardless of evaporation
rate, suitable for:
viscous solutions
crystallysing operations (crystals in suspension)
Highest heat transfer coefficients with boiling in
the tubes, but:
Salt deposits with salting solutions
excessive nucleation and production of fine salts
because of flash
Tube velocities:
1 m/s: salt evaporators, >5 % solids
3 m/s: lower solids concentration
Unit Operations I
Forced Forced Forced Forced- -- -circulation circulation circulation circulation evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
Submerged Submerged Submerged Submerged tubes tubes tubes tubes
Most used type of forced-circulation
evaporator.
Heating element below the liquid level to
prevent boiling in the tubes.
Relatively immune to salting in the
tubes.
Heat imparted as sensible heat:
temperature rise of the circulating liquor
reduces the temperature difference
available for heat transfer.
Head requirements difficult to estimate,
because of friction losses:
Recirculation line
Flashing losses
Vortex losses in the flash chamber
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Forced Forced Forced Forced- -- -circulation circulation circulation circulation evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
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Circulation past the heating surface is induced by
boiling in the tubes.
Tubes: 50-75 mm diameter, 1-2 m length.
Short Short Short Short- -- -tube tube tube tube vertical vertical vertical vertical evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
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Long Long Long Long- -- -tube tube tube tube evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
Rising Rising Rising Rising- -- -film film film film, single pass , single pass , single pass , single pass Recirculation Recirculation Recirculation Recirculation Falling Falling Falling Falling film film film film
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Cheapest per unit of capacity.
Few seconds of liquid residence time.
Tubes: 25-50 mm diameter, 6-10 (rising film) 6-20
m (falling film)
High heat transfer coefficients
Recirculation desirable for
low feed to evaporation ratio or
feed to heating surface ratio
Rising film: tempeature not uniform because of
hydrostatic head (reduced temperature difference,
which may offset high heat transfer coefficients)
Falling film: no problems of hydrostatic head, rather
uniform temperature, but critical feed distribution
Long Long Long Long- -- -tube tube tube tube evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
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Long Long Long Long- -- -tube tube tube tube evaporators evaporators evaporators evaporators
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Steam Steam Steam Steam- -- -jet jet jet jet ejector ejector ejector ejector
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Two Two Two Two- -- -stage stage stage stage ejector ejector ejector ejector
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Barometric Barometric Barometric Barometric condensers condensers condensers condensers