APA POTALA Tratament

You can save life so easy!

Make your own clean water!
Having clean and enough water
is one of the basic needs of mankind
Background:
Worldwide, more than 1 billion people
lack access to safe drinking water
!t is estimated that over "#$ of the
diseases in the developing countries are
caused by contaminated water
%he water and sanitation crisis claims
more lives through disease than any war
claims through guns
%he cost per person per year for having 1#
liters of safe drinking water every day is
&ust '( )*+
How to clean water? Water Purification Technologies
*tarting with some simple and cheap technologies
Solar water disinfection, Sodis
Water is placed in transparent plastic ,-% bottles, which is first o.ygenated by
shaking partially/filled capped bottles prior to filling the bottles all the way %he
completely water/filled and capped bottles are e.posed to sunlight, preferably on a
corrugated metal roof, slanted slightly to ma.imi0e the e.posure to solar radiation
1or si. hours in full sun, or for two days in partial sunlight
Microbes are destroyed by temperature and )23 radiation provided by the sun %he
combination of the two effects 4)23 and heat5 provides a simple method of
disinfection for use in tropical countries
%he use of glass bottles may or may not provide the same effect 4thicker etc5
%he researchers gave 6#( Masai children clear, 17/liter plastic bottles %he children
in the test group were told to fill the bottles 4from the contaminated water supply5
and place them on the roof, from dawn to midday %he control group kept their
bottles inside +iarrhea incidence in the two groups was tracked over 16 weeks %he
researchers found that this solar radiation method may significantly reduce
diarrheal disease for communities that have no other way to disinfect water
More on wwwsodisch
Heating or boiling
Boiling water will kill bacteria as well as other disease/causing microorganisms like
8iardia lamblia and 9ryptosporidium parvum which are commonly found in rivers
and lakes Water temperatures above "# :9 417; :15 will kill all pathogens within <#
minutes, above ;7 :9 41;7 :15 within a few minutes, and at boiling point 41## :9
4616 :155, most pathogens will be killed
Boiling cannot remove chemicals, nor heavy metal contamination, eg, colloidal
metal pollutants
%o improve =uality: ,re/filtering by a fine meshed cloth, let the water settle before>
?et the water sit for a few hours after boiling in a vessel, the water picks up air and
loses its bland taste !mprove the taste by flavoring plant materials adding during
boiling !f done properly, boiling is a very effective and simple disinfection method,
but re=uires a significant amount of energy, if not used the sun directly
3 combination of heating plus filtering with activated charcoal can neutrali0e most
pathogens and pollutants
%his process can be reali0ed by a *olar/cooker
How does the cleaning of water works?
!n the free space of a *olar/9ooker you put a plastic or copper/pipe> %hrough this
the water will be heated 3fter this it will pass a simple heat /e.changer 4reverse/
flow/principle5 for to use the energy of the hot water to preheat the incoming cold
water %hrough this you will have a very good yield for the water/pasteuri0ation/
process But you can Bypass this to get the hot water for tea etc
%he transport of the water works through a small pump, for e.ample a old pump of
a car for to clean the wind/screen !n this way you have the water directly where you
need it for e.ample in the kitchen %he Heat/e.changer can be delivered by
3lternative %echnology, if necessary also other components But isn@t it more
interesting doing the things by yourselfA Bou find more on:
wwwalternative/technologydeC*olar/9ookerCsolar/cookerhtml
UV-Light Treatent
)ses )2/9 light in the short wavelength range of 1##D6;# nm prevents microbes
from reproducing Without reproduction, the microbes become far less dangerous
Water turbidity must be low! %hin water films are necessary! Many substances
inhibit the transmission of the light %he water must be pre/filtered some severe
disadvantages! %he )2 lamp re=uires replacement annually> Eo *tandards/?amps,
e.pensive! -liminate waterborne pathogens 4germs, viruses, and molds5
)2 disinfection does not kill giardia or have a residual effect on bacteria that may be
reintroduced into the water after )2 treatment
,roblem: Bacteria which hide behind pollution 1ilter before to improve that
)2/treated water must therefore not be e.posed to visible light before consumption
to avoid ingesting reactivated and dangerous microbes
!t is the viruses that is the limiting factor of )2 treatment
%he proposed technology uses ultraviolet 4)25 light to from the local water supply
9onsuming a total of F# watts, the system disinfects appro.imately <# liters of
water per minute>
%he estimated one/time capital cost of an ultraviolet system is '7##, including
valve, fittings, and labor the )2 lamp re=uires replacement annually
Bacteria and viruses often accumulate bigger particles!
?amp must be pre/glowed
u!flow filteration
at low filtration/rates and sufficient o.ygen content of raw/water, biological activity
can be observed> reduction of 7# / "# $ of organic and inorganic coarse and fine
particles
1ilter/medium: coarse sand </F mm> cleaning of the filter, 7/1# min every day, to
prevent the filter/bed of
clogging> better results: decreasing grain/si0e to top>
Acti"ated charcoal
can remove many pollutants, without removing pathogens Geduces chemicals, has
better taste
!f not used can be a breeding ground for bacteria Eo visible indication of when
needs to be replaced
Gemove the very first water of a new candle %here can be a critical concentration of
charcoal dust
With *ilber/!ons: %here is a concentration which could be dangerous
9an also remove ,esticide/agent and their Metabolite or Medical remains
#eraic-filters
Gemoving pathogens down to the #6D#< micrometer 4Hm5 range, reduces
Baterieas and ,roto0oen>
!f the water is not too turbid 4may clog the pores5
!f the pore/si0e smaller than 17 um, the pathogens get removed also>
1ilter with bigger pores remove only microorganisms as cysts and worm eggs are
removed
strands of thread/like ?eptospira spp bacteria, 4that can cause leptospirosis5, are
thin enough to pass through a #6 micrometer filter
3fterwardscleaning: brushing under running water, boiling the candle> low
filtration without pressure!
%he elements themselves can become coloni0ation sites !n recent years some filters
have been enhanced by bonding silver metal nanoparticles to the ceramic element
andCor to the activated charcoal to suppress growth of pathogens
9eramic filters filter 7,### to 7#,### liters per cartridge
cla$-filters with sil"er
e.cellent results! also removal of bacteria> 6,1F lCday> 1 year longlivity> 77/(7$
loam, <#/<7$ crushed feldspar or 6#/F# $ sand, 7/1#$ sawdust, <,6$ colloid
silver> 8uatemala ","#'> *ilver verhindert weiteres Wachstum> auch in Britta/1ilter
drin
slow sand filtration
also anti/bacterial 4*chmut0decke5, but slow flow, sufficient o.ygen in the raw
water, steady temperature
constant flow is necessary!
%ee! tubewells
Because the wells are more than 6## feet deep, the water has been sealed beneath
an impermeable layer of earth for a long time and is commonly bacteria/free Ine
disadvantage of obtaining water from a deep tubewell is that many people dislike
the taste Because the water is old, it has a high dissolved salt content, and many
people prefer the taste of fresher, surface water 3dditionally, deep tubewells can be
e.pensive and time /consuming to construct because of the speciali0ed deep/drilling
e=uipment that is re=uired
#heical treatent
chlorine 4best and most tested but not easy to get and store this chemicals5, iodine,
bromine, o0one>
#hlorine disinfection
kills all pathogens, including giardia !n addition, chlorine has a residual effect> that
is, if bacteria are reintroduced into a chlorinated water supply, the new bacteria will
die 3lthough chlorine disinfection is a well/proven techni=ue, it has a few
disadvantages Iften, people dislike the taste and smell of chlorinated water !n
addition, because it is easy to overdose water with chlorine, it is necessary for a
trained person to test chlorine levels before water is consumed
*ilverJ9hlorine: 6#/<7min contact>
&'one-treatent
I0one makes o.idation of solved organic elements and removes bacteria, viruses
and germs With the 3eration, one saturates waters with air Bou combine with air
water in a manner that there is ma.imum of contact By this procedure, you remove
smell and bad taste and e.pels transient gases f e 9hlorine 1urthermore, iron and
manganese/*olutions are transferred in insoluble o.ide/hydrates %hese can be
removed afterwards by filtration
(e"erse-&sosis
Gemoves all suspended particles, filters all ioni0ed or ade=uately big/molecular
materials from the water, also all minerals and trace elements
Gemoves almost everything> but water can be remineralised after treatment Ir add
1#$ of untreated Water to it
%he pH gets to about 7,7
3 disadvantage is the large volume of unused waste water But can be used for
toilette, garden etc
1or the desalinating of sea water, the reversal/osmosis is more advantageous than
the more e.pensive energy/intensive distillation Geversal/osmosis is applied in the
industry or in laboratories in order to produce chemically 4almost5 pure H6I
%he cost drop to 1##/1### -uro %he filter must be changed about every year %he
costs are about 6# ' %he membrane must be changed about all < years, but depends
on the =uantity of water to be produced
)ore Technologies
LifeSa"er bottle , filters with a combination of hand pump, filter membranes and
a charcoal filter %his new system removes particles larger than 17 nm, and thus is
able to filter/out viruses More on
http:CCwwwlifesaversystemscomCtechinfohtml
%he LifeStraw removes particles larger than 17 microns with a set of two
membrane filters and a carbon filter %he polymer membrane filters are
impregnated with antimicrobial halogens to kill pathogens, and the carbon filter is
impregnated with silver to inactivate residual halogens from the membrane filters
More on
http:CCwwwvestergaard/frandsencomClifestraw/specificationshtm
*)-#eraic-+ilter
9ombination out of activated carbon and effective microorganisms
%his is suitable for the production of cleaned and biologically active drinking water
Aeration
remove unpleasant taste and odors and colour
,-- weeks storage
can reduce bacteria from 7#/K# $
Hoeade water filters
using local materials such as grass, charcoal 4eg from burned firewood5, and sand
simple cleaning *ystem: waterpps: *olar 46L76Wp, F63h 2lies/batterie5 und
Meramikmikrofilter
Links and ore %ocuents
Water treatment and technical design
3nalysis of water
*torage of water
3 lot is stolen from the wonderful Wikipedia so go there for further information like:
htt!.//en0wiki!edia0org/wiki/Portable1water1!urification
www0flowthefil0co/takeaction
www0sodis0ch
www0water2ualit$0de
www0watercone0co
www0inta2ua0co
htt!.//www0waterfoot!rint0org/?!age3files/hoe
www0fog2uest0org
U4(5# 6 Water. htt!.//www0unric0org/inde70!h! ?
o!tion3co1content8task3categor$8sectionid398id3:,;85teid3:99
htt!.//www0lifesa"ers$stes0co/techinfo0htl
http:CCwwwvestergaard/frandsencomClifestrawClifestraw
Here is the U!dated docuent for %ownload
Bou can also contact me for more detailled information> click here
Water, what a wonderful and preciouse ressource!