Logic Design-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT - 1
1. Given any 4-variable logic expression , simply using entered variable Map and realize
the simplied logic expression using 8:1 multiplexer IC.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
IC 74151, trainer kit, power chords, patch chords.
THEORY:
Multiplexer (MUX) is a combination circuit with 2
n
inputs, n number of selection lines and only
one output . MUX is generally represented as 2
n
:n:1. MUX is also known as data selector. 8:1
MUX has 8 inputs , 3 selection lines and 1 output.
Entered Variable Map (EVM) or Map Entered Variable (MEV) is a technique which makes
possible to use smaller maps to handle large number of variables. In MEV map, the cells are
allowed to contain single variable or expression along with minterm or maxterm or dont care
term. Rules for entering values in a MEV K-map is as shown below:
Appendix
Lab Manual
Part - A
Logic Design-Lab Manual.indd 1 8/17/2012 12:34:03 PM
2 Logic Design
RULE NO. MEV FUNCTION ENTRY IN MEV MAP
1 0
1
0
0
0
2 0
1
1
1
1
3 0
1
0
1
MEV
4 0
1
1
0
MEV
5 0
1
x
x
x
6 0
1
x
0
0
7 0
1
0
x
0
8 0
1
x
1
1
9 0
1
1
x
1
DESIGN:
[4- Variable logic expression will be given by examiner].
Let us assume that following expression is given in exam and let us design an 8:1 MUX based
on given expression.
f (A,B,C,D) = m (2,4,5,12,15) + d(0, 1, 10,11).
First write the truth table for the given expression:
METHOD 1:
f (A,B,C,D) = m (2,4,5,12,15) + d(0,1,10,11).
A B C D f MEV ENTRY
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
x
x
x = D
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
D

= MEV= D
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1 = D
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0 = D
3
LD Lab Manual 3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 = D
4
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
x
x
x = D
5
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
D

= MEV= D
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
D= MEV= D
7
PIN DIAGRAM:
1 16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
+V
CC
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
C
B
A
SELECTION
LINES
INPUTS
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
OUTPUT=Y
W
STROBE
GND
INPUTS
7
4
1
5
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: [FOR METHOD 1].
STROBE
W
OUTPUT=Y
+5V
+5V
D
2
D
1
D
0
D
3
D
7404
7404
1
4 3
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
7
+V
CC
C
B
A
D
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
7
4
1
5
1
+5V
METHOD 2:
Any given Boolean expression / logic expression can also be simplied using implementation
table method and then realized using 8:1 MUX.
4 Logic Design
Let us consider following expression and design a circuit using implementation table
method.
f (A,B,C,D) = m(2,3,4,5,13,15) + d(8,9,10,11).
Implementation table is:
D
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A 8
10
11
12 13 14 15
0 0
1=+V
CC
=+5V
1 A
1 0 A
Rules to obtain implementation table:
Eg :1
D
0
A
0
A 1
0
If both A

and A are not marked (ie. circled ), then the output of D
0
=0.
Eg:2
D
1
A
1
A 9
1
If both A

and A are marked then the output of D
1
=1.
Eg:3
D
2
A
2
A 10
A
If 2 is marked and 10 is not circled , then take the value of that row which is circled. In this
example, 2 is circled consider its corresponding row =A

as value of D
2
.D
2
= A
.
LD Lab Manual 5
Eg.4
D
3
A
3
A 11
A
11 is marked and 3 is not marked . Hence take 11s value = A . D

3
=A.
CIRCUIT : [Method 2].
STROBE
W
Y=OUTPUT
+5V
D
2
D
0
D
1
D
3
1
1 2 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
7
4
1
5
1
+V
CC
= +5V
7404 D
4
D
5
D
6
+5V
D
C
B
A
PROCEDURE:
[For method 1]
1) The given 4-variable logic expression is f (A,B,C,D) = m (2,4,5,12,15) + d(0,
1,10,11).
2) Write the truth table for the given minterms and make MEV entry in the truth table.
3) Make the circuit connections as shown in truth table and obtain the circuit.
4) After making the connections , give the inputs according to the truth table and verify the
output.
RESULT:
The given 4- variable logic expression is simplied using MEV method and thus realized using
8:1 MUX IC.
EXPERIMENT-2
Realize a full adder using 3 - to - 8 decoder IC and 4 input NAND gates.
6 Logic Design
IC 74138(3 -to- 8 DECODER IC) , IC 7420 (NAND gate), digital trainer kit, patch chords, power
chords.
THEORY:
FULL ADDER is a combinational circuit that performs addition of 3 bits and produces two
outputs: SUM and CARRY.
DECODER is a logic circuit with few inputs and many outputs. 3:8 DECODER is a decoder
with 3 inputs and 8 outputs. The inputs in 3:8 DEC are the control bits ABC.
DESIGN :
INPUT OUTPUT
A B C SUM CARRY
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
SUM = m (1,2,4,7)
CARRY = m (3,5,6,7)
K-map for sum is:
00 01 11 10
0
0
1

1 3
1
2
1
1

4 5
1

7 6
BC
A
Sum = A
C + A

B C
+ A B

C

+ ABC
= A

(B
C + B C
) + A (B

C

+ BC)
Let B
C + B C

= X
WKT B
C + B C

= B C = X
Also, B

C

+ B C = B C= X

= A

X + A X

LD Lab Manual 7
= A X
Substitute for X = B C = A B C.
K-map for carry is :
00 01 11 10
0
0

1
1
3
1
2
1
4
1
5
1
7
1
6
BC
A
Carry = AB + BC + CA.
PIN DIAGRAM:
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
7
7
4
1
3
8
A
0
A
1
A
2
E
1
E
2
E
3
GND
+V
CC
INPUT
ENABLE
PINS
O
0
O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
OUTPUTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
4
2
0
+V
CC
NOT
CONNECTED
NOT
CONNECTED
GND
8 Logic Design
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A
B
C 3
4
5
6
8
2
1 15
14
13
12
11
10
16
9
7
+5V
GND
8
6
CARRY
SUM
7420
7420
1
2
4
5
9
10
12
13
+5V
7
4
1
3
8
O
0
O
4
O
1
O
5
O
2
O
6
O
3
O
7
E
1
E
2
E
3
PROCEDURE:
1) Write the truth table for full adder.
2) Pin 8 and pin 16 of IC 74138 are connected to ground and + Vcc respectively. In order
to enable 3:8DEC IC , connect the active - low enable pins E
1

and E
2
to ground and active - high
enable pin E
3
to + 5V.
3) Connect pin numbers: 14,13,11,7 of IC 74138 to pin numbers 1,2,4,5 of IC 7420 to find
SUM at pin 6 of IC 7420. Connect pin numbers: 12,10,9,7 of IC 74138 to pin numbers : 9,10,12,13
of IC 7420 to find CARRY at pin 8 of IC 7420.
4) The output SUM is found at pin 6 of IC 7420 and output CARRY is found at pin 8 of IC
7420.
Change the inputs according to truth table and find SUM and CARRY.
RESULT:
Full - adder is verified using 3:8 DEC and 4- input NAND gate ICs.
EXPERIMENT - 3
Realize a J-K Master / Slave flip-flop using NAND gates and verify its working.
IC 7410 (3 input NAND gate), IC 7400 (2 input NAND gate), digital IC trainer kit, patch chords
, power chords.
THEORY:
A flip-flop is a sequential circuit whose output will be set irrespective of varying input changes. A
LD Lab Manual 9
flip-flop can store a 0 or a 1 indefinitely. While S=R=1 is can undesirable input condition in a SR
flip-flop, J = K = 1 is a valid input in a JK flip-flop. The condition J = K =1 in JK flip-flop is called
as race around condition and this condition can be eliminated using master - slave JK flip-flop.
Information is entered into the master on one edge or level of a control signal and is transferred
to the slave on the next edge or level of control signal. Each section is a latch . Master is positive
- edge triggered and slave is negative - edge triggered.
DESIGN:
The excitation table of JK flip-flop is:
Q
t
Q
t+1
J K
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 X
1 0 X 1
1 1 X 0
The function table of JK ip-op is:
J K Q
t
Q
t+1
COMMENT
0 0 0
1
0
1
No
Change
0 1 0
1
0
0
Reset
1 0 0
1
1
1
Set
1 1 0
1
1
0
Q
t
PIN DIAGRAM:
14
13
12
11
10
9
8 7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Input 1
Input 1
Input 2
Input 2
Input 2
Output 2
GND
+V
CC
Input 1
Input 3
Input 3
Input 3
Output 1
Output 3
7
4
1
0
10 Logic Design
14
13
12
11
10
9
8 7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Input 1
Input 1
Output 1
Input 2
Input 2
Output 2
GND
+V
CC
Input 4
Output 4
Input 3
Input 3
Input 4
Output 3
7
4
0
0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
7400
7400 7400
7400 7400
7410
7410 7410
12
6
13
2
4 4'
5'
6'
12'
13'
11'
5
6
2'
10'
1
2
1 3
1' 3' 9' 8'
3
4
5
8
9
10
K
J
CLK
Q
Q
7400
OR
7400
7400 7400
7400
7400
7410
7410
+V
CC
+V
CC
7410
12
13
11
1
1
2'
13'
4
5
6
12
13
11
12'
2
10
Q
Q
1
2 10
9
8
1 3 9 8
3
5
4
6'
3'
4'
5'
7410
K
J
LD Lab Manual 11
Note: 1, 2 and so on are the pin numbers of different ICs of IC 7400.
PROCEDURE:
1) Check all the ICs before making the connections.
2) Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
3) Give supply to the trainer kit.
4) Provide input data to the circuit via switches.
5) Verify the truth table sequence and observe the output.
RESULT:
JK master/ slave ip-op is realized using NAND gates.
EXPERIMENT 4
Design and implement a mod - n (n<8) synchronous up counter using JK ip-op ICs.
IC 7476, Basic gates (depending on design), digital trainer kit, patch chords , power chords.
THEORY:
A counter is a sequential circuit formed by cascading ip-ops. If the clock pulses to be control
are applied simultaneously to the control input of all the ip-ops in cascade, the such counters
are called as synchronous counters. All of these counters progress one count at a time in a strict
binary fashion and have a modulus given by 2
m
where m indicates the number of ip-ops. It is
rst necessary to nd the relation 2
m
n where m= number of ip-ops required and n= number
of count. A state diagram is used to describe the operation of the counter.
DESIGN:
We are supposed to design mod-n synchronous counter. The value of n will be given by the
examiner.
Let us assume that we are supposed to design mod-5 synchronous counter. Here the value of
n=5. The counter counts from 0 to 4. The counter does not count 5,6 and 7. Hence dont cares
={5,6,7}.
Step 1: Find the number of ip-ops required using the relation:
2
m
n
2
m
5 [Here n = 5 as we are supposed to design mod-5 synchronous counter]
m = 3
Total number of flip-flops required to design mod-5 synchronous counter is 3.
Step 2: State diagram for mod-5 synchronous counter is:
12 Logic Design
000
100
001
011
010
Mod - 5
synchronous
counter
Step 3: Excitation table for JK flip-flop is:
Q
t
Q
t+1
J K
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 X
1 0 X 1
1 1 X 0
Step 4: Let Q
A,
Q
B
and Q
C
be three flip-flop states.
The transition table is:
COUNT Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
' Q
B
' Q
C
J
A
K
A
J
B
K
B
J
C
K
C
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 0 X 1 X
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 X 1 X X 1
2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 X X 0 1 X
3 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 X X 1 X 1
4 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 0 X 0 X
d= {5,6,7}.
Q
A,
Q
B
Q
C
= Present state On application of clock pulse Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
changes to Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
which
are the next states.
Initially the counter is in state 0= 000 = Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
on application of clock pulse it changes to
001= Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
which is shown at count = 0 of transition table. Similar explanation holds good
from count=1 to 4.
In order to find J
A
K
A
, compare Q
A
and Q
A
. Here Q
A,
= 0 & Q
A
= 0 [for count = 0]. Find what
is the value of JK if Q
t
Q
t+1
= 00 from excitation table. When Q
t
Q
t+1
= Q
A
Q
A
= 00, the value of JK
= 0x. This is the value of J
A
K
A
as shown in transition table for count = 0.
Similarly, to find J
B
K
C
, compare Q
C
and Q
C
. Then find its corresponding J and K values from
the excitation table.
LD Lab Manual 13
Step 5: Obtain J
A
, K
A
, J
B
, K
B
, J
C
and K
C
values by drawing K-map and by using step 4.
From step 4:
J
A
= m(3) + d(4) + d(5, 6, 7)
= m(3) + d(4, 5, 6, 7)
[Dont cares = {5, 6, 7} for all J & K values.
J
B
= m(1) + d(2, 3, 5, 6, 7)
J
C
= m(0, 2) + d(1, 3, 5, 6, 7)
K
A
= m(4) + d(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7)
K
B
= m(3) + d(0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7)
K
C
= m(1, 3) + d(0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7)
Plot these minterms on K-map and find Js and Ks values.
00 01 11 10
0
0 1
1
3

2
1 X
4
X
5
X
7
X
6
J
A
= Q
B
Q
C
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
00 01 11 10
0 X X X X
1 X X

X X
K
A
= 1 = +5V
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
00 01 11 10
0 1 X X
1 X

X X
J
B
= Q
C
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
00 01 11 10
0 X X 1
1 X X

X X
K
B
= Q
C
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
14 Logic Design
00 01 11 10
0 1 1 X 1
1 X

X X
J
B
= Q
__

A
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
00 01 11 10
0 X 1 1 X
1 X X

X X
K
B
= 1 = + 5V
Q
A
Step 6: Use values of J
A
, K
A
, J
B
, K
B
, J
C
and K
C
from step 5 and draw the circuit diagram.
PIN DIAGRAM:
CLK 1
J
A
+V
CC
CLK 2
PRE 1
CLR 1
PRE 2
CLR 2
1 16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
K
A
Q
A
Q
A
GND
K
B
Q
B
Q
B
J
B
7
4
7
6

LD Lab Manual 15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+
5
V
+
5
V
J
A
K
A
Q
A
Q
A
C
L
R

1

3
7476
J
B
K
B
Q
B

Q
B
C
L
R

2
7476
J
C
K
C
Q
C
Q
C
C
L
R

3
7476
C
L
K

1
4
1
1
6
6
1
5
9
1
2
8
3
1
5
2
1
P
R
E
2
P
R
E
1
P
R
E
1
7
1
1
41
6
C
L
K

1
2
Q
C
Q
B
Q
A
7
4
0
8
3
1
2
I
C

2

o
f

7
4
7
6
I
C

1

o
f

7
4
7
6
O
U
T
P
U
T
S
16 Logic Design
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the ICs and make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect pin numbers of 1, 6 (IC1 of 7476) to pin number 1 (IC2 of 7476) to common
clock.
3. Connect Q
A
, Q
B
and Q
C
to the output and observe the output after giving the clock pulse.
Verify the truth table
4. Remove the connections after observing the output.
RESULT:
The mod-5 synchronous counter is designed and implemented using JK ip-op.
EXPERIMENT 5
Design and implement ring counter using 4-bit shift register.
IC 7495, digital trainer kit, patch chords, power chord.
THEORY:
A ring counter is a circular shift register with only one ip-op being set at any particular time
and all others being cleared. A single bit is shifted from one ip-op to the other to produce the
sequence of timing signals. Here the last output in a shift register is connected back to the serial
input.
DESIGN:
The initial value of the register is 1000 at clock pulse = 0. Single bit is shifted right on the
application of clock pulse and circulates back from Q
3
to Q
0
. Each ip-op is in 1 state once every
four clock pulses.
PIN DIAGRAM:
D
S
= SERIAL INPUT
A = DATA 0
B = DATA 1
C = DATA 2
D = DATA 3
MC = MODE CONTROL
GND
+ V
CC
Q
0
= Q
A
Q
1
= Q
B
Q
2
= Q
C
Q
3
= Q
D
CLK 1
CLK 2
(OUT ENABLE)
1 14
13
12
11
10
9
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
4
9
5
Q
0
, Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
= outputs
LD Lab Manual 17
TRUTH TABLE:
The count sequence of a ring counter is:
CLOCK
PULSE
Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
0
1 0 0 0
1
0 1 0 0
2
0 0 1 0
3
0 0 0 1
Initially make MC = 1 (Pin 6) and Data 0 = 1 (Pin 2), then apply a clock pulse. Now 1 will
be stored in Q
0
. Now make MC = 0 but do not make any changes to pin 2. Then we will get the
sequence as shown in above table.
If we want the count sequence as shown below then make MC = 1 and Data 2 = 1 [Pin 4]. Then
apply a clock pulse. Make MC = 0 with out changing pin 4.
CLOCK Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Circuit diagram to start the sequence from
1000 0100 0010 0001

1
13
12
11
10
8
9
2
3
4
5
6 7 14
Q
A
= Q
0
Q
B
= Q
1
Q
C
= Q
2
Q
D
= Q
3
SERIAL INPUT
CLOCK
A
B
C
D
MC
+V
CC
7
4
9
5
18 Logic Design
PROCEDURE:
1. Make circuit connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect last output (ie. Q
3
= Q
D
)to the serial input. That is connect pin 1 to pin 10.
3. Make MC = 1, A = 1 or B = 1 or C = 1 or D = 1 depending on how you want the data to be
shifted. Then make MC = 0 without changing value of A or B or C or D.
4. Verify the output as per truth table.
5. Disconnect the circuit.
RESULT:
A ring-counter using 4-bit shift register has been designed and implemented.
EXPERIMENT 6
Design and implement an asynchronous counter using decade counter IC to count up
from 0 to n (n < = 9).
IC 7490, digital trainer kit, patch chords, power chords
THEORY:
Asynchronous counter is also called as Ripple counter as the i
th
ip-op is toggled by a change
in the (i - 1)
th
ip-op. The pulses to be counted ripple through the counter. These counters are
called as asynchronous counter as the clock pulses are not simultaneously applied to all the ip-
ops.
7490 is a TTL MSI decade counter (can count from 0 - 9 ie. 10). The ip-op Q
B
, Q
C
, Q
D
form
mod-5 counter. Flip-op Q
D
is a RS ip-op that has direct connection from its Q input back to
its R input. The net result in this case Q
D
behaves exactly like a JK ip-ip. If system clock is
applied at input A & Q
A
(ie. pin 14 and pin 12) is connected to input B (ie Pin 1), then we have
a true binary decade counter. On the other hand if system clock is applied at input B and Q
D
is
connected to input A, then we have biquinary counter.
DESIGN:
Decade counter is also known as divide by N-counter. 7490 is a decade counter. Pins Q
A
, Q
B
,
Q
C
and Q
D
are the outputs. Data in pin (pin 1) is connected to pin 12 (Q
A
). MR
1
, MR
2
(master
reset) and MS
1
, MS
2
(master set) are grounded. This set up makes IC 7490 to work as decade
counter.
LD Lab Manual 19
PIN DIAGRAM:
MR1
MR2
NC
+V
CC
MS1
MS2
NC
QA = Q
A
QD = Q
D
GND
QB = Q
B
QC = Q
C
1 14
13
12
11
10
9
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
4
9
0
DATAIN
CLK B
=
CLK A
NC = Not Connected
TRUTH TABLE:
1. 7490 as mod-10 counter:
COUNT Q
D
Q
C
Q
B
Q
A
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
COUNT Q
D
Q
C
Q
B
Q
A
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
20 Logic Design
COUNT Q
D
Q
C
Q
B
Q
A
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. 7490 as decade (mod-10) counter:
1 12
9
8
11
14
2
3
6
7
5 10
Q
A
(LSB)
Q
B
Q
C
Q
D
(MSB)
7
4
9
0
MR2
MS1
MS2
MR1
CLKA
DATA IN
+5V
= +V
CC
2. 7490 as mod-5 asynchronous counter:
Consider 5 =
D C B A
0 1 0 1
(Q , Q , Q , Q )
. Which ever bits are 1, consider those bits. Here Q
A
= 1 and
Q
C
= 1. Connect Q
A
to MR1 and Q
C
to MR2. MS1 and MS2 should be connected to ground.
LD Lab Manual 21
1 12
9
8
11
14
6
7
2
3
5 10
Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
Q
D
7
4
9
0
MS2
MR1
MR2
MS1
CLKA
DATA IN
+V
CC
3. 7490 as mod-7 asynchronous counter:
Consider 7 =
D C B A
0 1 0 1
(Q , Q , Q , Q )
. Connect Q
A
to MR1. Q
C
is 1 and Q
B
is 1. Connect Q
C
and Q
B

as input for AND gate and connect output of this AND gate to MR2. Ground MS1 and MS2.
MR2
7408
3
1 2
Q
C
Q
B
Q
B
Q
A
Q
C
1
1 1
Q
D
Connect to MR1
7=
22 Logic Design
1 12
9
8
11
14
6
7
2
3
5 10
Q
A

Q
B
Q
C
Q
D
7
4
9
0
MS2
MR1
MR2
MS1
CLKA
DATA IN
+5V= +V
CC
7408
2 1
3
PROCEDURE:
1. Check IC 7490 using IC tester.
2. Make connections as shown in circuit diagrams.
3. To construct mod-10 asynchronous counter, short MR1, MR2, MS1 and MS2 and connect it
to GND.
4. To construct mod-5 asynchronous counter, short MS1, MS2 and give it to ground. Connect
Q
A
to MR1 and Q
C
to MR2.
5. To construct mod-7 asynchronous counter, ground MS1 and MS2. Connect Q
A
to MR1.
Connect Q
C
and Q
B
as inputs of AND gate (IC 7408). Connect output of AND gate to MR2.
6. Switch on the power supply and verify the truth table.
RESULT:
Asynchronous counter using decade counter for mod-10, mod-5 and mod-7 are designed,
implemented and their truth tables are veried.
EXPERIMENT - 7
Design a 4-bit R-2R ladder D/A converter using OP-AMP. Determine its accuracy and
resolution.
OP-AMP uA 741, Resistors: 1k and 2k, digital multimeter, connecting wires, IC trainer
kit.
LD Lab Manual 23
THEORY:
R-2R ladder is an digital-to-analog converter (DAC). A ladder is a series/parallel resistor
network. It requires only two resistors: R and 2R. It consists of S
0
, S
1
, S
2
and S
3
which are
electronic switches. These electronic switches are digitally controlled when 1 is present on MSB
line. Switch S
3
connects the resistor 2R to V
ref
.Conversely if 0 is present on MSB line switch S
3

connects the same resistor to the ground line. As the ladder is composed of linear resistors, it is a
linear network and the principle of super position can be used.
A 4-bit DAC using R-2R ladder and an Op-Amp voltage follower acting as a buffer stage D
0
,
D
1
, D
2
, D
3
as digital inputs. Each digital input may be Low (= 0) or High (= 1). The total output
voltage due to combination of input digital levels can be found simply by taking the sum of the
output levels caused by each digital input individually.
DESIGN:
( )
R
0 3 2 1 0
V
V 8D 4D 2D D
24
= + + +
V
R
= Reference voltage = +5V
V
0
= V
R
Number of steps /24
[ ]
[ ]
0
0
5 1
V 0.208V Minimumstepsize
24
5 15
V 3.125V Maximumstepsize
24
Fullscalevoltage
Stepsize
Total number of steps
= =
= =
=
Number of steps = 2
n
- 1
Since it is a 4-bit DAC, 2
4
-1 = 15 steps
3.125
Stepsize 0.2083V
15
= =
PIN DIAGRAM:
OFFSET
INVERTING INPUT
NON - INVERTING INPUT
-V
CC
1 8
7
6
5
2
3
4
NC
+V
CC
OUTPUT
OFFSET
7
4
1
24 Logic Design
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2R 2R 2R 2R
R R R
2R 2R
(MSB)
S
1
S
0
D
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
S
2
S
3
(LSB)
741
-
+
MULTI
METER
2
3
+15V
7
6
V
0
-15V
V
ref
= +5V
OBSERVATION:
Decimal
Equivalent
DIGITAL INPUTS ANALOG OUTPUT VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Theoretical Value V
O
Practical Values V
O
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0.2083
2 0 0 1 0 0.4166
3 0 0 1 1 0.6249
4 0 1 0 0 0.8332
5 0 1 0 1 1.0415
6 0 1 1 0 1.2498
7 0 1 1 1 1.4581
8 1 0 0 0 1.6664
9 1 0 0 1 1.8747
10 1 0 1 0 2.083
11 1 0 1 1 2.2913
12 1 1 0 0 2.4996
13 1 1 0 1 2.7079
14 1 1 1 0 2.9162
15 1 1 1 1 3.1245
LD Lab Manual 25
Find practical value V
0
from the circuit. Plot the graph as shown below:
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 1111
DIGITAL INPUTS
0.6
3.6
0.4
0.2
STAIRCASE
OUTPUT
ANALOG
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
PROCEDURE:
1. Verify all the components and make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. For different digital inputs measure the output voltage using multi-meter.
3. Verify if the theoretical values are matching with the practical values and observe the
outputs.
4. Plot the graph of Digital inputs versus Analog output voltage and observe the staircase out-
put.
RESULT:
A 4-bit R-2R ladder digital to analog convertor using op-amp has been designed and veried.
26 Logic Design
VHDL/VERILOG LABORATORY MANUAL
1. Write a Verilog / VHDL code for 8: 1 Multiplexer. Simulate and verify its working.
2. Write a Verilog / VHDL code for a Full adder. Simulate and verify its working.
3. Write a Verilog / VHDL code for a D Flip-Flop with positive Edge triggering. Simulate and
verify its working.
4. Write a Verilog / VHDL code for mod 8 up-counter. Simulate and verify its working.
5. Write a Verilog / VHDL code for Switched tail counter. Simulate and verify its working.
(Johnson Counter)
VHDL
Basic design methodology is as shown below:
Part - B
LD Lab Manual 27
Programmable logic devices can be classied as:
HDL: Hardware Description Language is a programming language used to model the intended
operation of a piece of hardware. A HDL is similar to a typical computer programming language
except that an HDL is used to describe hardware rather than a program to be executed on a
computer.
Many commercial HDLs are available. Some are proprietary, meaning that they are provided by
a particular company and can be used to implement circuits only in the technology provided by
that company.
Two HDLs are IEEE standards: VHDL and Verilog HDL
Both languages are widely used in the industry. Although the two languages differ in many ways,
the choice of using one or the other when studying logic circuits is not particularly important,
because both offer similar features.
VHDL is an Acronym for Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Hardware Description Language.
VHDL was Commissioned in 1981 by Department of Defense; Designed by IBM, TI, Intermetrics;
standardized by IEEE in 1987; this version of the language is known as IEEE Std 1076-1987.
In 1993, VHDL restandardized to clarify and enhance the language resulting in 9 value logic
package; this package was called STD_LOGIC_1164, VHDL Standard 1164-1993.
General features of VHDL:
The language can be used as an exchange medium between chip vendors and CAD tool user
and can be used as communication medium between CAD and CAE tools.
It supports hierarchy.
It is not a case sensitive language.
28 Logic Design
It is strongly type checked language.
It provides design portability and exible design methodologies: top down, bottom up or
mixed
It supports both synchronous and asynchronous timing models.
Nominal Propagation delays, min-max delays, setup and hold timing constraint and spike
detection can be described in this language.
VHDL can be written using 4- Modeling system. They are:
Data ow modeling
Behavioral modeling
Structural modeling
Mixed modeling
Simulation: A design description or model written in VHDL is usually run through a VHDL
simulator to demonstrate the behavior of the modeled system.
Logic Synthesis: Some parts of VHDL can be used with logic synthesis tools for producing a
physical design.
In particular many VLSI gate array vendors can convert a VHDL design description into a gate
level net list from which a customized integrated circuit component can then be built.
The application of VHDL is:
Simulation: behavior verication of design
Synthesis: generating net list (component).
Documentation: documenting the design
Designing using VHDL refers to writing code and then verifying the function using simulator and
using synthesis tool develop net list of gates / ip ops/mux etc. VHDL is Technology Independent
which means that irrespective of the technologies adopted in the manufacture, or upgrading the
features and facilities of any IC the coding remains unchanged as we are describing the Hardware
and its logic. The language supports hierarchies, reusable components, error management and
verication. Hierarchies are dened using structural representation of VHDL and also with
procedures and functions.
Design Phases: Start with a design idea Generate behavioral model denition. Specify the overall
functionality and the input and output mapping. Logic design is the next phase. This Involves use
of primitive gates and ip ops for the implementation of data registers busses, logic units and
their controlling hardware. Final step is the manufacturing which uses transistor list or layout
specication to burn fuses of eld programmable (PLDs) device or to generate masks for IC
fabrication.
Limitations: For Digital Design the VHDL is very useful but for analog there are limitations.
VHDL cannot be used for Physical information for layout manufacture information, packaging
power dissipation, electrical operating conditions, reliability worst case timing, and price.
Every VHDL code must be compulsorily added with 2 lines:
LD Lab Manual 29
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE ieee.std.logic_1164.all;
The library_name represents the location in the computer le system where the package is stored.
A library can either be provided as part of a CAD system, in which case it is termed a system
library or be created by the user, in which case it is called a user library.An example of a
system library is the IEEE library. A special case of a user library is represented by the le-system
directory where the VHDL source code le that declares a package is stored. This directory can
be referred by the library name work, which stands for working directory.
A VHDL package serves as a repository. It is used to hold VHDL code that is of general use,
like the code that denes a type. The IEEE library includes four packages.
STD_logic _1164,
STD_logic_signed,
STD_logic_unsigned &
STD_logic_arith
VHDL consists of following elements:
1. Entity
2. Architecture
3. Process
4. Library
5. Packages
6. Conguration
7. Attribute
8. Generics
9. Data types
10. Subprograms (function and procedures.)
A VHDL model consists of: Entity Declaration and Architecture Body.
The entity describes the external interface to the model (inputs, outputs). It is the Hardware
abstraction of a Digital system, but it does not provide any inner details.
The architecture describes the function/behavior of the model. Behavior of entity is dened
by the relationship of the input to the output. It species the inner details of the circuit.
ENTITY
The entity declaration species the components input/ output connections. Syntax of
entity is:
entity [entity_name] is;
30 Logic Design
port [sig_name :(port direction ) data type];
end [ entity_name];
* name :signal name which is user dened.
* port direction: signal directions it may be
one of these in, out, inout and buffer
* Datatype :what type of data that the signal carries.
* Entity ,port, end,& is are reserved words.
ARCHITECTURE
An Architecture design unit species the behavior, interconnections and components of a
previously compiled design entity. The architecture denes the function and behavior of design
entity. It species the relationship between the inputs and outputs of design entity that may be
expressed in terms of behavior, data ow or structure. Architecture consists of two parts:
Architecture declarative part
Architecture statement part.
Declarative part starts from the key word is and end before the keyword begin. In this part we
can declare signals, types, components etc. Statement part starts after the keyword begin and
ends before the keyword end architecture In statement part we can write concurrent statements
like when else, with select ,generate statements etc. Syntax of architecture is:
Architecture architecture-name of entity-name is
[architecture item declaration]
Begin
Concurrent statement -- call statement
Process statements -- sequential statement
Generate statements -- concurrent Statement
End architecture Architecture name;
VHDL can be written using 4- Modeling system. They are:
Data ow modeling
Behavioral modeling
Structural modeling
Mixed modeling
Commonly used architecture construct can be written in three forms:
Behavioral Architecture 1.
Structural Architecture 2.
Data ow Architecture. 3.
LD Lab Manual 31
Behavioral description is basically a black box approach. It accurately models what happens on
the inputs and outputs of the black box, but inside the box. Behavioral description is sometime
referred as High level description.
Process statements are used to express Sequential.
Structural description is basically a modular approach. To make the design more understandable
and maintainable a design is typically decomposed into several blocks. These blocks are then
connected together to form a complete design.
Component Instantiation are used to express structural
Data ow description approach is through Signal ow through the circuit. The Dataow
Architecture species how data will be transferred from Signal to Signal and input to output
without the use of sequential statements. Data ow architecture use concurrent signal assignment.
Concurrent Signal assignment statements are used to express dataow
PROCESS:
A Process is the basic unit of execution in VHDL architecture statement. All operations that are
performed in a simulation of a VHDL description are broken into single or multiple processes. The
process is a region of VHDL code, inside which statements execute in sequence. In architecture
for an entity, all the statements are concurrent. So if we want to write sequential statements inside
the architecture will have to use statement called process statement.
Process statement has two parts:
1. Process declarative.
2. Statement part.
Process declarative part starts from the keyword process and ends before the keyword
begin. In this part we can declare types, variables, constants and subprograms etc.
Statement part starts after the keyword begin and ends before the keyword end. Here we
can write only sequential statements like if then else, case statements, loop statements.etc.
LIBRARY
Technology libraries hold all the information necessary for a synthesis tool to create a net-list for
a design based on the desired logical behavior and constraints on the design. VHDL also allows a
library called WORK to be dened as the library into which design units are compiled if no library
destination is specied. Explicit visibility of items declared in other design units can be achieved
using Library clause, and use clause:
Library IEEE;
Use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
In the above declaration the logical name IEEE and the items present in the library are visible
to all design units. Inside the IEEE library a package std_logic_1164.all is declared which
is called in the design using use command. A library clause denes logical names for design
libraries in the host environment. The library clause denes the logical names of design libraries
32 Logic Design
which are used by the design units. A library is a storage facility for previously analyzed design
units.
PACKAGE
A package contains a collection of denitions that may be referred by many designs at the same
time. A package is a separate design unit in VHDL. Therefore it exists outside of the other design
units that we have explained earlier such as entity, architecture, conguration etc. Declaring Data
Inside the package allows the data to be referenced by other entities. Data can be shared by
any other design entity. A package may contain denitions of constant values, user dened data
types, component declarations or sub programs of VHDL codes that are shared between different
designs.
CONFIGURATION
A conguration statement is used to bind a component instance to an entity architecture pair. A
conguration can be considered as parts list for a design. It describes which behavior to use for
each entity. An entity can have more than one architecture but how does the tool choose which
architecture to use in a given simulation?
ATTRIBUTE
An attribute is a value, function, type, range, signal or constant that can be associated with certain
names within a VHDL description. These names could be among an entity name an architecture
name, a label or a signal. (Clk event) event is an attribute for the clk.
GENERICS
A generic is VHDL term for a parameter that passes information to an entity. For example if an
entity is a gate level model with rise, fall delay and bus width etc. values for the rise, fall delays
and bus size could be passed into the entity with generics.
Syntax for generic is:
generic [generic name] : [(parameter name): range data type];
Generics can be declared before the port declaration in the entity. Parameter values can passed
into the design easily without changing the codes.
SUB PROGRAMS
A Sub Program denes a sequential algorithm that performs certain computations. There are two
kinds of sub programs namely
Functions
Procedures.
Functions are used to describe frequently used algorithms that return a single value. This value is
LD Lab Manual 33
returned to the calling program using a return statement.
Procedures allow decomposition of large behaviors into modular sections. In contrast to a
function a procedure can return zero or more values using parameters of mode out and inout.
Direction of Signals
Signals hold a list of values, which includes current value and set of future values. Future values
can be assigned to a signal using signal assignment statement. Used in intermediate signals.
Signals can have following directions:
Modes IN: Port receiving data only with respect to systems internals. Read is allowed from that
signal and no write operation is permitted.
Mode OUT: With respect to system internals write is allowed on such signals and no read is
permitted.
Mode INOUT: The port is bi-directional hence it is allowed both read and write into such a
signal.
Buffer: Same as inout but allowed for read only. This signal cannot have more than one source.
Syntax for signal is:
Signal signal name : signal type ( := initial value);
For ex: A signal declaration may be: Signal a,b : std_logic ;
CONCURRENT VHDL STATEMENTS
WHEN ELSE STATEMENT:
These statements directly write in the architecture, unlike sequential statements. This statement
selects different values for the target based on the different condition. This statement is similar to
IF statement.
Syntax:
Target <=expression 1 when condition 1 else
expression 2 when condition 2 else
..
expression N when condition N else
expression N+1;
SEQUENTIAL VHDL STATEMENTS
PROCESS STATEMENT:
Process statement is the primary concurrent statement which allows to write sequential statements
inside. Process denes the sequential behavior of entire or some portion of the design. Process
34 Logic Design
statement has three parts:
Sensitivity list part. 1.
Declaration part 2.
Statement part 3.
A set of signals to which the process is sensitive is called as sensitivity list. The list of signals
written in bracket followed by the reserve word process is called as sensitivity list.
The process declarative part:
The area between the end of sensitivity list and the key word Begin.
Variables and constants are declared here.
The process statement part:
Starts at the key word Begin and ends at the end Process line.
Syntax:
Process [(sensitivity list)]
declarations1;
declaration2;
Begin
Sequential statement1;
Sequential statement 2 ;
End process;
Sequential Statements: if then else
Syntax:
If condition 1 then statements
Elsif condition 2 then statements
Elsif condition 3 then statements
Else statement
End if;
Case Statements:
Case statements select one of branches for execution based on the value of the expression. case
statement consists of the keyword case followed by an expression and the keyword is.
Syntax is:
Case expression is
when choice1=>statements
when choice2=>statements
when choice n=>statements
when others=> statements
end case;
LD Lab Manual 35
Loop Statements:
Loop statement is used whenever an operation needs to be repeated. Loop statements are used
when powerful iteration capability is needed to implement a model. Iteration (Repetitive operations
or cyclic operations) loop statements include the sequence of statements to be executed repeatedly
once at least or more number of times depending on the statement. Types of loop statements are:
1. For loop 2. While loop
Syntax for for loop is:
[label]: For loop_parameters in discrete range loop statements
Syntax for while loop is:
[label]: while condition loop
statements
end loop[label];
SYNTHESIS TOOLS:
Currently there is No single free synthesis tool available. Following is a list of commercially
available synthesis tools.
Xilinx, Isc
xilinx XST (Modelsim)
Altera
QuartusII Tool (Modelsim)
Synopsys, Inc.
Design Compiler and Behavioral Compiler
Synplicity, Inc.
Synplify
Exemplar Logic
Leonardo Spectrum
Mentor Graphics Corp.
AutoLogic and PLDSynthesis
Avanti
Asyn
Cadence Design Systems Inc.
Ambit
36 Logic Design
VHDL CODE
1.b. Write a Verilog / VHDL code for 8: 1 Multiplexer. Simulate and verify its
working.
Truth table for 8:1 MUX
Decimal s2 s1 s0 MUX OUTPUT=y
0 0 0 0 D0
D1 1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0 D2
D3 3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0 D4
D5 5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0 D6
D7 7 1 1 1
VHDL code for 8:1 MUX
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
---- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating
---- any Xilinx primitives in this code.
--library UNISIM;
--use UNISIM.VComponents.all;
Entity MUX is
Port ( d : in STD_LOGIC_vector(7 downto 0); //Input for 8:1 Mux
s : in STD_LOGIC_vector(2 downto 0); //Selection Lines s2,s1,s0
y : out STD_LOGIC); // Output of Mux
end MUX;
Architecture Behavioral of MUX is
Begin
y<=d(0) when s=000 else
d(1) when s=001 else
LD Lab Manual 37
d(7);
End behavioral;
STEPS TO OBTAIN OUTPUT WAVEFORM FOR 8:1 multiplexer:
Step 1: Synthesis for 8:1 multiplexer.
Double click on Xilinx icon.
Open File New project
Type Project name and click Next.
Click Next.
38 Logic Design
Click Next.
Click Next.
LD Lab Manual 39
Click Finish.
40 Logic Design
Go to Processes Double click on Create New Source.
Click on VHDL Modulethen type the le name i.e. MUX click Next.
Dene input and output ports. Then click Next. Here d, s are input ports and y is output port.
Click Finish.
LD Lab Manual 41
Type the code here.
Type the code and then click on Save.
42 Logic Design
Go to Processes Implement Design Synthesize-XST click on Check Syntax.
If there are no errors, a tick mark appears in Check Syntax and the screen is as shown below:
LD Lab Manual 43
Step 2: Simulation for 8:1 multiplexer.
After Synthesis/Implementation go to Sources for change Synthesis/Implementation to
Behavioral Simulation. Go to Processes ModelSim Simulator.
Here U=undened. Dened ands. Right click ond and dene some values ford.
44 Logic Design
The values forced for d=d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0= 1010 1101(assume. We can change the values
ford for our convenience).
Next, force values fors from 000 t0 111 as s2 s1 s0 are selection lines.
LD Lab Manual 45
Following is the output for d=10101101. Depending on the values of s, we can nd the output
waveform. If s =001(Decimal equivalent of 001=1), then y=0 as d1=0 in d=10101101= d7 d6 d5
d4 d3 d2 d1 d0.
Similarly, if s =111(Decimal equivalent of 111=7), then y=1 as d7=1 in d=10101101= d7 d6 d5
d4 d3 d2 d1 d0.
2. b Write a Verilog / VHDL code for a Full adder. Simulate and verify its working.
Truth table for Full adder
A B C Sum Cout
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
46 Logic Design
VHDL code for Full adder
library IEEE;
--library UNISIM;
Entity fulladder is
Port ( a,b,c : in STD_LOGIC;
sum, cout : out STD_LOGIC);
End fulladder;
Architecture Behavioral of fulladder is
Begin
sum <=a xor b xor c;
cout<=(a and b) or (b and c) or (c and a);
End Behavioral;
STEPS TO OBTAIN OUTPUT WAVEFORM FOR Full adder:
Step 1: Synthesis for full adder.
Double click on Xilinx icon.
Open File New project
LD Lab Manual 47
Type project name E.g. Fulladder Next
You will get New Project Wizardthen click Next
48 Logic Design
Create New Source screen Click Next.
Add Existing Sources screen Click Next
LD Lab Manual 49
Project Summary screen Click Finish
Select Synthesis/ Implementation from Sources for as shown below:
50 Logic Design
Go to Processes and double click on Create New Source.
Select Source type as VHDL module (If you are writing VHDL code), then type the le name
click Next.
LD Lab Manual 51
Dene module (i.e. Dene input and output ports).
Click Next and Finish.
52 Logic Design
Type VHDL code.
Save VHDL code.
LD Lab Manual 53
Click on Implement Design in Processes Synthesize-XST click on Check Syntax.
If there are no errors in VHDL code, then we can nd a tick mark in Check Syntax shown
below:
Above explained steps are for Synthesis.
54 Logic Design
Step 2: The following steps hold good for Simulation.
Go to Sources for Click on Behavioral Simulation.
Then click on fulladder.
Go to Processes and double click on Xilinx ISE Simulator. Then double click Simulate
Behavioral Model. Here U=undened.
Right click on input a go to Force.
LD Lab Manual 55
Then change the value U to 0 or 1.
Change U to 0 or 1 then click ok. Similarly change values of b and c to 0 or 1. Check for all
possible combinations of abc=000 to 111.

Click Run after a,b,c values are dened.
56 Logic Design
Output waveform for abc=000 then s=sum=0 and cout=carry=0.
Output waveform for abc=001 then s=sum=1 and cout=carry=0.
Output waveform for abc=000 to 111.
3.b Write a Verilog / VHDL code for a D Flip-Flop with positive edge triggering. Simulate
and verify its working.
LD Lab Manual 57
Truth table for D ip-op
D Q Qbar
0 0 1
1 1 0
VHDL code for D ip-op
library IEEE;
--library UNISIM;
Entity dff is
Port ( clk,d : in STD_LOGIC;
q ,qbar: out STD_LOGIC);
End dff;
Architecture Behavioral of dff is
Begin
Process(clk)
Begin
if(clkevent and clk=1) then // Rising edge or write as: if(rising_edge(clk)) then
q<=d;
qbar<=not(d);
end if ;
end process;
End Behavioral;
58 Logic Design
STEPS TO OBTAIN OUTPUT WAVEFORM FOR D ip-op:
Step 1: Synthesis for D ip-op: Synthesis step is left as an exercise to the reader and follows
the same steps as explained in 8:1 mux and full adder programs.
Step 2: After Synthesis/Implementation go to Sources for change Synthesis/Implementation
to Behavioral Simulation. Go to Processes ModelSim Simulator.
Dene values for clk and d. To force value for clk, click on Clock.
LD Lab Manual 59
Then click OK.
Force value of d to 0 or 1. According to truth table, output q follows d i.e if d=0 then q is also
equal to 0 (therefore qbar=1) and if d=1 then q is also equal to 1 (therefore qbar=0).
60 Logic Design
Force value for d=0 or 1.
Then click Run. Here we can see that if d=0 then q=0 and qbar=1.
Then change i.e. forced to 1 and observe changes in q. When d=1 then q=1 and qbar=0.
LD Lab Manual 61
4.b Write a Verilog / VHDL code for mod 8 up-counter. Simulate and verify its working.
Truth table for mod 8 up-counter
Count Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
7 1 1 1
VHDL code for mod 8 up-counter
library IEEE;
--library UNISIM;
Entity Counter is
Port ( clk: in STD_LOGIC;
q : inout STD_LOGIC_vector(2 downto 0):=000);
End Counter;
Architecture Behavioral of Counter is
Begin
Process(clk)
Begin
if(clkevent and clk=1) then
q<=q+1;
end if;

end process;

End Behavioral;
62 Logic Design
Step 1: Synthesis.
Step 2:After Synthesis/Implementation go to Sources for change Synthesis/Implementation
Dene value for clk.
Next Dene Clock.
LD Lab Manual 63
Then click Run. For the 1
st
clk pulse q changes from 000 to 001. Then click run again. Here q
changes from 001 to 010. Click on Run and verify the truth table.
The counter here counts from 000001010011100101110111. This is mod-8
counter.
Output waveform when Q2 Q1 Q0 =011.
Similarly check for mod-5 counter.
64 Logic Design
Truth table for mod 5 up-counter
Count Q0 Q1 Q2
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
VHDL code for mod 5 up-counter
library IEEE;
--library UNISIM;
Entity Counter is
Port ( clk: in STD_LOGIC;
End Counter;
Architecture Behavioral of Counter is
Begin
Process(clk)
Begin
q<=q+1;
if(q<=101) then
q<=000;
end if;
end if;

end process;

end Behavioral;
LD Lab Manual 65
Step 1: Synthesis.
5.b Write a Verilog / VHDL code for Switched tail counter. Simulate and verify its
working. (Johnson Counter)
FUNCTION TABLE FOR JOHNSON COUNTER/ SWITCHED TAIL COUNTER
clk Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Repeats
library IEEE;
--library UNISIM;
Entity jcounter is
Port ( clk : in STD_LOGIC;
End jcounter;
Architecture Behavioral of jcounter is
Begin
Process(clk)
Begin
q<= not(q(0)) & (q(3 downto 1));
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
66 Logic Design
Step 1: Synthesis.
Dene value for clk.
Here Dene Clock.
LD Lab Manual 67
Then click OK Run. Initially q=0000. For the 1
st
clk pulse q changes from 0000 to 1000. Then
click run again. Here q changes from 1000 to 1100. Click on Run and verify the truth table.
68 Logic Design
VERILOG CODE
1. Verilog code for 8-to-1 multiplexer
module mux8to1(a, b, c, d,e,f,g,h s, out);
input a, b, c, d,e,f,g,h;
input [2:0] s;
output out;
reg out;
// used in procedural statement
always @ (s or a or b or c or d or e or f or g or h)
case (s)
3b 000: out = a;
3b 001: out = b;
3b 010: out = c;
3b 011: out = d;
3b 100: out = e;
3b 101: out = f;
3b 110: out = g;
3b 111: out = h;
endcase
endmodule
LD Lab Manual 69
2. Verilog code for Full Adder
module adder (output carryOut, sum, input aInput, bInput, carryIn);
input input aInput, bInput, carryIn;
ouput carryOut, sum;
assign sum = aInput ^ bInput ^ carryIn;
carryOut = (aInput & bInput) | (bInput & carryIn) | (aInput & carryIn);
endmodule
3. Verilog code for D ip-op
module Dipop(D, Clk, Q, Qbar);
input D, Clk;
output Q, Qbar;
reg Qint;
// always is a procedural construct
// any assignment may be made only to registers
always @(posedge Clk) Qint <= D;
assign Q = Qint;
assign Qbar = ~Qint;
endmodule

4. Verilog Code for mod 8 UP Counter
module counter (C, CLR, Q);
input C, CLR;
output [2:0] q;
reg [2:0] q;
always @ (posedge C or posedge CLR)
begin
if (CLR)
q = 3b000;
else
q = q + 1b1;
end
endmodule
70 Logic Design
5. Verilog Code for Johnson Counter
module JC(clk,rst, en, q);
input clk, rst, en;
output[3:0] q;
reg[3:0] q;
always@(posedge clk)
begin
if(rst)
assign q=4b0001;
else if(en)
assign q={~q[0],q[3],q[2],q[1]};
end
endmodule
Example
Write Verilog code for 2 bit magnitude comparator.
Behavioral Example: 2 bit magnitude comparator
module comparator (a_greater, b_greater, equal, a, b);
input a, b;
output a_greater, b_greater, equal;
reg a_greater, b_greater, equal;
always @(a or b) // either a or b changes
begin
if (a > b)
begin
a_greater = 1;
b_greater = 0;
equal = 0;
end
if (a<b)
begin
a_greater = 0;
b_greater = 1;
equal = 0;
LD Lab Manual 71
end
if (a==b)
begin
a_greater = 0;
b_greater = 0;
equal = 1;
end
end
endmodule
2 bit magnitude comparator using conditional assignment:
module comparator (a_greater, b_greater, equal, a, b);
input a, b;
output a_greater, b_greater, equal;
assign a_greater = (a > b) ? 1 : 0;
assign b_greater = (a < b) ? 1 : 0;
assign equal = (a==b) ? 1 : 0;
endmodule

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EXPERIMENT - 1

11 is marked and 3 is not marked . Hence take 11s value = A . D

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