ELECTRICAL MACHINES (DC Motors)

Contents
Introduction to Electrical & Direct Current Machines
Constructional Details of DC Machines
Principle of Operation of DC Machines
Types of DC Motor
Power Flow Diagram
Characteristics of DC Motors
Armature Reaction
Speed Control of DC Motors
Applications
1
Chapter 2-1 (201405)
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of chapter-2 you should be able to:
State the principle by which machines convert
mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa.
Discuss the operating differences between different
types of dc machines.
Explain the characteristics of dc machines.
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3
Introduction
Energy Conversion
Energy exists in many forms.
One form of energy can be obtained from the other
form with the help of converters.
Light bulbs and heaters require energy in electrical
form.
Electrical Machines:
Converters that translate an electrical input to a
mechanical output or vice versa are called the electric
machines.
This process of translation is electromechanical energy
conversion.
The magnetic system acts as the link between the
electrical and mechanical systems
4
Introduction . . .
Electromagnetic phenomena:
Electrical machines use the following electromagnetic
phenomena for their electromechanical energy
conversion:
Whenever the field in the vicinity of a conductor changes
(or) flux linking a conductor changes, an emf is induced in
that conductor (Faradays Law).
Whenever a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force.
5
Motor action
6
Introduction . . . .
77
8
Energy flow diagram
Gen
Transformer
(step-up)
Transmission
Line
Transformer
(step-down)
Distribution /Utilization: Loads could be
Motors,
Lighting,
Heaters, Coolers,
99
Over view of DC Machines
Direct-current (DC) machines are divided into dc
generators and dc motors.
DC Generator
A dc generator is a machine that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy (dc voltage & current) by
using the principle of magnetic induction.
DC generators are not as common as they used to be,
because dc, when required, is mainly produced by
electronic rectifiers.
10 10
A dc motor is a machine that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy by supplying a dc power
(voltage and current).
DC motors are widely used in many applications.
DC motors are everywhere! (In house, office, )
DC Motor
Over view of DC Machines . . .
11 11
12
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DC MACHINES
Stator: Field Poles (minimum 2) - magnetic flux
Rotor : Armature - carries armature winding
Air gap (between poles and armature)
Commutator (ac to dc)
Carbon brushes (collects and carry current from
the commutator)
13 13
Rotor of a DC machine
Tooth
Slot
14
15 15
16 16
17 17
18
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4FlUP-kJe8
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
19
The field poles which produce the magnetic flux, are
mounted on the yoke made up of cast iron and carry field
windings.
The pole cores and pole faces are laminated to reduce
eddy current loss.
The armature core, which carries armature windings is
on the rotor and is made of sheet-steel laminations.
The slots are cut on the surface of armature core to
place armature windings.
19
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
20
The ends of the windings are connected to the
commutator segments (built in copper and are very good
conductors).
Carbon brushes are placed over
commutator segments and serve as
leads for the electric connection.
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21
ARMATURE (Rotor)
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
The entire assembly of iron core, commutator, and
windings is called the armature.
The commutator is connected to the slotted iron core.
The windings of armatures are connected in different
ways depending on the requirements of the machine.
More turns of conductor = higher rectified voltage
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22
There are two types of armature winding: Lap winding
and Wave winding.
Lap Wound Armatures
are used in machines designed for low voltage and high
current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of
high current
Number of parallel paths = number of poles
ARMATURE . . .
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
22
23
Wave Wound Armatures
are used in machines designed for high voltage and low
current
are used in the small generator
No of parallel paths = 2
ARMATURE . . .
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
23
Field winding
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
Most DC machines use electromagnets to provide the
magnetic field.
Two types of field windings are used :
series field winding
shunt field winding
Series field windings
are so named because they are connected in series with
the armature
are made with relatively few turns of very large wire
(sufficiently large to carry the current) and have a very
low resistance.
24
Constructional details of dc machines . . .
Shunt field windings
Have relatively many turns of small wire, thus, it has a
much higher resistance than the series field.
is intended to be connected in parallel with, or shunt,
the armature.
high resistance is used to limit current flow through the
field.
25
26
When a DC machine uses both series and shunt fields,
each pole piece will contain both windings.
The windings are wound on the pole pieces in such a
manner that when current flows through the winding it
will produce alternate magnetic polarities.
Factors affecting the machine output
Speed
Field strength
No. of turns in the windings
27
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Ue6S8L4On-Y
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=0ajvcdfC65w
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
FGqf6AfDB0
DC motor principles
The same dc machine can act as a generator or a
motor.
The motor converts electric energy to mechanical
energy.
DC motors are used in industrial applications that
demand a high degree of flexibility in the control of
speed and torque (the torque-speed characteristics of
dc motors can be varied over a wide range while
retaining high efficiency).
They drive devices such as hoists, fans, pumps,
calendars, punch-presses, cars, steel mills, mines,
electric trains etc.
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DC motor principles . . .
The Advantages
The greatest advantage of DC motors may be speed
control.
Today, adjustable frequency drives can provide
precise speed control for AC motors, but they do so at
the expense of power quality, as the solid-state
switching devices in the drives produce a rich
harmonic spectrum. The DC motor has no adverse
effects on power quality.
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Power supply, initial cost, and maintenance
requirements are the drawbacks associated with DC
motors
Rectification must be provided for any DC motors
supplied from the grid. It can also cause power quality
problems.
The construction of a DC motor is considerably more
complicated and expensive than that of an AC motor,
primarily due to the commutator, brushes, and
armature windings.
The drawbacks
DC motor principles . . .
DC motor principle of operation
DC motors consist of rotating armature windings and
stationary field windings. The current must be conducted
to the armature windings by passing current through
carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper surfaces
called a commutator, which is mounted on the rotor.
The commutator bars are soldered to armature coils.
The brush/commutator combination makes a sliding
switch that energizes particular portions of the armature,
based on the position of the rotor.
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This process creates north and
south poles on the rotor that are
attracted to or repelled by north
and south poles on the stator,
which are formed by passing
direct current through the field
windings. Its this magnetic
interaction that causes the rotor to
rotate.
DC motor principle of operation . . .
All motors rely upon the force exerted by a magnetic field
on a current-carrying conductor.
If a straight current carrying conductor is placed at right
angles to the uniform magnetic field existing between the
North and south poles of a permanent magnet, the result
is shown in Fig.a.
Two fields are present: the uniform field due to the
magnet with lines of force that are straight and parallel,
and the circular field around the current-carrying
conductor, shown dotted.
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DC motor principle of operation . . .
33
DC motor principle of operation . . .
As the lines of force above the conductor in Fig.a point in
the same direction, they add together, and as the lines of
force below the conductor oppose each other, they
subtract. The resultant magnetic field is shown in fig. b.
Because the field is strong above the conductor and
weak below the conductor, the distorted lines of force
tend to straighten like stretched elastic bands.
A force is thus exerted on the conductor, tending to
move it down, as indicated by the arrow.
If it were free to move, the conductor would leave the
magnetic field.
If the current is reversed through the conductor, the
circular field around the conductor will also reverse.
Hence, the conductor will tend to move in the opposite
direction, i.e., upwards.
Similarly, if the polarity of the main magnetic field is
reversed, the direction of conductor motion will change.
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35
N
S
Into the plane is denoted by a cross (X)
and out of the plane is denoted by a dot (.)
Torque
It is the turning or twisting force about an axis.
36
sin
F
o
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c
e

o
n

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h
e

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o
n
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Counter emf (Back emf) in dc motors
, ) , )
0
60 E Zn P A = 4
When a dc supply is connected to the dc motor, a
large current will flow through the armature conductors
because its resistance is very low.
Each current carrying conductor experiences a force
(because they are immersed in the magnetic field).
These forces add up to produce a powerful torque,
causing the armature to rotate.
As soon as the armature begins to turn, a 2
nd
phenomenon takes place: the generator effect. With
the armature rotating in the magnetic field, the
armature conductors generate an emf.
This generated (induced) emf is proportional to the
speed of rotation of the motor and the flux per pole, 4
and is as follows:
39
, )
0 S
I E E R =
Counter emf (Back emf) in dc motors . . .
Where, Z = total number of armature conductors
4 = effective flux per pole (Wb)
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
P = no. of poles
A = no. of parallel paths
The generated voltage opposes the supply voltage, thus
limiting the armature current.
In case of a motor, the induced voltage, E
0
is called
counter emf because it opposes the source voltage.
The armature current is given by
where E
S
= line supply voltage & E
0
= counter
(generated) emf.
40
Counter emf (Back emf) in dc motors . . .
When the motor is at rest, the counter emf (cemf) is zero
and so the starting current is given by: I = (E
S
-0) / R.
As the speed increases, the cemf increases, with the
result that the value of armature current diminishes.
When a motor runs at no-load, the counter-emf must be
slightly less than E
S
, so as to enable a small current to
flow, sufficient to produce the required torque.
41
Mechanical power and torque
The electrical power supplied to the armature, which is
converted to mechanical power (mechanical power
developed), is
where, P =mechanical power developed by the motor (W)
E
0
= induced voltage in the armature (cemf) (V)
I = total current supplied to the armature (A)
The mechanical power P is also given by the expression,
where n is the speed of rotation.
Combining the above two equations for P,
0
P E I =
9.55 P T nT = =
, )
0
9.55
6.28
P
Z I
nT E I T
A
| }
4
= =

\
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where, T = torque developed (N-m)
Z = total number of armature conductors
F = effective flux per pole (Wb)
I = armature current (A)
6.28 = constant, to take care of units (=2t)
Mechanical power and torque . . .
, )
0
9.55
6.28
P
Z I
nT E I T
A
| }
4
= =

\
Speed of rotation
, ) , )
0
60 E Zn P A = 4
0
, 60 ( ) Speed n E A Z P = 4