ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 9, 348-355

348

J ournal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL
OF ADVANCED RESEARCH

RESEARCH ARTICLE

BIO-CHEMICAL AND MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF MULBERRY LEAF RAISED
THROUGH ORGANIC BASED NUTRIENTS IN RED LOAMY SOIL

A. Umesha and B. Sannappa*
Department of Studies in Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India.

Manuscript Info Abstract

Manuscript History:

Received: 15 July 2014
Final Accepted: 26 August 2014
Published Online: September 2014

Key words: Mulberry, silkworm,
organic based nutrients,
bio-chemical and mineral nutrients.

*Corresponding Author


Dr. B. Sannappa

The results of the study revealed that, biochemical and mineral
constituents of mulberry were significantly better with the plots supplied
with vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50% of Rec.
FYM) + N-biofertilizer + P-biofertilizer + 200N + 110P + 140 K kg/ha/yr,
followed by sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50 %
of Rec. FYM) + N-biofertilizer + P-biofertilizer + 200N + 110P + 140 K
kg/ha/yr and the values were lower in control.






Copy Right, IJAR, 2014, All rights reserved.


Introduction
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a perennial and high biomass producing plant, continues to grow throughout the
year in tropics. The continuous production of mulberry for a long time results in gradual reduction in leaf yield and
quality (Rashmi et al., 2009). The silkworm, Bombyx mori L. being monophagous insect, derives almost all the
nutrients for growth and development from the mulberry leaf. It has been estimated that, nearly 70%of the silk
proteins are derived from mulberry leaves. Hence, silkworms should be fed with good quality mulberry leaves in
abundant quantity for the successful cocoon production (Vijaya et al., 2009).
The leaf yield and quality of mulberry depends on the soil type, plant variety, and availability of plant
nutrients and agro-ecological conditions, which reflects on the quality of silk production. In India, mulberry is
largely cultivated for leaf production and contributes to an extent of 38.20 per cent for successful cocoon crop
production (Miyashita, 1986). Application of organic manures to the soil either in the form of organic or inorganic
inputs are to supply nutrients to the plants. Organic manures such as FYM, compost, green manures, oil cakes and
biofertilizers, etc., contain comparatively smaller quantities of plant nutrients apart from being bulky in nature
(Shivaprakash and Narayanagowda, 2006). Mulberry leaf productivity is highly dependent on plant nutrients like
NPK and is known to respond well to the addition of organic manures. The chemical fertilizers are becoming
costlier day by day due to escalating costs and scarce availability of commodities. Further, intensive mulberry
cropping system causes depletion of nutrients in soil and excess usages of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides caused
deleterious effect on soil health (Shashidhar et al., 2009).
Organic sources release the nutrients slowly and limit the loss of plant nutrients by leaching and
volatilization under adverse soil conditions (alkaline or acidic). Manures are plant and animal wastes that are used as
sources of plant nutrients and release nutrients after their decomposition. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers
affects soil health in addition to environmental pollution, impair the balanced availability of different plant nutrients
which results in wide spread deficiencies including those of micronutrients (Krishna and Bongale, 2001). Hence, it
is imperative to integrate various sources of plant nutrients through application of manures, chemical and bio-
fertilizers in optimum quantity to enhance the qualitative and quantitative characters of mulberry.
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349


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
A field experiment was conducted in farmers field of Molakalmur taluk, Chitradurga district, Karnataka,
during monsoon season in order to estimate the bio-chemical and mineral constituents in mulberry raised through
organic based nutrients (FYM, compost, vermicompost, sheep manure and biofertilizer) in established irrigated
mulberry (V
1
) with a spacing of (150 + 90 cm) x 60 cm. The soil of the experimental site was red loamy in texture
and the plot is situated in the Central dry zone (Zone-IV) of Karnataka and lies between 13
0
34 to 15
0
02 North
latitude and 75
0
37 to 77
0
01East longitude and having temperature of 37
0
C (Max.) and 15
0
C (Min.). The
experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of eight treatments with three replications.
Treatments were imposed to irrigated mulberry garden based on the recommended FYM @ 20 MT/ha/yr. However,
compost, vermicompost and sheep manures were applied based on the recommended quantity of FYM (MT/ha/yr).
The N biofertilizer (Azospirillum brasilense) (@ 23 kg/ha/yr) and P biofertilizer (Aspergillus awamori) (@ 5
kg/ha/yr) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) were applied in kg/ha/yr. The cultivation practices were followed as per the
recommended package developed for mulberry cultivation under irrigated condition (Dandin and Giridhar, 2010).
Treatments

T
0
Recommended FYM (20MT/ha/yr)+350 N+140 P+140 K kg/ha/yr (Control)
T
1
Rec. FYM+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200 N+110 P+140 K
T
2
Compost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM+FYM (50% of Rec. FYM) + 350N+140P+140K
T
3
Vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) + 350 N+140
P+140 K
T
4
Sheep manure (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) +350 N
+140 P+140 K
T
5
Compost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM(50% of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer
+200 N+110 P+140 K
T
6
Vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM) +FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) +N-
biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200 N+110 P+140 K
T
7
Sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM) +FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-
biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200 N+110 P+140 K.
Collection of mulberry leaf samples: Mulberry leaf samples at different heights of the plant (top, middle and
bottom) were collected in paper bags at 60 days after pruning and composite leaf samples were made. Leaves were
shade dried for three days and then dried in hot air oven at 70
0
C for one hour and were ground into powder for
chemo-assay. The leaves obtained from different treatments were used for estimation of bio-chemical and mineral
constituents following standard procedures:
Leaf moisture (%): Moisture content of the leaf was estimated through gravimetric method by taking the difference
between fresh and dry weight (A.O.A.C., 1980) and was expressed on fresh weight basis.
Chlorophyll (mg/g): Chlorophyll content of the mulberry leaf was estimated following the procedure outlined by
Hiscox and Israelstam (1979) using spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were computed
using the standard formulae (Arnon, 1949) and was expressed on fresh weight basis.
Protein (mg/g): Protein content of the leaf was estimated following the procedure of Lowry et al. (1951) and was
expressed on oven dry weight basis.
Total sugars (mg/g): The total sugar content of the leaf was estimated following the method of Dubios et al. (1956)
and was expressed on oven dry weight basis.
Nitrogen (%): The nitrogen content was estimated employing Micro-Kjeldhal method as outlined by A.O.A.C.
(1980) and was expressed on oven dry weight basis.
Phosphorus (%): The phosphorus content was determined using spectrophotometer and as per the procedure
outlined by the method of Jackson (1973) and was expressed on oven dry weight basis.
Potassium (%): The potassium content in the digested extract was determined using flame photometer and as per
the method of Jackson (1973) and was expressed on oven dry weight basis.
Calcium and magnesium (%): The calcium and magnesium contents were determined by the EDTA or Versenate-
titration method as described by Jackson (1973).
Sulphur (%): The sulphur content in the di-acid digested sample was estimated by turbidometric method as
outlined by Jackson (1973).

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350

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results on the estimation of biochemical and mineral constituents in mulberry cultivated through
organic based nutrients in red loamy soil are discussed hereunder.
Bio-chemical constituents of mulberry leaf
Leaf moisture (%): Leaf moisture has a greater role in determining the palatability of leaf during silkworm rearing,
as it varies greatly with the cultivation practices and maturity of leaf. In the current investigation, mulberry raised by
applying different sources of organic manures, chemical and bio-fertilizers at recommended quantity with different
proportion did not exert significant variations with respect to leaf moisture. However, leaf moisture was
comparatively better with the application of vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of recommended FYM)+FYM (50
% of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K to red loamy soil and it was less in control
[Rec. FYM (20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] at 60
th
days after pruning (Fig. 1). The enhancement of
leaf moisture due to application of organic manures might be due to enhancement of organic matter and water
holding capacity in the soil, thereby, absorption of water by plant increases (Rao et al., 2011).The current
observations are similar to the findings of Babu et al. (2013), who found that the leaf quality with organic treatment
was on par with that of conventional farming and the mulberry leaf produced through organic cultivation has no
negative impact on leaf moisture.
Chlorophyll (mg/g): The chlorophyll content in leaf is greatly determined by the rate of photosynthesis in the plant.
Chlorophyll in the presence of light produces red fluorescent protein which induces resistance in silkworm from
viral diseases. Total chlorophyll content was significantly high with the application of vermicompost (Equivalent to
50 % of recommended FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140Kin red
loamy soil followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec.
FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140Kat 60
th
days after pruning (Fig. 2).However, mulberry
supplied with varied sources of organic manures, chemical and bio-fertilizers did not exhibit variations with respect
to chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents. The improvement in chlorophyll content indicates the photosynthetic
efficiency of T3 plants. Singhal et al. (2000) opined that nitrogen plays a greater role in improving the chlorophyll
synthesis, as it is an essential constituent of photosynthesis. Similarly, Rashmi et al. (2009) observed that, the total
chlorophyll content was maximum with the application of chemical fertilizers along with biofertilizers, compost,
vermicompost, green manure and castor cake. Further, Vijaya et al. (2009) also reported that the increased
chlorophyll content in mulberry leaf was in recommended dose of fertilizers and foliar nutrition. The observations
are in close conformity with the findings of Rao et al. (2011), wherein application of chemical fertilizer along with
FYM, green manures and seri-compost to mulberry increased the total chlorophyll content.
Protein and total sugars (mg/g): Protein and sugars in mulberry leaf determines the feeding value of silkworm, as
the silk production is greatly influenced by these two bio-chemical constituents. In the current investigation, protein
content in mulberry leaf did not differ statistically in response to application of varied sources and levels of organic
manures, chemical and bio-fertilizers. In contrast, total sugar content was statistically more in the mulberry plot that
received vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) + N-biofertilizer + P-
biofertilizer + 200N + 110P + 140K,followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM) +
FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K and it was low in control[Rec. FYM
(20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr]at 60
th
days after pruning (Fig. 3).The enhanced total sugar content in
mulberry leaf was attributed to the improved mineralization resulting in enhanced production of plant growth
substances and enzyme activity in mulberry. These results are in close conformity with the work of Vijaya et al.
(2009), who reported that the application of NPK to soil and foliar spray increased the total sugars in mulberry
leaves. Similarly, Rashmi et al. (2009) recorded higher total sugar content in mulberry due to the application of
chemical fertilizers along with biofertilizers, compost, vermicompost, green manures and castor cake.
Major nutrients in mulberry leaf
Nitrogen (%): Statistical variation was observed among the different sources of organic manures when applied to
mulberry in respect of nitrogen content in mulberry leaf. Nitrogen content was significantly higher in the mulberry
leaves raised with vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) + N-biofertilizer +
P-biofertilizer + 200N + 110P + 140K, followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM)
+ FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K and it was lower with control[Rec.
FYM (20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] at 60
th
days after pruning (Fig. 4).
Phosphorus (%):Significantly higher phosphorus content in leaf was noticed with mulberry raised by applying
vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-
biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K kg/ha/yr, followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec.
FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K at 60 days of pruning
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 9, 348-355

351

mulberry. However, lower phosphorus content was recorded in control [Rec. FYM (20 MT/ha/yr)
+350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] (Fig. 4).
Potassium (%): Potassium content in mulberry leaf was statistically more with mulberry raised by applying
vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-
biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K kg/ha/yr, followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec.
FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K and it was less in control
[Rec. FYM (20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] (Fig. 4).
Increased nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in leaves might be due to increased availability of
nutrients in soil due to application of organic manures, chemical and bio-fertilizers. This is an indication for uptake
of plant nutrients due to the synergetic effect of various beneficial microorganisms flourishing in the soil due to
addition of organic manures. Rajanna et al. (2000) reported that, the application of recommended FYM+NPK
recorded significantly higher macro nutrients in mulberry leaf followed by sheep manure + recommended FYM.
Similarly, Singhvi et al. (2000) and Rajegowda et al. (2000) reported that the application of seri-boost to mulberry
increased the phosphorus content in leaf. Vijaya et al. (2009) recorded increased macro nutrients in mulberry leaves
with the application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers + foliar nutrition (@ 2%). Rashmi et al. (2009), who
observed that the application of chemical fertilizers along with biofertilizers, compost, vermicompost, green
manures and castor cake, increased the macro nutrients in leaves.
Secondary nutrients in mulberry leaf
Calcium (%): Calcium content in mulberry leaf varied significantly among the different sources of organic manures
when applied to mulberry. Calcium content was significantly more in the mulberry leaf raised with the application
of vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) + N-biofertilizer + P-biofertilizer +
200N + 110P + 140K, followed by sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50 % of Rec.
FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140K 60
th
days after pruning. Notably, calcium content was less
in control [Rec. FYM (20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] (Fig. 5).
Magnesium (%): Significantly higher magnesium content in mulberry leaf was recorded with the application of
vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) + N-biofertilizer + P-biofertilizer +
200N + 110P + 140K,followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50 % of
Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140Kat 60
th
days after pruning. However, it was lower in
control [Rec. FYM (20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] (Fig. 5).
Sulphur (%): Significantly increased sulphur content in mulberry leaf was observed with the application of
vermicompost (Equivalent to 50 % of Rec. FYM)+FYM (50 % of Rec. FYM) + N-biofertilizer + P-biofertilizer +
200N + 110P + 140K, followed by application of sheep manure (Equivalent to 50% of Rec. FYM) + FYM (50 % of
Rec. FYM)+N-biofertilizer+P-biofertilizer+200N+110P+140Kat 60
th
days after pruning. However, it was less in
control [Rec. FYM (20 MT/ha/yr) +350N+140P+140K kg/ha/yr] (Fig. 5).
Application of recommended FYM+NPK recorded significantly more secondary nutrients in mulberry leaf
followed by sheep manure + recommended FYM (Rajanna et al., 2000). Sunil (2005) reported that the combination
of organic manures, bio-inoculants and inorganic fertilizers recorded significantly higher nutrients in leaves of S36
and M5 mulberry varieties. Naika (2008) reported that, the secondary nutrients in V1 mulberry was higher with
enriched vermicompost + recommended P and K. Increased secondary nutrients in mulberry leaf was found with
combination of organic manures, biofertilizers, green manures and chemical fertilizers (Shashidhar, 2009). Further,
Rashmi et al. (2009) reported that, the application of chemical fertilizers along with biofertilizers, compost,
vermicompost, green manures and castor cake, increased the calcium, magnesium and sulphur contents in mulberry
leaves.
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352

7
1
.
1
4

7
1
.
9
8

7
2
.
5

7
3
.
2
6

7
4
.
3
8

7
3
.
4
9

7
6
.
4
2

7
5
.
6
1

64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
(
%
)

Treatments
Fig. 1: Leaf moisture in mulberry as influenced by organic based
nutrients in red loamy soil
1
.
0
6
7

1
.
0
8
2

1
.
0
9
6

1
.
1
1

1
.
1
2
6

1
.
1
1
7

1
.
1
5
9

1
.
1
4

0
.
4
8
5

0
.
4
9
6

0
.
5
1
8

0
.
5
2
7

0
.
5
4
3

0
.
5
3
5

0
.
5
5
7

0
.
5
4
8

1
.
5
2
6

1
.
5
9

1
.
5
6
9

1
.
5
9
4

1
.
6
0
5

1
.
6
2
5

1
.
7
0
5

1
.
6
5
7

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
m
g
/
g

Treatments
Fig. 2: Chlorophyll content in mulberry as influenced by organic
based nutrients in red loamy soil
Chlorophyll-a (mg/g)
Chlorophyll-b (mg/g)
Total chlorophyll (mg/g)

Statistical tests Statistical values (ANOVA)
F-test --
S.E(m) 1.698
S.E(d) 2.402
C.D. 5% Non-significant
C.V. (%) 3.997


Statistical tests Statistical values (ANOVA)
F-test -- -- * (P0.05)
S.E(m) 0.021 0.017 0.022
S.E(d) 0.029 0.025 0.031
C.D. 5% Non-significant Non-significant 0.066
C.V. (%) 3.194 5.713 2.363
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353

2
8
.
0
4

2
8
.
5
7

2
9
.
0
7

3
0
.
1
7

3
1
.
3
4

3
0
.
7
8

3
2
.
2
7

3
1
.
7
9

1
1
.
3
3

1
1
.
6
1

1
1
.
8
9

1
2
.
1

1
2
.
4
8

1
2
.
3

1
2
.
8
4

1
2
.
6
8

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
m
g
/
g

Treatments
Fig.3: Protein and total sugars in mulberry leaf as influenced by
organic based nutrients in red loamy soil
Protein
Total sugars
2
.
6
2

2
.
6
6

2
.
7
2

2
.
8
5

3
.
0
6

2
.
9
3

3
.
1
8

3
.
1
2

0
.
3
8

0
.
4
2

0
.
4
6

0
.
5
6

0
.
6
8

0
.
6
2

0
.
7
8

0
.
7
2

1
.
5

1
.
5
6

1
.
6

1
.
6
3

1
.
6
9

1
.
6
5

1
.
7
6

1
.
7
3

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
%

Treatments
Fig. 4: Major nutrient status in mulberry leaf as influenced by
organic based nutrients in red loamy soil
Nitrogen (%)
Phosphorus (%)
Potassium (%)

Statistical tests Statistical values (ANOVA)
F-test -- * (P0.05)
S.E(m) 1.182 0.249
S.E(d) 1.672 0.352
C.D. 5% Non-significant 0.753
C.V. (%) 6.768 3.551


Statistical tests Statistical values (ANOVA)
F-test * (P0.05) * (P0.05) * (P0.05)
S.E(m) 0.016 0.016 0.015
S.E(d) 0.022 0.023 0.022
C.D. 5% 0.047 0.049 0.046
C.V. (%) 0.939 4.821 1.613

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2
.
6
2

2
.
6
8

2
.
8

2
.
8
9

3
.
0
8

2
.
9
6

3
.
2
9

3
.
1
6

0.52
0.55 0.57
0.62
0.71
0.65
0.78
0.74
0.26 0.3 0.333 0.36 0.42 0.39 0.49 0.45
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
%

Treatmants
Fig. 5: Secondary nutrient status in mulberry leaf as influenced by
organic based nutrients in red loamy soil
Calcium (%)
Magnesium (%)
Sulphur (%)

Statistical tests Statistical values (ANOVA)
F-test * (P0.05) * (P0.05) * (P0.05)
S.E(m) 0.014 0.015 0.015
S.E(d) 0.020 0.022 0.021
C.D. 5% 0.042 0.046 0.045
C.V. (%) 0.817 4.118 6.878

CONCLUSION
The current investigation inferred that, application of organic manures through vermicompost and
FYM(followed by sheep manure and FYM; compost and FYM) in equal proportion along with recommended doses
of chemical and bio-fertilizers to mulberry garden produced better quality of leaves i.e., by way of enhancement of
bio-chemical and mineral nutrients. Thus, in the event of shortage /non-availability of FYM, 50% recommended
dose of FYM can be compensated through use of vermicompost / sheep manure / compost to suffice the manurial
requirement of mulberry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are greatly thankful to Sri M.B. Thippeswamy, Muttigarahalli, Malakalmuru Taluk,
Chitradurga District and the Chairman, Department of Studies in Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, Mysore
for having provided the established mulberry garden and laboratory facility, respectively for conduct of the
investigation
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