Mechanics of Laminated

Composite Plates and Shells

Theory and Analysis

J. N. Reddy
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas, USA 77843

Second Edition

CRC Press
Boca Raton New York London Tokyo

insert

Library of Congress Data

To the Memory of
My parents,
My brother,
My brother in-law,
My father in-law,
Hans Eggers,
Kalpana Chawla, . . .

About the Author

J. N. Reddy is a Distinguished Professor and the inaugural holder of the Oscar
S. Wyatt Endowed Chair in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas. Prior to his current position, he worked
as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas at Austin (197374), as a
research scientist for Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (l974), and taught
at the University of Oklahoma (19751980) and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University (19801992), where he was the inaugural holder of the Clifton C.
Garvin Endowed Professorship.
Professor Reddy is the author of over 300 journal papers and 13 text books
on theoretical formulations and nite-element analysis of problems in solid and
structural mechanics (plates and shells), composite materials, computational uid
dynamics and heat transfer, and applied mathematics. His contributions to
mechanics of composite materials and structures are well known through his research
on rened plate and shell theories and their nite element models.
Professor Reddy is the rst recipient of the University of Oklahoma College
of Engineerings Award for Outstanding Faculty Achievement in Research, the
1984 Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize of the American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE), the 1985 Alumni Research Award at Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, and 1992 Worcester Reed Warner Medal and 1995 Charles Russ Richards
Memorial Award of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He
received German Academic Exchange (DAAD) and von Humboldt Foundation
(Germany) research awards. Recently, he received the 1997 Melvin R. Lohmann
Medal from Oklahoma State Universitys College of Engineering, Architecture
and Technology, the 1997 Archie Higdon Distinguished Educator Award from the
Mechanics Division of the American Society of Engineering Education, the 1998
Nathan M. Newmark Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers, the
2000 Excellence in the Field of Composites Award from the American Society
of Composite Materials, the 2000 Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award for
Research, the 2003 Bush Excellence Award for Faculty in International Research
award from Texas A&M University, and 2003 Computational Structural Mechanics
Award from the U.S. Association for Computational Mechanics.
Professor Reddy is a fellow of the American Academy of Mechanics (AAM),
the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society of Composites (ASC),
International Association of Computational Mechanics (IACM), U.S. Association of
Computational Mechanics (USACM), the Aeronautical Society of India (ASI), and
the American Society of Composite Materials. Dr. Reddy is the Editor-in-Chief of
the journals Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures (Taylor and Francis),
International Journal of Computational Engineering Science and International
Journal Structural Stability and Dynamics (both from World Scientic), and he
serves on the editorial boards of over two dozen other journals.

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
1 Equations of Anisotropic Elasticity, Virtual Work Principles,
and Variational Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 General Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Vectors and Tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Equations of Anisotropic Entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 Strain-Displacement Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 Strain Compatibility Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
1.3.4 Stress Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.5 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.6 Generalized Hookes Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.7 Thermodynamic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.4 Virtual Work Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.4.2 Virtual Displacements and Virtual Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.4.3 Variational Operator and Euler Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4.4 Principle of Virtual Displacements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
1.5 Variational Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.5.2 The Ritz Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.5.3 Weighted-Residual Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
References for Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2 Introduction to Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.1 Basic Concepts and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.1.1 Fibers and Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.1.2 Laminae and Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.2 Constitutive Equations of a Lamina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.2.1 Generalized Hookes Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.2.2 Characteristics of a Unidirectional Lamina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

CONTENTS

2.3 Transformation of Stresses and Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

2.3.1 Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3.2 Transformation of Stress Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.3 Transformation of Strain Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.3.4 Transformation of Material Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.4 Plan Stress Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
3 Classical and First-Order Theories of Laminated
Composite Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.2 Classication of Structural Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2 An Overview of Laminated Plate Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3 The Classical Laminated Plate Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
3.3.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.3.2 Displacements and Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3.3 Lamina Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.3.4 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.5 Laminate Constitutive Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.3.6 Equations of Motion in Terms of Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4 The First-Order Laminated Plate Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4.1 Displacements and Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4.2 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.4.3 Laminate Constitutive Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.4.4 Equations of Motion in Terms of Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.5 Laminate Stinesses for Selected Laminates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
3.5.1 General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.5.2 Single-Layer Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
3.5.3 Symmetric Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.5.4 Antisymmetric Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.5.5 Balanced and Quasi-Isotropic Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
4 One-Dimensional Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.2 Analysis of Laminated Beams Using CLPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2.2 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.2.3 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.2.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

CONTENTS

xi

4.3 Analysis of Laminated Beams Using FSDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

4.3.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.3.2 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.3.3 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.3.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.4 Cylindrical Bending Using CLPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.4.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.4.2 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.4.3 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.4.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.5 Cylindrical Bending Using FSDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4.5.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4.5.2 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4.5.3 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.5.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.6 Vibration Suppression in Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.6.2 Theoretical Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
4.6.3 Analytical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.6.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.7 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
5 Analysis of Specially Orthotropic Laminates Using CLPT . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.2 Bending of Simply Supported Rectangular Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
5.2.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
5.2.2 The Navier Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.3 Bending of Plates with Two Opposite Edges Simply Supported . . . . . . . 255
5.3.1 The Levy Solution Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
5.3.2 Analytical Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
5.3.3 Ritz Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
5.4 Bending of Rectangular Plates with Various Boundary Conditions . . . . 265
5.4.1 Virtual Work Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
5.4.2 Clamped Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
5.4.3 Approximation Functions for Other Boundary Conditions. . . . . . .269
5.5 Buckling of Simply Supported Plates Under Compressive Loads . . . . . . . 271
5.5.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.5.2 The Navier Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.5.3 Biaxial Compression of a Square Laminate (k = 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.5.4 Biaxial Loading of a Square Laminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
5.5.5 Uniaxial Compression of a Rectangular Laminate (k = 0) . . . . . . . 274

xii

CONTENTS

5.6 Buckling of Rectangular Plates Under In-Plane Shear Load . . . . . . . . . . . 278

5.6.1 Governing Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
5.6.2 Simply Supported Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
5.6.3 Clamped Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5.7 Vibration of Simply Supported Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.7.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.7.2 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.8 Buckling and Vibration of Plates with Two Parallel Edges
Simply Supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
5.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
5.8.2 Buckling by Direct Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
5.8.3 Vibration by Direct Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.8.4 Buckling and Vibration by the State-Space Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.9 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.9.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.9.2 Spatial Variation of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.9.3 Time Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5.10 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
6 Analytical Solutions of Rectangular Laminated Plates
Using CLPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
6.1 Governing Equations in Terms of Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
6.2 Admissible Boundary Conditions for the Navier Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
6.3 Navier Solutions of Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
6.3.1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
6.3.2 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
6.3.3 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.3.4 Determination of Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
6.3.5 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
6.3.6 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
6.4 Navier Solutions of Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
6.4.1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
6.4.2 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
6.4.3 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
6.4.4 Determination of Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
6.4.5 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
6.4.6 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
6.5 The Levy Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
6.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
6.5.2 Solution Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
6.5.3 Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
6.5.4 Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

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6.6 Analysis of Midplane Symmetric Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

6.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
6.6.2 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
6.6.3 Weak Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
6.6.4 The Ritz Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
6.6.5 Simply Supported Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
6.6.6 Other Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
6.7 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
6.7.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
6.7.2 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
6.7.3 Numerical Time Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
6.7.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
6.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
7 Analytical Solutions of Rectangular Laminated Plates
Using FSDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
7.2 Simply Supported Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminated Plates . . . . . . . . 379
7.2.1 Solution for the General Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
7.2.2 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
7.2.3 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
7.2.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
7.3 Simply Supported Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminated Plates . . . . . . . . 400
7.3.1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
7.3.2 The Navier Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
7.3.3 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
7.3.4 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
7.3.5 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
7.4 Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminates with Two Opposite
Edges Simply Supported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
7.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
7.4.2 The Levy Type Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
7.4.3 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
7.5 Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminates with Two Opposite
Edges Simply Supported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
7.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
7.5.2 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
7.5.3 The Levy Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
7.5.4 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
7.6 Transient Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
7.7 Vibration Control of Laminated Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
7.7.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
7.7.2 Theoretical Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

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7.7.3 Velocity Feedback Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

7.7.4 Analytical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
7.7.5 Numerical Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
7.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
8 Theory and Analysis of Laminated Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
8.2 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
8.2.1 Geometric Properties of the Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
8.2.2 Kinetics of the Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
8.2.3 Kinematics of the Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
8.2.4 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
8.2.5 Laminate Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
8.3 Theory of Doubly-Curved Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
8.3.1 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
8.3.2 Analytical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
8.4 Vibration and Buckling of Cross-Ply Laminated
Circular Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
8.4.1 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
8.4.2 Analytical Solution Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
8.4.3 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
8.4.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
9 Linear Finite Element Analysis of Composite Plates and Shells . . . .487
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
9.2 Finite Element Models of the Classical Plate Theory (CLPT) . . . . . . . . . 488
9.2.1 Weak Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
9.2.2 Spatial Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
9.2.3 Semidiscrete Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
9.2.4 Fully Discretized Finite Element Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
9.2.5 Quadrilateral Elements and Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
9.2.6 Post-Computation of Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
9.2.7 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
9.3 Finite Element Models of Shear Deformation Plate Theory (FSDT) . . . 515
9.3.1 Weak Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
9.3.2 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
9.3.3 Penalty Function Formulation and Shear Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
9.3.4 Post-Computation of Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
9.3.5 Bending Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
9.3.6 Vibration Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
9.3.7 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

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9.4 Finite Element Analysis of Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

9.4.1 Weak Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
9.4.2 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
9.4.3 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
9.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
10 Nonlinear Analysis of Composite Plates and Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
10.2 Classical Plate Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
10.2.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
10.2.2 Virtual Work Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
10.2.3 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
10.3 First-Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
10.3.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575
10.3.2 Virtual Work Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
10.3.3 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
10.4 Time Approximation and the Newton-Raphson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
10.4.1 Time Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
10.4.2 The Newton-Raphson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
10.4.3 Tangent Stiness Coecients for CLPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
10.4.4 Tangent Stiness Coecients for FSDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
10.4.5 Membrane Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
10.5 Numerical Examples of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
10.5.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
10.5.2 Isotropic and Orthotropic Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
10.5.3 Laminated Composite Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
10.5.4 Eect of Symmetry Boundary Conditions on Nonlinear
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
10.5.5 Nonlinear Response Under In-Plane Compressive Loads . . . . . . . 608
10.5.6 Nonlinear Response of Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminated
Plate Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
10.5.7 Transient Analysis of Composite Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
10.6 Functionally Graded Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
10.6.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
10.6.2 Theoretical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
10.6.3 Thermomechanical Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
10.6.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
10.7 Finite Element Models of Laminated Shell Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
10.7.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620
10.7.2 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
10.7.3 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

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10.8 Continuum Shell Finite Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627

10.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
10.8.2 Incremental Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
10.8.3 Continuum Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
10.8.4 Shell Finite Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
10.8.5 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
10.8.6 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
10.9 Postbuckling Response and Progressive Failure of Composite
Panels in Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
10.9.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
10.9.2 Experimental Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
10.9.3 Finite Element Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
10.9.4 Failure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
10.9.5 Results for Panel C4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
10.9.6 Results for Panel H4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
10.10 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
11 Third-Order Theory of Laminated Composite Plates and Shells . . 671
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
11.2 A Third-Order Plate Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
11.2.1 Displacement Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
11.2.2 Strains and Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674
11.2.3 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
11.3 Higher-Order Laminate Stiness Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
11.3.1 Single-Layer Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
11.3.2 Symmetric Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
11.3.3 Antisymmetric Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
11.4 The Navier Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
11.4.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
11.4.2 Antisymmetric Cross-Ply Laminates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
11.4.3 Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
11.4.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
11.5 Levy Solutions of Cross-Ply Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
11.5.1 Preliminary Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
11.5.2 Solution Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
11.5.3 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
11.6 Finite Element Model of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
11.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
11.6.2 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
11.6.3 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
11.6.4 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

CONTENTS

xvii

11.7 Equations of Motion of the Third-Order Theory of Doubly-Curved

Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721
12 Layerwise Theory and Variable Kinematic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
12.1.1 Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .725
12.1.2 An Overview of Layerwise Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
12.2 Development of the Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730
12.2.1 Displacement Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
12.2.2 Strains and Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
12.2.3 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
12.2.4 Laminate Constitutive Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
12.3 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
12.3.1 Layerwise Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
12.3.2 Full Layerwise Model Versus 3-D Finite Element Model . . . . . . . 739
12.3.3 Considerations for Modeling Relatively Thin Laminates . . . . . . . 742
12.3.4 Bending of a Simply Supported (0/90/0) Laminate . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
12.3.5 Free Edge Stresses in a (45/-45)s Laminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
12.4 Variable Kinematic Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
12.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
12.4.2 Multiple Assumed Displacement Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
12.4.3 Incorporation of Delamination Kinematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
12.4.4 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
12.4.5 Illustrative Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
12.5 Application to Adaptive Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
12.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
12.5.2 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783
12.5.3 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
12.5.4 An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
12.6 Layerwise Theory of Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794
12.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
12.6.2 Unstiened Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
12.6.3 Stiened Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
12.6.4 Postbuckling of Laminated Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
12.7 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
References for Additional Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

xix

Preface to the Second Edition

In the seven years since the rst edition of this book appeared some signicant
developments have taken place in the area of materials modeling in general
and in composite materials and structures in particular. Foremost among these
developments have been the smart materials and structures, functionally graded
materials (FGMs), and nanoscience and technology each topic deserves to be
treated in a separate monograph. While the authors expertise and contributions
in these areas are limited, it is felt that the reader should be made aware of
the developments in the analysis of smart and FGM structures. The subject of
nanoscience and technology, of course, is outside the scope of the present study.
Also, the rst edition of this book did not contain any material on the theory and
analysis of laminated shells. It should be an integral part of any study on laminated
composite structures.
The focus for the present edition of this book remains the same the education of
the individual who is interested in gaining a good understanding of the mechanics
theories and associated nite element models of laminated composite structures.
Very little material has been deleted. New material has been added in most
chapters along with some rearrangement of topics to improve the clarity of the
overall presentation. In particular, the material from the rst three chapters is
condensed into a single chapter (Chapter 1) in this second edition to make room for
the new material. Thus Chapter 1 contains certain mathematical preliminaries, a
study of the equations of anisotropic elasticity, and an introduction to the principle
of virtual displacements and classical variational methods (the Ritz and Galerkin
methods). Chapters 2 through 7 correspond to Chapters 4 through 9, respectively,
from the rst edition, and they have been revised to include smart structures and
functionally graded materials. A completely new chapter, Chapter 8, on theory
and analysis of laminated shells is added to overcome the glaring omission in the
rst edition of this book. Chapters 9 and 10 (corresponding to Chapters 10 and
13 in the rst edition) are devoted to linear and nonlinear nite element analysis,
respectively, of laminated plates and shells. These chapters are extensively revised to
include more details on the derivation of tangent stiness matrices and nite element
models of shells with numerical examples. Chapters 11 and 12 in the present edition
correspond to Chapters 11 and 12 of the rst edition, which underwent signicant
revisions to include laminated shells. The problem sets essentially remained the
same with the addition of a few problems here and there.

xx

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

The acknowledgments and sincere thanks and feelings expressed in the preface
to the rst edition still hold but they are not repeated here. It is a pleasure to
acknowledge the help of my colleagues, especially Dr. Zhen-Qiang Cheng, for their
help with the proofreading of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mr. Roman
Arciniega for providing the numerical results of some examples on shells included in
Chapter 9.
J. N. Reddy
College Station, Texas

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

xxi

Preface to the First Edition

The dramatic increase in the use of composite materials in all types of engineering
structures (e.g., aerospace, automotive, and underwater structures, as well as in
medical prosthetic devices, electronic circuit boards, and sports equipment) and the
number of journals and research papers published in the last two decades attest to
the fact that there has been a major eort to develop composite material systems,
and to analyze and design structural components made from composite materials.
The subject of composite materials is truly an interdisciplinary area where
chemists, material scientists, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, and
structural engineers contribute to the overall product. The number of students
taking courses in composite materials and structures has steadily increased in recent
years, and the students are drawn to these courses from a variety of disciplines. The
courses oered at universities and the books published on composite materials are
of three types: material science, mechanics, and design. The present book belongs
to the mechanics category.
The motivation for the present book has come from many years of the authors
research and teaching in laminated composite structures and from the fact there
does not exist a book that contains a detailed coverage of various laminate theories,
analytical solutions, and nite element models. The book is largely based on the
authors original work on rened theories of laminated composite plates and shells,
and analytical and nite element solutions he and his collaborators have developed
over the last two decades.
Some mathematical preliminaries, equations of anisotropic elasticity, and virtual
work principles and variational methods are reviewed in Chapters 1 through 3. A
reader who has had a course in elasticity or energy and variational principles of
mechanics may skip these chapters and go directly to Chapter 4, where certain
terminology common to composite materials is introduced, followed by a discussion
of the constitutive equations of a lamina and transformation of stresses and strains.
Readers who have had a basic course in composites may skip Chapter 4 also.
The major journey of the book begins with Chapter 5, where a complete
derivation of the equations of motion of the classical and rst-order shear
deformation laminated plate theories is presented, and laminate stiness
characteristics of selected laminates are discussed. Chapter 6 includes applications
of the classical and rst-order shear deformation theories to laminated beams
and plate strips in cylindrical bending. Here analytical solutions are developed
for bending, buckling, natural vibration, and transient response of simple beam
and plate structures. Chapter 7 deals with the analysis of specially orthotropic
rectangular laminates using the classical laminated plate theory (CLPT). Here,
the parametric eects of material anisotropy, lamination scheme, and plate aspect
ratio on bending deections and stresses, buckling loads, vibration frequencies, and
transient response are discussed.

xxii

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

Analytical solutions for bending, buckling, natural vibration, and transient

response of rectangular laminates based on the Navier and Levy solution approaches
are presented in Chapters 8 and 9 for the classical and rst-order shear deformation
plate theories (FSDT), respectively. The Rayleigh-Ritz solutions are also discussed
for laminates that do not admit the Navier solutions. Chapter 10 deals with nite
element analysis of composite laminates. One-dimensional (for beams and plate
strips) as well as two-dimensional (plates) nite element models based on CLPT
and FSDT are discussed and numerical examples are presented.
Chapters 11 and 12 are devoted to higher-order (third-order) laminate theories
and layerwise theories, respectively. Analytical as well as nite element models are
discussed. The material included in these chapters is up to date at the time of this
writing. Finally, Chapter 13 is concerned about the geometrically nonlinear analysis
of composite laminates. Displacement nite element models of laminated plates with
the von Karm
an nonlinearity are derived, and numerical results are presented for
some typical problems.
The book is suitable as a reference for engineers and scientists working in industry
and academia, and it can be used as a textbook in a graduate course on theory
and/or analysis of composite laminates. It can also be used for a course on stress
analysis of laminated composite plates. An introductory course on mechanics of
composite materials may prove to be helpful but not necessary because a review of
the basics is included in the rst four chapters of this book. The rst course may
cover Chapters 1 through 8 or 9, and a second course may cover Chapters 8 through
13.
The author wishes to thank all his former doctoral students for their research
collaboration on the subject. In particular, Chapters 7 through 13 contain results of
the research conducted by Drs. Ahmed Khdeir, Stephen Engelstad, Asghar Nosier,
and Donald Robbins, Jr. on the development of theories, analytical solutions, and
nite element analysis of equivalent single-layer and layerwise theories of composite
laminates. The research of the author in composite materials was inuenced by many
researchers. The author wishes to thank Professor Charles W. Bert of the University
of Oklahoma, Professor Robert M. Jones of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Professor A. V. Krishna Murty of the Indian Institute of Science,
and Dr. Nicholas J. Pagano of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. It is also the
authors pleasure to acknowledge the help of Mr. Praveen Grama, Mr. Dakshina
Moorthy, and Mr. Govind Rengarajan for their help with the proofreading of the
manuscript. The author is indebted to Dr. Filis Kokkinos for his dedication and
innovative and creative production of the nal artwork in this book. Indeed, without
his imagination and hundreds of hours of eort the artwork would not have looked
as beautiful, professional, and technical as it does.
The author gratefully acknowledges the support of his research in composite
materials in the last two decades by the Oce of Naval Research (ONR), the Air
Force Oce of Scientic Research (AFOSR), the U.S. Army Research Oce (ARO),
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Lewis and NASA
Langley), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Oscar S. Wyatt
Chair in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University.
Without this support, it would not have been possible to contribute to the subject
of this book. The author is also grateful to Professor G. P. Peterson, a colleague

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

xxiii

and friend, for his encouragement and support of the authors professional activities
at Texas A&M University.
The writing of this book took thousands of hours over the last ten years. Most
of these hours came from evenings and holidays that could have been devoted to
family matters. While no words of gratitude can replace the time lost with family,
it should be recorded that the author is grateful to his wife Aruna for her care,
devotion, and love, and to his daughter Anita and son Anil for their understanding
and support.
During the long period of writing this book, the author has lost his father,
brother, brother in-law, father in-law, and a friend (Hans Eggers) - all suddenly.
While death is imminent, the suddenness makes it more dicult to accept. This
book is dedicated to the memory of these individuals.

J. N. Reddy
College Station, Texas

All that is not given is lost