Running Head: TRADEMARKS 1

TRADEMARKS
Name
Tutor
Course
College
Date
TRADEMARKS 2
Introduction
I agree wit te statement tat !te goodwill" sould lead to a #inding tat te trade
mar$ as %een in#ringed&' Te %asic de#inition o# a (trademar$) is gi*en %+ s&1 ,1- o# te
1../ Act and a00ears alarmingl+ straigt#orward& Trademar$s are in#ringed %+ unautori1ed
users& Tis is common in te mar$et were 0eo0le trade wit trademar$s %elonging to a
di##erent 0erson& Te original trademar$ owner is determined %+ te goodwill& Tere are
certain mar$s tat #all in te descri0tion o# trademar$ %ut te+ are re#used registration in
accordance wit ss& 2" /" and 3 o# te Act 1../
1
&
A trademar$ is de#ined as a sign wic is a wide term in sco0e" meaning an+ting
wic can con*e+ in#ormation& A trademar$ on its own contains tree elements& Te
gra0ical re0resentation 0oint and distincti*eness 0oint can %e discussed later %ut te tird
element tat descri%es te term is more im0ortant& A sign needs a s0eci#ied #ormat #or it to
#all witin s& 1,1-& It is ten considered weter it would #all #oul o# te inerent %ars to
registration" in ss& 2 and / o# te 1../ Act& Tis is done to consider weter tere are
0ro%lems relating to te e4istence o# oter mar$s tat ma+ also 0resent a di##icult+ in te
wa+ o# registration according to s& 3 o# te Act
2
&
Te criterion #ollows or clearl+ e5uate to te words o# Art 2 o# te Harmoni1ation
Directi*e& Tere is a need #or a close e4amination o# te de#initions& In order #or a mar$ to
%e registered" it sould consist o# an+ting wit te item in second 0aragra0 o# s&1 ,1-
clearl+ %eing not more tan illustrations& Tere is no mar$ registered witout a*ing
1
Andenas" M& ,1..6-& European community law in the English courts& 74#ord: Clarendon 0ress&
2
Sa$ulin" 8& ,2911-& Trademark protection and freedom of expression: An inquiry into the conflict
between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law& Al0en aan den Ri:n" Te
Neterlands: Kluwer ;aw International&
TRADEMARKS 2
satis#ied te #irst two *ital %ut related #actors tat can %e re0resented gra0icall+ and also
ca0a%le o# distinguising one trader)s 0roducts #rom tose o# oters
2
&
Te conce0t o# distincti*eness warrants #urter e4amination& Te ca0a%ilit+
re5uirement o# gra0ical re0resentation creates 0ro%lem in certain cases& An a00lication
ma+ %e re:ected i# te trademar$ is not 0ossi%l+ understood witout te re#erence o# te
goods& Tis sows tat te mar$ in all its as0ects did not 5uali#+ to %e re0resented
gra0icall+ An+ t+0e o# an ol#actor+ ma0 in te intellectual 0ro0ert+ can also %e
re0resented gra0icall+
/
&
8en te trademar$ is registered" a tird 0art+ sould %e a%le to #ind out e4actl+
wat te trade mar$ is #rom consulting te register& Tis is done to a*oid in#ringement and
to #ind weter anoter mar$ can still %e registered& Te register o# Trade Mar$s must also
$now e4actl+ wat te mar$ is in order to carr+ out its e4amination and 0u%lication role&
<ra0ic re0resentation sould %e done on te %asis o# te register since it is te onl+
material tat is in te 0u%lic domain and tere#ore %eing accessi%le to tird 0arties& A
trademar$ sould #ul#ill its role as a registered trademar$& It sould %e 0ercei*ed
unam%iguous and in te same wa+" #or it to %e guaranteed as an indication o# origin
3
&
Directi*e is a clear inter0retation o# a trademar$ tat consists o# a *irtual image
wic can %e re0resented troug a gra0" a line ort e*en troug a caracter& A cemical
3
Sce4ter" =&" (Te Rational >asis #or Trade Mar$ ?rotection) ,1.2@AB- /9 Ha*ard ;R 612A22&
4
Ram$umar" M& ,2996-& Intellectual property rights demystified& New Deli: New India ?u%lising Agenc+&
5
Ntum+" M& A& ,1..2-& South Pacific islands legal systems& Honolulu: Cni*ersit+ o# Hawaii ?ress&
TRADEMARKS /
#ormula" odour or e*en a com%ination o# di##erent 0articles can not satis#+ directi*e
inter0retation& Most o# te ol#actor+ mar$s granted do not meet te re5uirements
@
&
Te ra0id e40ansion o# te internet use is %ringing new metods to in#ringe te *ital
asset o# commercial goodwill tat is te trademar$& Com0anies a*e #ound an eas+ wa+ to
e40loit com0etitors) goodwill in order to sta+ aead o# tem& Tis is done troug attraction
o# new consumers on te we%sites and 0roducts& Te internet as made it eas+ #or
consumers %+ allowing tem to get in#ormation a%out te new 0roducts" com0are te 0rices
and 0urcase
B
&
Trademar$ is one o# te metods used %+ com0anies to reac teir consumers& Te
consumers %ene#it #rom te trademar$ searc engine on te internet since it allows tem to
see more coices regarding teir 5uestions on te new 0roducts& Tis 0ractice is 0ercei*ed
%+ man+ com0anies to %e *iolating te law as it allows com0etitors to %ene#it #rom teir
goodwill& Troug te use o# te goodwill on te internet" it %ecomes easier to determine
weter te trademar$ as %een in#ringed& A trademar$ is tougt to %e a 0ro0ert+ rigt
owned %+ an indi*idual or a com0an+ tus 0re*enting oters #rom using it& A trademar$ is
te most *alua%le asset #or a com0an+& Te e4tent o# a trademar$ is de#ined %+ te e4tent
o# consumers) 0erce0tion
6
&
6
? Torremans" olyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property !aw ,Hol+oa$ and
Torremans- ,@t edn" 2919- c 3 and S T orle+" R Miller" < >ur$ill" and C >irss" Terrell on the !aw of Patents,1@t
edn" 299@- cs @" B" and 6&
7
?ili0s Electronics >D *& Remington Consumer ?roducts ,1..6- R?C 262" 0er Eaco% E&
8
Assa#a" E& ,2919-& Intellectual property in Asian emerging economies: !aw and policy in the post"T#IPS
era& =arnam" Surre+" England: Asgate ?u%&
TRADEMARKS 3
Te $e+ 0olic+ on 0rotection o# trademar$s is te 0rotection o# consumers&
Trademar$ owners can use te goodwill to 0re*ent com0etitors #rom using teir trademar$s
to an e4tent necessar+ to 0re*ent consumers) con#usion& Te 0ur0ose o# trademar$ laws
e4istence is to 0rotect te consuming 0u%lic #rom con#usion and 0rotecting te trademar$
owners) rigts to a nonAcon#used 0u%lic& According to section 22 o# ;anam act" a 0art+ can
%e lia%le #or in#ringement o# a trademar$ tat is registered #or industrial 0roduction"
counter#eiting or e*en a co0+ rigt in te a00ro*al o# goods
.
&
Cnregistered trademar$s are 0rotected %+ te law #rom in#ringement in te section
/2 o# ;anam Act& Cn#air com0etition ma+ also lead to te lia%ilit+ o# a 0art+ troug te
#ollowing e*ents& Te use is te same as tat o# te com0etitor is also a %reac o# te act&
Te descri0tion o# a #alse statement ma+ also lead to an in#ringement or e*en a %reac
more so i# te intellectual statement as lasted #or a +ear it %ecomes an a##iliation to te
law& Ad*ertisation o# a trademar$ is a re5uirement #or industrial 0roduction o# goods and
ser*ices in order to 0re*ent te mar$et #rom an+ lia%ilit+ caused %+ te 0resence o#
counter#eits and imitation o# goods
19
&
Trademar$ a00lications in te CK are made in res0ect to s0eci#ic goods and ser*ices&
Te register o# trademar$ is a 0u%lic document tat can %e consulted %+ interested 0arties&
Te a00licant must 0ro*ide" %+ *irtue o# s&22 o# te Trade Mar$s Act 1../F tese include a
re5uest #or registration o# te mar$" a re0resentation o# te mar$" and a statement tat te
mar$ is used as intended& Te a00lication recei*es an o##icial #iling date wic el0s in
deciding wic two mar$s as 0riorit+ as in te case o# 0atent& Te trademar$ a00lication is
9
>eatt+" E& =&" G Samuelson" S& S& ,2919-& Introduction to business law& Mason" 7H: SoutA8estern
Cengage ;earning&
10
>la$ene+" M& ,299.-& Intellectual property rights and food security& 8alling#ord Hetc&: CA>I&

TRADEMARKS @
ten e4amined %+ te registrar to see weter it #ul#ils te #ormal legal re5uirements& Te
registr+ is not res0onsi%le #or con#licts wit earlier registered mar$s
11
&
Te registrar is allowed to get #urter details #rom te a00licant i# not satis#ied& Te
a00lication is ten 0u%lised so tat oter interested 0arties can o00ose or ma$e comments
on te 0ro0osed mar$& Te earlier trademar$ owner can o00ose te registration on te
%asis o# earlier rigts tat te+ a*e %ased on earlier registration or unregistered trade
mar$s& Tis is done witin a 0eriod o# tree monts& Te registrar deals wit te o00osition
wit an a00eal %eing o0en to te A00ointed ?erson and to te courts& Te registrar acce0ts
te a00lication i# te criteria #ollowed a00ears to te registrar to a*e #ul#illed all
re5uirements
12
&
A trademar$ is granted onl+ to tose goods and ser*ices on wic te a00lication
as %een made& Te 1../ Act is ad*antageous as it allows a00lication o# goods and ser*ices
more tan once unli$e te old law& <oods and ser*ices are classi#ied in accordance wit te
nice classi#ication wic is an international agreement tat s0lits goods and ser*ices into 2/
and eigt classes res0ecti*el+& Te Nice classi#ication is designed to %e com0reensi*e
co*ering te wole range o# manu#acturing and ser*ice industr+ %+ de#inition& An e4am0le o#
nice classi#ication is class 12 tat com0rises o# all *eicles wile class 12 com0rises o#
#irearms" ammunition and e40losi*es& Class 22 com0rises o# %eers and so#t drin$s wile
class 22 com0rises o# alcoolic drin$s and oter alcoolic %eers& Te Euro0ean Cnion as a
communit+ trademar$& A communit+ trademar$ is a single trademar$ made #or te wole
communit+& Communit+ trademar$ is a00lied directl+ wit te Euro0ean Trade Mar$
11
Car*alo" N& ?& ,2911-& The T#IPS regime of trademarks and designs& Austin: 8olters Kluwer ;aw G
>usiness
12
C& Morcom" A&Rougton& ,2996- The $odern !aw of Trade $arks" 2
rd
ED" ;ondon: >utterworts ;e4isA
Ne4is&
TRADEMARKS B
Registr+ or indirectl+ troug CK I?7& Te a00lication will a*e to contain te necessar+
re5uirements and oter 0arties will a*e a 0eriod o# tree monts #or re#usal
12
&
<oodwill #unction o# a trademar$ is also recogni1ed %+ te >enelu4 Court o# Eustice"
te Euro0ean court and te ECE& Te goodwill indicates originalit+ dating #rom te 0reA
armoni1ation era& Te goodwill is u0 to now recogni1ed %+ te Euro0ean trademar$s& Te
goodwill is 0rotected %+ te interest #unction it as in 0ractice& It can go so #ar tat
trademar$ is" or se0arated #rom te 0roducts and ser*ices on wic te trademar$ is used&
In order to determine in#ringement o# a trademar$" re#erence is made to lu4ur+ or #asion
articles and to oter goods and ser*ices ac5uiring similar status& Tis a00lies to well $nown
trademar$s& Te re0utation entails tat te goodwill o# te trademar$ itsel# e4tends to te
a##i4ed 0roduct regardless o# its nature" te manu#acturer o# te 0roduct and te 0roduct)s
tecnical caracteristics
1/
&
Te goodwill #unction as a trademar$ is also 0rotected %+ law& Te goodwill 0rotects
te trademar$s wit re0utation against unautori1ed users ta$ing ad*antage o# te
trademar$ witout a *alid reason& In 0articular" te re0utation o# te trademar$ is te
goodwill associated wit it& Te regulation gi*es similar 0rotection #or trademar$s wit
re0utation in te communit+& Te 0rotection o# te re0utation o# te trademar$ is attaced
to a trademar$
13
&
13
Dawson"N& English Trade $ark !aw in the Eighteenth %entury"the &ate of Thomas ill' 29 .299.-1 E ;eg
Hist B1A.
14
D&Kitcen" D&;lewel+n ,2993- (erly's !aw of Trade $arks and Trade names" 1/
t
ed" ;ondon: Sweet and
Ma4well&
15
Herrington" T& A& K& ,2991-& %ontrolling )oices: Intellectual property* humanistic studies* and the
Internet& Car%ondale: Soutern Illinois Cni*ersit+ ?ress&
TRADEMARKS 6
Te most #undamental %ene#it o# a trademar$ tat is registered is te ad*antages
wic users %ene#it #rom te license& Te #undamental %ecomes te cornerstone into wic
licensing trademar$ is %uilt& Te de*elo0ed goodwill in te usage o# te trademar$s wit
te owner incases were te license is well 0re0ared monitoring te rele*ant territor+&
<oodwill is a##ected %+ di##erent #actors tat includes control deri*ed #rom gi*ing licences to
countries suc as Mala+sia and Tailand&
Euro0e is concerned wit e4austion o# rigts& Trademar$ licensing is ena%ling
control o# contracts tat gi*e te long term %ene#it o# using a licence& Tis contract can also
%e used to im0ort goods #rom oter countries in Euro0e and also 0re*ent illegal trade o#
goods& Tis is a %ene#it to te manu#acturers wo are not Euro0eans and tose wo can use
te trademar$ license witin Euro0e& Te license 0re*ents im0ortation o# goods tat are
mar$eted outside Euro0e& Te Euro0ean com0an+ is in a ca0acit+ to license te use o# te
trademar$ in areas outside te communit+ and also 0re*ent 0arallel im0ortation #rom tose
territories& Some trademar$ owners in countries li$e Australia a*e laws wic recogni1e te
usage o# co0+rigt to 0re*ent illegal trade o# goods tat lac$ trademar$& Tis su00orts te
statement tat te goodwill sould lead to #inding tat te trade mar$ as %een in#ringed&
Tis is made 0ossi%le %+ te recognition o# a goodwill wic is te most *alua%le asset o# a
%usiness& Te goodwill consists o# rigts and oter re#erences attaced wit te trademar$
ma$ing it easier to lead in cases o# in#ringement
1@
&
Trademar$s Histor+
Trademar$s in te ancient times in Rome and in recent times are *iewed as
im0ortant s+m%ols tat sow te origin o# a 0roduct troug indicating te 5ualit+ o# te
0roduct associated wit it& Trademar$s in Roman times were used in 0otter+ to sow te
16
Hol+oa$ and ?& Torremans& Intellectual Property !aw& @
t
ed& ;ondon" 74#ord Cni*ersit+ ?ress&
TRADEMARKS .
owner o# te inno*ation and it is te same e*en to date& Most owners o# a gi*en in*ention
tend to use teir names in creating teir trademar$s or %rands& A good e4am0le is te
#ounder o# =ord cars wose real name was =ord& Trademar$s troug istor+ were *iewed
as im0ortant 0arts o# te 0ri*ate sector were te owners would design trademar$s or
%rands to teir 0roductsF tis led to te need #or owners to get legal a00ro*al #or teir
%rands to a*oid re0lication and multi0le ownersi0 o# te same %rand&
Trademar$s came during industriali1ation and te legal sector could not 0ro*ide te
re5uired ser*ices in o%taining a trademar$ in te ra0idl+ canging societ+& Tis tere#ore led
to te need #or %ot te state and a #ormal s+stem tat could el0 #orm a central s+stem& A
%ill on trademar$s was considered %+ te go*ernment in 16@2 %ut did not get a00ro*al due
to dou%ts as to weter a trans#era%le and #ormal legal rigt could %e a00ro0riate in
re#lecting te nature o# a trademar$ tat in most cases was a 0ersonal o0inion o# te
in*entor& In addition" te state was in te 0rocess o# designing a common law since it did
not a*e one in 0lace& During tis time" tere were ig cases outside Euro0e o# deli%erate
counter#eiting tan in Euro0eF tis led to te argument weter designing te trademar$
law in Euro0e would el0 sol*e te deli%erate counter#eiting outside Euro0e& Howe*er" tere
was %uilt u0 0ressure #rom te 0eo0le ,consumers- wo were in #a*or o# creating a %rand or
trademar$s ActF tis demand ad to %e #ul#illed troug 0assing te 16B3 Trademar$ Act&
Te Euro0ean Cnion a00roac on trademar$ laws was de*elo0ed in decisional teor+
o# law tat was aimed at 0re*enting te distri%ution o# genuine goods %+ an+one wo was
using a trademar$ tat %elongs to oter com0anies& Tis was *iewed tat i# not 0rotected"
suc $ind o# trade would %ecome distorted %+ mem%er states& Te case tat %rougt a%out
tis Euro0ean *iew in*ol*ed a Dutc owner o# a trademar$ wo was te sole manu#acturer
and distri%utor o# drugs in Holland and England& Tis case was 0resented in te Euro0ean
law Court EEC& Te court eld tat e*en toug tere is te EEC treat+ wic 0ro*ides tat
tere are trademar$ rigts tat are 0ro*ided to mem%er states" te #low o# goods and
TRADEMARKS 19
0roducts is e4clusi*e onl+ to te owner o# te trademar$& It 0rotects te owner o# te
trademar$ #rom com0etition were is com0etitors ma+ sell 0roducts using is trademar$
illegall+& Tis rigt is e4austed wen te goods are 0laced into te mar$et wit te consent
o# te owner were oter 0eo0le are granted te rigt to sell te goods %earing te
trademar$& Tis 0rinci0le is called (e4austion o# rigts) wic was ado0ted in res0ect to
trademar$s and it is onl+ a00lica%le at regional le*els&
According to trademar$ law in te CK" in#ringement occurs wen a sign %ecomes
identical to an alread+ registered trademar$ used witout te autorit+ o# te owner in
ser*ices and goods 0ro*ision& In#ringements occur in two casesF te #irst case is were te
trademar$ or sign is made use o# wen relating to goods and ser*ices tat are sligtl+
di##erent #rom te original goods in one wa+ or te oter& Te oter instance is i# te sign is
registered as a trademar$ wile it a00ears similar to anoter e4isting trademar$& In tis
case" te ser*ices and goods are similar to te goods and 0roducts manu#actured %+ te
original trademar$ in*entor& Te two cases 0ro*ide te re5uirement tat te consumer ma+
tend to %ecome con#used wen trade o# te two t+0es o# goods get into te mar$et& Te last
#orm o# in#ringement can occur were a 0erson using te trademar$ sells di##erent $inds o#
goods wile using a re0uta%le trademar$
1B
&
According to ?aul Torremans" te esta%lisment o# international com0anies as led to
#urter com0lications o# te international law o# 0ri*ate ownersi0& Tis as raised more
com0lications wit te use o# internet were trademar$s earlier used at national le*el are
now accessi%le at international le*el troug we%sites were co0+rigt materials can %e
easil+ distri%uted" co0ied and communicated internationall+ witout %orders& Altoug
trademar$s a*e %een licensed to %ecome legitimate #or an+ transitional acti*it+ #or a long
0eriod o# time" 5uestions are rising on a00lica%le law and :urisdiction wit te use o#
internet&
17
;addas G ?arr+& ,2911-& Pre)enting Parallel Imports under Trade $ark law& Retrie*ed #rom:
tt0:Iwww&laddas0arr+&com& Retrie*ed on: 92A9.A2911
TRADEMARKS 11
According to TRI?S Article 13,2- and te ?aris Con*ention" mem%er states o#
Euro0ean Cnion sould not 0ro*ide 0rotection #or trademar$ rigts in descri0ti*e terms& Tis
sould %e done regardless o# an+ distincti*eness re5uired& Howe*er" te mem%er states
must im0lement te commercial re5uirement use #or cases o# in#ringement on trademar$&
Te TRI?S 1@,19- 0ro*ides tat te mem%er states must 0re*ent te use o# trademar$s
wic ma+ cause con#usion or te li$eliood o# creating con#usion in an+ trade transaction&
Tis 0ro*ision e4em0ts a 0erson #rom ma$ing use o# a trademar$ in s0eeces or nonA
commercial e40ression& Tis is a wa+ o# el0ing to sa#eguard te owner o# te trademar$
#rom is in*ention %eing made use o# %+ oter 0eo0le during trade& Howe*er" an+ 0erson
#ound using anoter 0erson)s trademar$ in trade is answera%le to court& Te enactment o#
s0eec #ree ad*ocates in te new agreements in te Euro0ean Cnion re5uire tat more
0rotection sould %e o##ered to wellA$nown trademar$s in e##orts to reduce te state o# te
s0eeces act tat is #ound in te trademar$ laws o# mem%er states& Tis el0s to 0ro*ide
more 0rotection to trademar$s #rom domestic misuse tan 0ro*ided in te TRI?S or ?aris
Con*ention&
Most courts o# mem%er states a*e teir laws #le4i%le in com0arison wit te TRI?S
0ro*isions wic 0ro*ide tat trademar$s sould %e 0rotected #rom %eing used in s0eeces&
In tis consideration" te ?aris Con*ention and te TRI?S 0ro*ide te mem%er states wit
more #le4i%ilit+ on weter te+ sould decline or ado0t te s+stem in trademar$ tat
0ro*ide 0rotection #or 0ro0ert+Ali$e or e40ansi*e trademar$s&
;astl+" mem%er states courts a*e #le4i%ilit+ in te TRI?S treat+ were te+ can
en#orce 0ro*isions tat 0ro*ide remedies #or trademar$s in e##orts to 0rotect s0eeces& A
good e4am0le ere is te case were te courts award disclaimer or damages in granting
in:unction in lieu& Tese 0ro*isions and oters are gi*en also in te ?aris Con*ention and
TRI?S were mem%er states can decline to ado0t #le4i%ilit+ troug re#usal to ado0t te
TRADEMARKS 12
s+stem o# trademar$ tat 0ro*ide 0ro0ert+Ali$e and e40ansi*e 0rotection #or trademar$s i#
tis wa+ will a##ect te #ree ideas and in#ormation #low&
Need =or Re#orms
>+ 1..9" te go*ernment wite 0a0er 0ro*ided in#ormation a%out te need #or
re#orms in te Euro0ean trademar$ laws& Tis 0a0er ac$nowledged tat most o# te
recommendations made %+ te Mat+s Committee were not im0lemented and tere were
oter #actors suc as Euro0eani1ation tat called #or re#orms& Te EC trademar$ law was
in#luenced %+ two t+0es o# directi*es& Te #irst one was on te 1.66 directi*e wic was
aimed at armoni1ing te mem%er states trademar$ laws in order to eliminate an+ 0otential
%arriers in e##orts to encourage #ree trade in te region& Tis was aimed at reducing
du0lication o# trademar$s #or similar 0roducts& Tis directi*e was to %e com0lied wit %+ te
end o# 1..1 %ut te deadline was missed %+ one +ear leading to a one +ear e4tension wic
was later enacted in 1../&
Te second as0ect was tat EC was designing trademar$s to %e used in te
communit+Awide le*elF tis was uni5ue #rom te mem%er states trademar$s& Tis law was
0assed in 1../ a#ter deli%erating and conducting e4tensi*e researc and te communit+
trademar$ ead5uarters were esta%lised in S0ain& Tis law was aimed at reducing
du0lication o# trademar$s in te region were eac esta%lised com0an+ would get a uni5ue
trademar$ wic was to %e a00ro*ed and used %+ one owner in te region& Tis was a wa+
o# cur%ing te illegal use o# trademar$s %+ com0etitors %e#ore te 0roducts are introduced
%+ te owner in te mar$et& Tis tere#ore 0ro*ided tat an+one using te trademar$
illegall+ would %e made to #ace te law&
Te tird as0ect tat determined te re#orms in 1../ was tat internationall+"
trademar$s and trade was constantl+ ta$ing new sa0es and #orms #rom time to anoter&
Tis meant tat tere was need #or te international rigts o# trademar$s to ta$e di##erent
TRADEMARKS 12
#orms in order to %e a%le to meet te re5uirements o# trade and trademar$s in te d+namic
trade 0rocesses& Te 0ro*isions o# Madrid Agreement are te root #or international
trademar$ register wose ead5uarters are %ased in <ene*a wic is maintained %+ ,8I?7-
8orld Intellectual ?ro0ert+ 7rgani1ation& Tis s+stem owe*er" was not success#ul since te
international laws re#lected continental a00roaces rater tan a00roaces o# common laws&
Due to te need #or armoni1ation" a 0rotocol was added in te Madrid Agreement ma$ing it
0ossi%le #or countries suc as CK to %e a%le to design teir trademar$ laws in line wit te
international 0ro*isions& Intellectual 0ro0ert+ laws are granted at national le*el in line wit
te international statutes o# 0ro0ert+& Howe*er" tere are cases tat 0ro0ert+ rigts can
%ecome e40loited at international le*elsF tis gi*e rise to te 0ro%lems o# :urisdiction in
cases o# in#ringement&
8+ Trademar$sJ
Te law o# trademar$s aims at acie*ing te %alance %etween di##erent com0eting
interests o# cor0orate and indi*iduals& It aims at 0romoting te re0utation and image o# te
in*entor and is goods #rom oter traders wo are is ri*als ,to 0romote a societ+ %ased on
#ree com0etition-& Te law owe*er also 0roi%its te creation o# mono0ol+ were te
trademar$s o# gi*en 0roducts are con#ined to limits reasona%le so as not to limit #air
com0etition& Te interest o# te consumer also is im0ortant in tat eIse tends to
associate wit 5ualit+ 0roducts or ser*ices tat are identi#ied using te trademar$" logos or
%rand names& Tese el0s te consumer not to get con#used %+ logos" trademar$s or %rand
names 0laced in di##erent 0osition es0eciall+ #or in#erior 0roducts or ser*ices&
=rom a general 0oint o# *iew" trademar$s e*ol*ed #rom te 0ri*ate sector were te
aim was to 0rotect 0rinci0al interests %+ te use o# trademar$s& Te 0rotection o##ered %+
te trademar$s is aimed at 0rotecting te interest o# te consumers& Tis is acie*ed
troug indicating te origin o# te 0roduct wic el0s te consumer to get to %u+ te
TRADEMARKS 1/
0roduct #rom is most 0re#erred manu#acturer& Tis is te core #unction o# trademar$s wic
must alwa+s %e ta$en into consideration wen designing new trademar$ laws: to 0rotect te
consumer interests #rom ri*al com0anies
16
&
In te modern societ+" te signi#icance o# trademar$s in commerce is tat
trademar$s el0s te consumers in identi#+ing te $ind o# goods to 0urcase %ased on is
interest and *iews o# te 0roducer com0an+& ?roduct or %rand names suc as CocaACola"
<uinness are im0ortant assets to te 0roducer wic must %e 0rotected %+ tem& In te
#uture" it is antici0ated tat te emergence o# #le4i%le trademar$ laws will el0 create more
registrations o# trademar$s tat were not registered earlier adding more *alue to te sector
o# trademar$s and in#ringing laws
1.
&
Conclusion
Te istor+ o# trademar$s is dated *er+ earl+ in te li#e o# man and its uni5ueness is
tat it is #asiona%le and commercial& 7*er a long 0eriod o# time" laws regarding to
trademar$ a*e %een armoni1ed in CK Euro0e and in 1../ Act" tere were canges in
trademar$ laws& Tis was as a result o# man+ cases regarding te laws o# trademar$s wic
led to te need to #urter clari#+ te trademar$ law leading to creation o# new s+stems&
Trademar$s can %e descri%ed as 0roAcom0etiti*e were te 0roducer o# goods can
distinguis is goods #rom is com0etitor using is own uni5ue trademar$& Tis also el0s
te consumer to %e a%le to identi#+ te com0an+ wic eIse can get 5ualit+ goods and
ser*ices" wile setting te 0roducers a0art to com0ete #or te interest o# te consumers&
18
;andes"8" and ?osner" R&" !Trade Mar$ ;A8: An Economic ?ers0ecti*e) 29 ,1.6B- 2 Eournal o# ;aw and
Economics 2@3A29.
19
;isa ?& Ramse+& ,2919-& =ree S0eec and International 7%ligations To ?rotect Trademar$s& Retrie*ed
#rom: tt0:Iwww&
TRADEMARKS 13
Te trademar$ tere#ore el0s te 0roducer to create goodwill #or is 0roduct and to te
consumerF it o0erates in relation to te consumer and te rigt older interestsF te two are
im0ortant in designing trademar$ laws&
Re#erences
Andenas" M& ,1..6-& European community law in the English courts& 74#ord: Clarendon
0ress&
TRADEMARKS 1@
Assa#a" E& ,2919-& Intellectual property in Asian emerging economies: !aw and policy in the
post"T#IPS era& =arnam" Surre+" England: Asgate ?u%&
>eatt+" E& =&" G Samuelson" S& S& ,2919-& Introduction to business law& Mason" 7H: SoutA
8estern Cengage ;earning&
>la$ene+" M& ,299.-& Intellectual property rights and food security& 8alling#ord Hetc&: CA>I&
Car*alo" N& ?& ,2911-& The T#IPS regime of trademarks and designs& Austin: 8olters
Kluwer ;aw G >usiness
C& Morcom& ,2996- The $odern !aw of Trade $arks" 2
rd
ED" ;ondon: >utterworts ;e4isA
Ne4is&
Dawson"N& English Trade $ark !aw in the Eighteenth %entury"the &ate of Thomas ill' 29
.299.-1 E ;eg Hist B1A.
D&Kitcen" D&;lewel+n ,2993- (erly's !aw of Trade $arks and Trade names" 1/
t
ed"
;ondon: Sweet and Ma4well&
Herrington" T& A& K& ,2991-& %ontrolling )oices: Intellectual property* humanistic studies*
and the Internet& Car%ondale: Soutern Illinois Cni*ersit+ ?ress&
Hol+oa$ and ?& Torremans& Intellectual Property !aw& @
t
ed& ;ondon" 74#ord Cni*ersit+
?ress&
;addas G ?arr+& ,2911-& Pre)enting Parallel Imports under Trade $ark law& Retrie*ed #rom:
tt0:Iwww&laddas0arr+&com& Retrie*ed on: 92A9.A2911&
;andes"8" and ?osner" R&" !Trade Mar$ ;A8: An Economic ?ers0ecti*e) 29 ,1.6B- 2 Eournal
o# ;aw and Economics 2@3A29.
TRADEMARKS 1B
;isa ?& Ramse+& ,2919-& =ree S0eec and International 7%ligations To ?rotect Trademar$s&
Retrie*ed #rom:tt0:Iwww&
Ntum+" M& A& ,1..2-& South Pacific islands legal systems& Honolulu: Cni*ersit+ o# Hawaii
?ress&
?ili0s Electronics >D *& Remington Consumer ?roducts ,1..6- R?C 262" 0er Eaco% E
?& Torremans G =awcett& ,2911-& Infringement: Preliminary $atters+ 2
nd
ed& Retrie*ed #rom:
tt0:Iwww&con#licto#laws&net& Retrie*ed on::92A9.A2911&
? Torremans" olyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property !aw ,Hol+oa$ and
Torremans- ,@t edn" 2919- c 3 and S T orle+" R Miller" < >ur$ill" and C >irss" Terrell on
the !aw of Patents,1@t edn" 299@- cs @" B" and 6&
Ram$umar" M& ,2996-& Intellectual property rights demystified& New Deli: New India
?u%lising Agenc+&
Sa$ulin" 8& ,2911-& Trademark protection and freedom of expression: An inquiry into the
conflict between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law&
Al0en aan den Ri:n" Te Neterlands: Kluwer ;aw International&
Sce4ter" =&" (Te Rational >asis #or Trade Mar$ ?rotection) ,1.2@AB- /9 Ha*ard ;R 612A
22&