Imperfection of Solid & Atom movements

Subject: Elektrokimia Fasa Padatan

Dr. Fitria Rahmawati
IMPERFECTION IN SOLID
Ideal solid does not exist, all contain defects
or imperfection.
Many defects available Many defects available:
1. Point defect
2. Linear defect
3. Interfacial defect (boundaries)
1. Point Defect:
There are two types of point defect based on its
process of defect formation:
1. intrinsic defect
defect which may occur in isolation due to defect which may occur in isolation due to
the increase of entropy of crystal
2. extrinsic defect
defect which may occur in isolation in order
to balance the presence of impurity
Intrinsic Point Defect
Schottky Defect
Schottky defect consist of charge balancing
cation and anion vacancies.
Frenkel Defect
a defect due to atoms at interstitial position or a
place outside normal position.
Cation is displaced from normal to interstitial lattice
Frenkel cation defect is more common due to
smaller size of cation hence easier to be
occomodated in interstitial site
Color Centres
Electrons are trapped in vacant sites give rise to
color materials
Trapped electrons can be made by:
1. irradiation of the sample
Irradiation can lead defect where an electron has been Irradiation can lead defect where an electron has been
added or losed
2. treatment with an electron donor like sodium or
potassium donor
Treatment with alkali metal vapour could produce electron
excess in material
F, H and V Color Centres
Application of color centre of BaFBr:Eu
2+
phosphors in medical X-ray
analysis
Extrinsic point defect
Extrinsic defect will be produced when a cationic impurities or
dopants are introduced into solid however the dopant does not
have the same valence as cation which has been replaced.
Examples:
Fe1-x O : cation vacancies
Ca2+ in ZrO2 : anion vacancies
Y3+ in ZrO2 : anion vacancies
Ca2+ or Cd2+ in NaCl : cation vacancies
Crystal structure of Fe
1-x
O
Real crystals may contain both intrinsic and
extrinsic defect. The dominant defect depends
upon temperature and doping level
2. Linear defect (Line defect)
Line defect or dislocation mainly caused by the absence of ions in
a line structure or named as mis-alignment, or because of the
existence of vacancies along the line, these defect is called as
edge dislocation. When the mis-alignment lead to the
movement of a block of ions gradually upward or downward, it
will caused deformation and screw formation and this is called will caused deformation and screw formation and this is called
as screw dislocation (Rahmawati, 2012)
This defect can occur due to:
-mechanical stress and deformation
- unperfected crystal growing
Most dislocation have mixes edge and screw
character
3. Interfacial Defect
Interfacial Defect is boundaries that have two dimensions and
normally separate regions of the materials that have different
crystal structures and / or different crystallographic orientation
ATOM MOVEMENTS
(Rahmawati, 2012)
(Rahmawati, 2012)
References:
Callister, W. (2000) Material Science and Engineering: An
Introduction, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
De Guire, M.R. (2003) Introduction to Materials Science &
Engineering, EMSE 201.
Effendy (2008) IKATAN IONIK dan cacat-cacat pada kristal ionik,
edisi 2, bayumedia Publishing, Malang. edisi 2, bayumedia Publishing, Malang.
Rahmawati, F. (2012) Zirconia-LSGM Based Materials as
Electrolyte for SOFC, the mixtured materials for solid electrolyte,
LAP LAMBERT academic Publishing, Saarbrken, Germany.
West, A. (1999) Basic Solid State Chemistry, second edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, Ohio.