Lecture 14 : Heat Transfer via Convection

Contents:
1. Heat conduction and convection in composite walls, cylinders, spheres (in series)
2. Over-all heat transfer coefficient
. !imensionless num"ers in Heat transfer
#. $orced Convection %nside &ipes
'. $orced Convection Outside &ipes
(. )atural Convection
*. Heat +,chan-ers
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Learning objectives:
1. !ifferentiate "etween conduction and convection
2. %dentify if convection is via forced or natural
. +,press heat transfer e.uation for convection in terms of individual film coefficients or over-all heat transfer
coefficients
#. &lot temperatures of fluids flowin- in a dou"le-pipe heat e,chan-er as a function of len-th
'. /olve pro"lems in applications involvin- heat transfer via convection
a. !ou"le-pipe heat e,chan-er
Heat transfer by Convection
- Heat transfer involvin- fluids
- Heat is transferred due to mi,in- process "etween cold and hot portions of a fluid
2 types:
- Forced Convection 0 mi,in- due to mechanical means such as pumps fans blo!ers compressors agitators
etc.
- "atural convection 0 mi,in- due to density difference via "ouyancy arisin- from temperature gradient
#ssumptions:
1. /teady-state heat transfer, rate of heat %) 1 rate of heat O23 1 4567s, 67s, 8327hr etc.9
2. )o -eneration, no accumulation
. Heat transfer flow from
#. $or sphere and cylinder, heat transfer direction is radial.
'. :12, 52 are different conductin- materials
(. Convection in fluid i and fluid $ , conduction in materials 512 and 52
*. Constant area across the sla" with the fluid
%lab:
;t steady-state<
o i
q q q q q
2 12 1

$or heat convection<
x
T
k
A
q

,
_

. T .
x
k
A
q

,
_

,
_

Ta> T1> T2> T3
>Tb
12 23
T
1
T
2
T
3
x
1
x
2
T
i
T
o
fuid
fuid
q%)
qO23
T h
A
q

,
_

.
where h heat transfer coefficient similar to mass transfer coefficient,
s K m
J
. .
2
/ame as in conduction<
flux
R
V
I
T
T

;
T
V total drivin- force <
T
R total resistance
T h
A
q

,
_

.
<

,
_

A
q
heat flu, < T drivin- force <

,
_

h
1
resistance
rate T A h q . .
(note: additional resistance means lower heat transfer rate)
3otal drivin- force:
o i T
T T T T T
2 12 1
+ + +
o
o
i
i
T
h A
q
k A
x q
k A
x q
h A
q
T
. . .
.
.

2
2 . 2
12
1 12 1
+

+
;
1
]
1

+
o i
T
h A k A
x
k A
x
h A
q T
.
1
. . .
1
2
2
12
1
;
1
]
1

o i
T
h A k A
x
k A
x
h A
T
q
.
1
. . .
1
2
2
12
1
let
1
]
1

+
o i
h A k A
x
k A
x
h A A .
1
. . .
1
.
1
2
2
12
1
=here overall heat transfer coefficient
s K m
J
. .
2
1 measure of the overall a"ility of a series of conductive and
convective "arriers7resistances to transfer heat
=here ;rea is constant<
1
]
1

,
_

o i
o i
T
h k
x
k
x
h
T T
A
q
1 1
2
2
12
1

( )
o i T
T T A q . .
%phere:
Consider a spherical steel tan5 with one insulation, a fluid is present on "oth inside the pipe and the outside atmosphere
;dd in the e.uation<
T
1 1
2
2
3
T
2
T
3
r
2
r
1
r
T
i
T
o
fuid
fuid
;t steady-state:
o i T
q q q q q
2 12 1

T h
A
q

,
_

.



(where<
2

. . # r A and
2
1 1
. . # r A )
3otal drivin- force:
>ecall:
1 2 12
T T T T T
T
+
2 2 ,
2 . 2
12 12 ,
1 12
. .
.
k A
r q
k A
r q
T
!" !"
T

+

;
1
1
]
1

2 2 ,
2
12 12 ,
1
. .
.
k A
r
k A
r
q T
!" !"
T T
(without convection)
)ow:
o i T
T T T
1
1
]
1

+
o !" !" i
T T
h A k A
r
k A
r
h A
q T
.
1
. . .
1
.
2 2 ,
2
12 12 ,
1
1
1
1
]
1

? 2 2 ,
2
12 12 ,
1
1
.
1
. . .
1
h A k A
r
k A
r
h A
T T
q
!" !" i
o i
T
where< 2 1 12 ,
. . . # lo- r r mean area A
!"

Cylinder:
Consider a steel pipe with one insulation, a fluid is flowin- on "oth inside the pipe and on the outside surface of the
insulation
;t steady-state:
o i T
q q q q q
2 12 1

T h
A
q

,
_

.

%nside the cylinder<
( )
a i
T T h
r !
q

,
_

1
1
.
. . . 2

( )
i i i
T T A h q
1 1 1
. where
1 1
. . . 2 r ! A
Outside the cylinder<
( )

.
. . . 2
T T h
r !
q
# o

,
_

( )

. . T T A h q
o o o
where

. . . 2 r ! A
fuid
fuid
T
i
r
1
T
1
T
2
T
3
r
2
r
12 23
L
T
o
where< for e,ample
( )

,
_

$
%
$ %
$% & !"
r
r
ln
r r . ! . . %
mean lo' area A

;dd in the e.uation<
>ecall: (without convection)
( )
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

%(
%
(
$%
$
%
( $
T
k
r
r
ln
k
r
r
ln
T T . ! . . %
q


( )
2
2

12
1
2
1
.
1
ln ln
.
1
. . . 2
r h k
r
r
k
r
r
r h
T T !
q
o i
o i
T
+

,
_

,
_

@et
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1 ,
1
,
2
1
.
1
. . .
1
.
1
.
1
A h A k
r
A k
r
A h A A
'as steel !" steel ins !" ins air i o
since ! . . % are constants
2
2

12
1
2
1 1
.
1
ln ln
.
1
.
1
r h k
r
r
k
r
r
r h r
o i i
+

,
_

,
_

+
or
2
2

12
1
2
1
.
1
ln ln
.
1
.
1
r h k
r
r
k
r
r
r h r
o i o
+

,
_

,
_

+
( o
$
%(
%
(
$
$%
$
%
$
$ i
$
i
r . h
r
k
r
r
ln . r
k
r
r
ln . r
r . h
r

$
+

,
_

,
_

+
or
( o
(
%(
%
(
(
$%
$
%
(
$ i
(
o
r . h
r
k
r
r
ln . r
k
r
r
ln . r
r . h
r
.
$
+

,
_

,
_

+
( )
o i i T
T T ! r q . . . . 2
1
( )
o i o T
T T ! r q . . . . 2

( )
o i i T
T T A q . .
1
( )
o i o T
T T A q . .

Where

over&all heat transfer coefficient "ased on the inside of the pipe.

over&all heat transfer coefficient "ased on the outside of the pipe at the surface of insulation.
'(ample
1. ; reformer -as at #'?: is flowin- throu-h a 2-in.schedule #? steel pipe with an insulation of '1 mm
with 5 1 ?.?(2 =7m.:. 3he heat transfer coefficient of the -as inside the pipe is ?.* =7m
2
.: and the
surroundin- air is at 1?.A with "ul5 temperature ??:.
a. Calculate rate of heat loss per unit len-th
b. Calculate 2o, 2i
/olution:
a) $rom the pro"lem, there are # resistances<
1. Convection in air
2. Conduction in insulation
. Conduction in pipe
#. Convection in the -as
$rom 3a"le of commercial steel pipes
m )*%* . ) . in )+, . % -
$


m )+)( . ) . in (,* . % ) $*. . ) x % ( . in )+, . % -
%
+
m $+%( . )
$)))
*$
. % )+)( . ) -
(

,
_

+
. m $) x /$ . (
%
- -
r
( $ %
$

< . m )*$ . )
%
- -
r
% (
%

1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1 ,
1
,
2

.
1
. . .
1
A h A k
r
A k
r
A h
T
q
'as steel !" steel ins !" ins air
T
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
1
2
1
1
2

2
2

. . . 2 .
1
ln
. . . 2
.
ln
. . . 2
.
. . . 2 .
1
r ! h
r
r
r !
k
r
r
r
r !
k
r
r ! h
T
q
'as
steel ins
air
T

( )
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
1
2
2

.
1
ln ln
.
1
#'? ?? . . 2
r h k
r
r
k
r
r
r h
!
q
'as steel ins air
T

( )
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

) )*%* . ) ( , . ()
%
.*
r
r
ln
)+%( . )
r
r
ln
) $+%( . ) ( 0 . $)
%
.*) ()) . . %
!
q
$
%
%
(
T

%. . $ $) x ),0 . ( 0/ . $* .$$ . $
.0 . /.%
!
q
(
T
+ + +

m
1
) . *$
!
q
T

")
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1 ,
1
,
2
1
.
1
. . .
1
.
1
.
1
A h A k
r
A k
r
A h A A
'as steel !" steel ins !" ins air i o
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
1
2
1
1
2

2
2

. . . 2 .
1
ln
. . . 2
.
ln
. . . 2
.
. . . 2 .
1
.
1
r ! h
r
r
r !
k
r
r
r
r !
k
r
r ! h A
'as
steel ins
air o

1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
2
1
1
2

2
2

. . . 2 .
. . . 2
ln
. . . 2
.
. . . . 2
ln
. . . 2
.
. . . . 2
. . . 2 .
. . . 2 1
r ! h
r !
r
r
r !
k
r r !
r
r
r !
k
r r !
r ! h
r !

'as
steel ins
air o

1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
1
2

.
ln . ln .
1 1
r h
r
k
r
r
r
k
r
r
r
h
'as steel ins air o
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
1
2

.
ln . ln .
1 1
r h
r
k
r
r
r
k
r
r
r
h
'as steel ins air o
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

) ?' . ? ( * . ?
1(2 . ?
) #' ( 2
?' . ?
?( . ?
ln . 1(2 . ?
) ?(2 . ? ( 2
?( . ?
1(2 . ?
ln . 1(2 . ?
A . 1?
1
1
o

K m
1

o
.
(* . ?
2

/imilarly,
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

'as steel ins air i

h k
r
r
r
k
r
r
r
r h
r

1
ln . ln .
.
1
1
2
1
2

1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

* . ?
1
) #' ( 2
?' . ?
?( . ?
ln . ?' . ?
) ?(2 . ? ( 2
?( . ?
1(2 . ?
ln . ?' . ?
) 1(2 . ? ( A . 1?
?' . ?
1
i

K m
1

i
.
2
2

References:
- 3ransport &henomena, 2ird& !i'htfoot& 3tewart
- 3ransport &rocesses and /eparation &rocesses &rinciples, 4hristie 5eanko6lis
- 2nit Operations in Chemical +n-ineerin-, "c4a#e& 3mith& 7arriot
- /ome slides from 8rof. 9", Bichi-an 3echolo-ical 2niversity
- /ome notes from Heat and Bass 3ransfer: )ational 2niversity of /in-apore
- /ome compiled slides7 notes from :n'r. Andrew Ten'kiat
- /ome compiled slides7 notes from :n'r. AndrewAl#erto !aurito