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Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. They come in a variety of shapes including spheres, rods, and spirals. Bacteria were among the earliest life forms on Earth and can be found in almost every habitat. They play important roles in nutrient recycling, decomposition, and symbiotic relationships with plants and animals. Bacteria obtain energy through various metabolic processes and can grow and reproduce rapidly through binary fission. They are vital to ecological balance and have many uses in food production, waste removal, and manufacturing through biotechnology.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. They come in a variety of shapes including spheres, rods, and spirals. Bacteria were among the earliest life forms on Earth and can be found in almost every habitat. They play important roles in nutrient recycling, decomposition, and symbiotic relationships with plants and animals. Bacteria obtain energy through various metabolic processes and can grow and reproduce rapidly through binary fission. They are vital to ecological balance and have many uses in food production, waste removal, and manufacturing through biotechnology.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. They come in a variety of shapes including spheres, rods, and spirals. Bacteria were among the earliest life forms on Earth and can be found in almost every habitat. They play important roles in nutrient recycling, decomposition, and symbiotic relationships with plants and animals. Bacteria obtain energy through various metabolic processes and can grow and reproduce rapidly through binary fission. They are vital to ecological balance and have many uses in food production, waste removal, and manufacturing through biotechnology.
domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls a is Bacteria
Bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging containing peptidoglycan. were among the first life to rods and spirals. Bacteria spheres from . They habitats , and are present in most of its Earth forms to appear on , and Earth's crust portions of deep , acidic hot springs , water, soil Inhabit Bacteria also live environments. many other extreme relationships with plants and parasitic and symbiotic in many of the stages Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with animals. f fixation o dependent on these organisms, such as the nutrient cycles in . putrefaction and atmosphere from the nitrogen Origin and Early Evolution of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that The ancestors to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. first forms of life were the oscopic, and bacteria For about 3 billion years, all organisms were micr Gene sequences can be rchaea were the dominant forms of life. a and , and these studies indicate phylogeny used to reconstruct the bacterial erged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. that bacteria div led a great evolutionary divergence which Bacteria were also involved in to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. Size, Shape, and Movement
sizes. Bacterial cells are Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5 - about one in length. Most bacterial species are either spherical, micrometres 5.0 shaped, called - spiral or ; bacilli shaped, called - , or rod cocci called . Prokaryotes can be distinguished by whether they move and spirilla how they move. Some prokaryotes do not move at all. Others are like - . Some glide slowly along a layer of slime flagella propelled by material they secrete.
Nutrition and Metabolism Like all organisms, bacteria need a supply of chemical energy, which they such as sugars. Energy is released molecules store in the form of fuel molecules during cellular respiration, fermentation, or both. from these ria can obtain and release energy. There are diverse ways by which bacte Some are able to change their method of energy capture or release depending on the conditions of the environment. Nutritional types in bacterial metabolism
Source of energy Source of carbon Examples Phototrophs Sunlight Organic compounds (photoheterotrophs) or carbon fixation (photoautotrophs) Cyanobacteria, Green sulfur bacteria, Chloroflexi, or Purple bacteria Lithotrophs Inorganic compounds Organic compounds (lithoheterotrophs) or carbon fixation (lithoautotrophs) Thermodesulfobacteria or Nitrospirae Organotrophs Organic compounds Organic compounds (chemoheterotrophs) or carbon fixation (chemoautotrophs) Bacillus, Clostridium
Growth and reproduction , binary fission teria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through Bac Under optimal conditions, bacteria can . asexual reproduction a form of two division cell In . grow and divide extremely rapidly daughter cells are produced. clone identical When growth conditions become unfavorable, many prokaryotic cells a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a - endospore form an ion of the cytoplasm. port follows four phases. When a population of bacteria Bacterial growth nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells - first enters a high need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is , a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to lag phase the nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth. The lag - the high necessary for rapid growth phase has high biosynthesis rates, as proteins also known , log phase The second phase of growth is the are produced. . The log phase is marked by logarithmic or exponential phase as the . The rate at which cells grow during this phase exponential growth rapid , and the time it takes the cells to double is growth rate is known as the . During log phase, nutrients are generation time known as the metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted stationary and starts limiting growth. The third phase of growth is the and is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells reduce their phase essential cellular proteins. The - metabolic activity and consume non transition from rapid growth to a stress response stationary phase is a DNA state and there is increased expression of genes involved in final phase is transport. The and antioxidant metabolism , repair where the bacteria runs out of nutrients and dies. death phase the
Bacteria Human Uses of Aside from their natural importance in the environment, Bacteria are used in the production of a wide variety of foods and other commercial products. For example, yogurt is produced by the bacterium Lactobacillus. Some bacteria can even digest petroleum and remove human made waste products and poison from water. Others are used to synthesize drugs and chemicals through the techniques of genetic engineering. Bacteria can decompose materials, produce energy for food chains, and fix nitrogen for plants. In conclusion, Bacteria are essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world.
: References These are the references and sources that helped us compose this research project: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria#Growth_and_reproduction Miller & Levine Biology