Central Nervous System

Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.

Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: July 27, 2014
AUTHORS
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Central Nervous System
CHAPTER
1
Central Nervous System
Identify parts of the central nervous system and their functions.
The human brain. The "control center." What does it control?
Practically everything. From breathing and heartbeat to reasoning, memory, and language. And it is the main part
of the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System
The nervous system has two main divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system (see
Figure 1.1). The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord (see Figure 1.2). You can see
an overview of the central nervous system at this link: http://vimeo.com/2024719 .
The Brain
The brain is the most complex organ of the human body and the control center of the nervous system. It contains
an astonishing 100 billion neurons! The brain controls such mental processes as reasoning, imagination, memory,
and language. It also interprets information from the senses. In addition, it controls basic physical processes such as
breathing and heartbeat.
The brain has three major parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. These parts are shown in Figure 1.3 and
described in this section. For a video of the parts of the brain and their functions, go to this link: http://www.teach
ers.tv/video/13838 .
You can also take interactive animated tours of the brain at these links:
1
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FIGURE 1.1
The two main divisions of the human
nervous system are the central nervous
system and the peripheral nervous sys-
tem. The peripheral nervous system has
additional divisions.
FIGURE 1.2
This diagram shows the components of
the central nervous system.
2
www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Central Nervous System
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/index.html
http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/neuroanatomy.swf .
FIGURE 1.3
In this drawing, assume you are looking
at the left side of the head. This is how
the brain would appear if you could look
underneath the skull.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It controls conscious functions such as reasoning, language,
sight, touch, and hearing. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves. The hemispheres are very similar
but not identical to one another. They are connected by a thick bundle of axons deep within the brain. Each
hemisphere is further divided into the four lobes shown in Figure 1.4.
The cerebellum is just below the cerebrum. It coordinates body movements. Many nerve pathways link the
cerebellum with motor neurons throughout the body.
The brain stem is the lowest part of the brain. It connects the rest of the brain with the spinal cord and passes
nerve impulses between the brain and spinal cord. It also controls unconscious functions such as heart rate
and breathing.
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and continues down the
center of the back to the pelvis. It is protected by the vertebrae, which encase it. The spinal cord serves as an
information superhighway, passing messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.
Summary
The central nervous includes the brain and spinal cord.
The brain is the control center of the nervous system. It controls virtually all mental and physical processes.
The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nervous tissue that passes messages from the body to the brain and
from the brain to the body.
Practice
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
3
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FIGURE 1.4
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum con-
sists of four parts, called lobes. Each
lobe is associated with particular brain
functions. Just one function of each lobe
is listed here.
http://www.hippocampus.org/Biology Biology for AP* Search: Central Nervous Systems
1. What is the central nervous system?
2. What is the role of the spinal cord?
3. Distinguish between white and grey matter.
4. Describe the main structures and functions of the mammalian brain.
Review
1. Name the organs of the central nervous system.
2. Which part of the brain controls conscious functions such as reasoning?
3. What are the roles of the brain stem?
4. Tonys dad was in a car accident in which his neck was broken. He survived the injury but is now paralyzed from
the neck down. Explain why.
References
1. Hana Zavadska. Divisions of the nervous system. CC BY-NC 3.0
2. User:Grm wnr/Wikimedia Commons, modied by Sam McCabe. Components of the central nervous system.
Public Domain
3. Laura Guerin. Parts of the brain. CC BY-NC 3.0
4. Laura Guerin. . CC BY-NC 3.0
4