Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Madhav D. Manjrekar
Thomas A. Lipo
I.
Introduction
3 phase ac
voltage
source
va i a
vb i b
vc i c
D1
vra
D3
D5
dc link
vrb
vrc
C ac
C ac
C ac
D4
D6
D2
i dc
L dc
itemized as follows:
a) Simpler structure compared to full controlled PWM
rectier;
i) three controlled switches and gate drives;
ii) single power supply for three gate drives;
iii) shoot through free leg structure;
Item a)-i) is self explanatory from Fig. 1. Item a)-ii)
comes from the common emitter structure in three legs.
Item a)-iii) results from the fact that one of two switches
in a leg is a diode.
It may be noted that the half controlled boost rectier topology does not have power regenerating capability. This disadvantage is incurred at the cost of obtaining
shoot through free leg structure by eliminating one of controlled switches in a leg.
The features compared to the diode rectiers are itemized as follows:
b) Better performance compared to diode rectier;
i) actively controlled dc link voltage;
ii) lower input current THD;
Item b)-i) comes from utilization of controlled switches
in each leg.
As for item b)-ii), one would intuitively expect lower input current THD than that of diode rectiers because the
II.
Theoretical Analysis
sector
2
3
va
*
v ra
vb
*
v rb
5
vc
i *b
i*
a
*
v rc
i *c
60
120
180
240
300
360
[deg]
va
_
_i a
v rc
_
jL ac _i c
jL ac _i a
v ra
_
va
_
-
v c i_ c
_
v rc
_
jL ac _i c
_i b
vb
_
v D _i a
4
vc
_
_i c
v rb jL ac _i b
_
(a) sector 2
v
v rc
_
vc
jL ac _i c _
= - jL ac _i
b
(c) sector 3
_i b
vb
_
jL ac _i b
v rb
_
va
vD _
4
_i c= -_i b
va
_
D4
jL ac _i a
v ra
_
_i b
+
_i c= -_i b
_b
v
jL ac _i b
v rb
_
v rc
_
II III
IV
_i b
_b
v
jL ac _i b
v rb
_
_c
jL ac _i c v
= - jL ac _i
b
II III
II III
IV
IV
ia [dBA]
20
sector
2
3
va
vb
*
v rc
-20
-40
-60
*
v ra
10
15
20
harmonics order
25
30
*
v rb
5
vc
i *b
i*
a
0
i *c
ia,ib,ic [A]
40
20
*
0
0
-20
-40
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time [sec]
0.025
0.03
Fig. 6. Input current waveforms and spectrum based on theoretical analysis for unity power factor current command
operation, =0 [deg], Vll =230 [V], I =23.5 [A], Pout =9
[kW], Lac =3.0 [mH], input current THD=27.0 [%]
60
120
*
180
240
300
360
[deg]
_i a
jL ac _i a
va
_
v ra
_
- v D + _i a
4
ia,ib,ic [A]
ia [dBA]
v rc _i c
_
above by intentionally introducing a small lagging angle
_i c
_v b
into the current command, i.e. > 0 in (3) (14).
jL ac _i c _
v rc
_
_i b _
vc
_i b
v rb jL ac _i b
Fig. 7 shows ac quantities for 20 [deg] lagging power
vb
_
jL ac _i c
v rb
_
jL ac _i
vc
_
factor operation. In this example, the operating region
b
in which the polarities of rectier input terminal voltage
and input current are opposite (2nd and 4th quadrants)
(a) sector 2
(b) sector 3 at i a = 0
is at the end of each half cycle. The condition with which
va
one can guarantee well controlled sinusoidal positive half
_i c= -_i b
va
_
vD _
4
cycle current is obtained with a geometrical inspection as
- +
V cos(30o + ) + 32 !Lac I , V sin > 0
(15)
_i c= -_i b
_i b
_v b
vb
_
_i b
v rc
_
Fig. 8 shows three phase vector diagrams illustrating
jL ac _i b
v
_
jL
the transition from sector 2 to sector 3 in Fig. 7. Fig. 8
ac _i b
rb
v rb
_
(a) shows three phase vectors towards the end of sector
v rc
_
vc
_
vc
_
jL ac _i c
2. Just after entering sector 3, active switch S4 is still
jL ac _i c
= - jL ac _i
b
= - jL ac _i
active until ia becomes zero, because ia is in positive half
b
cycle. When ia reaches zero, Fig. 8 (b), phase a loses
(c) sector 3 immediately
(d) sector 3 at TDon
before TDon
control. However, the reverse bias across D4 , i.e. VD4
in Fig. 8 (b), is smaller than that of unity power factor Fig. 8. Three phase vector diagrams of half controlled three
current command operation shown in Fig. 4 (b). Fig. 8
phase PWM boost rectier for 20 [deg] lagging current
(c) and (d) show vector diagrams for an incoming negative
command operation
current zero mode and for the instance at which D4 turns
on, respectively. Comparing Fig. 8 (b) (d) with Fig. 4
input current THD = 12.1 [%]
20
(b) (d), one can recognize that the period during which
0
D4 can not conduct is shorter in Fig. 8, about 10 [deg],
-20
than in Fig. 4, about 30 [deg].
-40
Fig. 9 shows analytical input current waveforms and
-60
spectrum calculated based on (3) (14) with MATLAB
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
harmonics order
for =20 [deg] with the same Vll , Pout (I = 24:2[A]),
40
and Lac as in Fig. 6. In this example, outgoing negative
current zero mode is observed. The input current THD is
20
decreased down to 12.1 [%]. Although a certain amount
0
of even harmonics are still present, they are also smaller
-20
than those of Fig. 6.
-40
The solid curves in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 show input cur0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
time [sec]
rent THD vs. current command lagging angle characteristics with ac side inductance Lac and dc output current Fig. 9. Input current waveforms and spectrum based on theIdc as parameters, respectively, calculated with MATLAB
oretical analysis
for 20 [deg] lagging current command opbased on (3) (14), where 600 [V] dc link voltage and
eration, =20 [deg], Vll =230 [V], I =24.2 [A], Pout =9
[kW], Lac =3.0 [mH], input current THD =12.1 [%]
9 [kW] rated power are assumed. Then, 3.0 [mH] of Lac
corresponds to about 0.2 [pu].
+
30.0
40.0
x
x
o
x
x
+
15.0
o
o
+
experimental
x Lac = 0.1 [pu]
10.0
5.0
-20.0
0
10
20
30
40
lagging angle of current command [deg]
-40.0
0.0
o
25.0 x
x
15.0
o
o
+
10.0
experimental
x Idc = 0.1 [pu]
5.0
0.0
60.0
60.0
40.0
40.0
+
+
20.0
20.0
0.0
1.2k
ib
0.0
(-) : t(s)
-20.0
-20.0
ia*
-40.0
-40.0
ib*
-60.0
-60.0
ic*
0.09
t(s)
0.095
dB(i/Hz) : f(Hz)
40.0
Maximum: 30.706
ia
dB(i/Hz)
20.0
It may be seen from these gures that the input current THD is dependent on ac side inductance and operating point. These results suggest that one of possible
control principles is to set up lagging current command
such that the rectier traces the trajectory of minimum
input current THD.
III.
0.9k
ia
0.085
0.6k
f(Hz)
ic
x
x
+
o
0.3k
(A) : t(s)
30.0 +
20.0
0.0
0.0
ia
20.0
(A)
20.0
Maximum: 30.253
(-)
dB(i/Hz) : f(Hz)
o
25.0
x
0.0
-20.0
-40.0
0.0
0.3k
0.6k
f(Hz)
0.9k
1.2k
(A) : t(s)
Simulation Results
60.0
60.0
40.0
40.0
ia
ib
20.0
(A)
(-)
ic
0.0
0.0
(-) : t(s)
-20.0
-20.0
ia*
-40.0
-40.0
ib*
-60.0
-60.0
ic*
0.085
IV.
0.09
t(s)
0.095
Experimental Results
Fig. 11 are measured points obtained in hardware experiments. The theoretical analysis and simulation results
presented in the preceding sections are veried by the experimental results.
0 [dB]
Y: 10 [dB/div]
X: 120 [Hz/div]
GND
Y: 20 [A/div]
X: 2 [msec/div]
0 [dB]
Y: 10 [dB/div]
X: 120 [Hz/div]
VI.
Conclusions
REFERENCES
GND
Y: 20 [A/div]
X: 2 [msec/div]
V.
The input current THD reduction presented in this paper was obtained at the cost of lagging fundamental power
factor. One might compensate this eect by placing a
three phase capacitor between the utility input terminals
and ac side three phase inductors. In this case, special
care should be taken to avoid unwanted L-C resonance.
It is evident that the even harmonics observed in the
Errata
Fig. 11
Replace Idc =0.1[pu] by Idc =0.5[pu]
Replace Idc =0.2[pu] by Idc =1.0[pu]
Replace Idc =0.3[pu] by Idc =1.5[pu]
Replace x Idc =0.1[pu] by x Idc =0.5[pu]
Replace o Idc =0.2[pu] by o Idc =1.0[pu]
Replace + Idc =0.3[pu] by + Idc =1.5[pu]