PETROLEUM PRODUCT

BLENDING

About Instructor
Current job position:
Working experiences:

EMERGENCY EVACUATION INSTRUCTION
Whenever you hear the building alarm or are informed of a
general building emergency:
Leave the building immediately, in an orderly fashion;
Do not use elevators;
Follow quickest evacuation route from where you are;
If the designated assembly point/area is unsafe or blocked due to
the emergency, proceed to the alternate assembly point;
Report to your Work Area Rep at the assembly point to be checked
off as having evacuated safely;
Specific safety requirements for TODAY.
Today: NO testing of fire alarm systems

COURSE OUTLINE
Total duration: 2 days;
Lecture: 2 days;
Lecture content:
Introduction;
Petroleum products specs;
Products blending system;
Fuels additives;
Blending calculations;

INTRODUCTION
Crude oil resources?
Petroleum products consumption?
Refinery products? Bio-fuels?
Fuel specifications ?

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Environmental issues?
The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the formation of CO
2
, CO,
unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, SOx, soot, and particulate matter.

INTRODUCTION
The mechanism of the development of vehicles and fuels

INTRODUCTION
Classification of fuels ?
Unleaded gasoline;
E5;
Racing gasoline;
Aviation gasoline;
Jet-fuel;
LPG CNG;
Diesel;
Bio-diesel.

INTRODUCTION
Emission standards

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
Product
ASTM
Specs
Description
Gasoline D4814
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark Ignition Engine
Fuel
Jet D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Kerosene D3699 Standard Specification for Kerosene
Diesel D975 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
Fuel Oil D396 Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
TCVN system?

Blending purposes?
PRODUCTS BLENDING
Blending methods normally employed include:
batch blending,
partial in-line blending,
and continuous in-line blending

PRODUCTS BLENDING

BATCH BLENDING

BATCH BLENDING
System requirement?
Blend equipment?
Storage?
System control?
QA & QC?

JET MIXER

PARTIAL IN-LINE BLENDING

PARTIAL IN-LINE BLENDING
System requirement?
Blend equipment?
Storage?
System control?
QA & QC?

CONTINUOUS IN-LINE BLENDING

CONTINUOUS IN-LINE BLENDING
System requirement?
Blend equipment?
Storage?
System control?
QA & QC?

FUEL ADDITIVES
These chemical additives in small dosages combine to add or improve
properties of virgin fuels that cannot be obtained through the refining
processes !
There are six reasons for using additives in fuels:
To improve handling properties and stability of the fuel
To improve combustion properties of the fuel
To reduce emissions from fuel combustion
To provide engine protection and cleanliness
To increase in the economic use of the fuel
To establish or enhance the brand image of the fuel

FUEL ADDITIVES
Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions
Additives for Gasoline Distribution Systems
Antioxidants
Metal deactivators
Antistatic agents
Corrosion inhibitors
Sediment reduction agents
Dyes
Dehazers

FUEL ADDITIVES
Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions
Additives for gasoline vehicle system
Antiknock additive (was tetra ethyl lead, which is now phased out)
Anti-valve seat recession additive (also phased out due to
metallurgy change in the engines)
Carburetor detergents (gradually being phased out due to the
introduction of injectors)
Deposit control additives
Deposit modifiers
Friction modifiers
Lubricity improvers

FUEL ADDITIVES
Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions

FUEL ADDITIVES
Additives of diesel fuels and their functions
Additives for Diesel Distribution System
Antifoam agents
Antistatic agents
Biocides
Corrosion inhibitors
Sediment reduction agents
Dyes
Demulsifiers
Flow improvers/wax crystal modifiers/wax dispersants Metal
deactivators
Markers to check origin
Stabilizers

FUEL ADDITIVES
Additives of diesel fuels and their functions
Additives for Diesel Vehicle System
Cetane improvers
Combustion improvers
Deposit control additives
Injector detergents
Lubricity improvers
Friction modifiers

FUEL ADDITIVES
Additives of diesel fuels and their functions

FUEL ADDITIVES
Additives of diesel fuels and their functions

FUEL ADDITIVES
Additives for gasoline and diesel distribution systems are used in
refineries to meet minimum fuel specifications at the optimum cost
without compromising on the yield of the products

GASOLINE BLENDING
During the blending of gasolines not only the physical and chemical
properties of each blending component has to be considered but
those contributions that may be harmful material emissions;
The main sources of the volatile organic compounds ?
The formation of toxic materials and their emission quantities?

GASOLINE BLENDING
Volatility of engine gasolines

GASOLINE BLENDING TCVN
Tn ch tiu
Xng khng ch
Phng php th RON
90
RON
92
RON
95
1. Tr s c tan, min.
- theo phng php nghin cu (RON).
- theo phng php mt (MON).
90
79
92
81
95
84
TCVN 2703:2002
(ASTM D2699)
ASTM D2700
2. Hm lng ch, g/l, max. 0,013
TCVN 7143:2002
(ASTM D3237)
3. Thnh phn ct phn on:
- im si u,
0
C.
- 10% th tch,
0
C, max.
- 50% th tch,
0
C, max.
- 90% th tch,
0
C, max.
- im si cui,
0
C, max.
- cn cui, % th tch, max.
Bo co
70
120
190
215
2,0
TCVN 2698:2002
(ASTM D86)

GASOLINE BLENDING TCVN
Tn ch tiu
Xng khng ch
Phng php th RON
90
RON
92
RON
95
4. n mn mnh ng 50
0
C/3gi,
max.
Loi 1
TCVN 2694:2000 (ASTM
D130)
5. Hm lng nha thc t ( ra
dung mi), mg/100 ml, max.
5
TCVN 6593:2000 (ASTM
D381)
6. n nh xy ha, pht, min. 480
TCVN 6778:2000 (ASTM
D525)
7. Hm lng lu hunh, mg/kg,
max.
500
TCVN 6701:2000 (ASTM
D2622) / ATSM D 5453
8. p sut hi (Reid) 37,8
0
C, kPa. 43 - 75
TCVN 7023:2002 (ASTM
D4953) / ASTM D5191
9. Hm lng benzen, % th tch,
max.
2,5
TCVN 6703:2000 (ASTM
D3606) / ASTM D4420
10.Hydrocacbon thm, % th tch,
max.
40
TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM
D1319)

GASOLINE BLENDING TCVN
Tn ch tiu
Xng khng ch
Phng php th RON
90
RON
92
RON
95
11.Olefin, % th tch, max. 38
TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM
D1319)
12.Hm lng oxy, % khi lng,
max.
2,7
TCVN 7332:2003 (ASTM
D4815)
13.Khi lng ring ( 15
0
C), kg/m
3
. Bo co
TCVN 6594:2000 (ASTM
D1298) / ASTM D 4052
14.Hm lng kim loi (Fe,Mn),mg/l,
max
5
TCVN 7331:2003 (ASTM
D3831)
15.Ngoi quan
Trong, khng c
tp cht l lng
ASTM D 4176

GASOLINE BLENDING
Octane Numbers for Hydrocarbons ?

GASOLINE BLENDING
Gasoline Blend Stock Properties
Density RVP Boiling Range
Component (kg/m
3
) (bar) C RON MON
Butanes 0.575 3.6 -12 to -0.5 97 95
Straight-run Gasoline 0.64 1.5 27 80 80.2 76.6
Reformate 0.815 0.08 78 197 100.5 89.5
Raffinate 0.685 0.3 65 112 60.3 54.5
Hvy FCC Gasoline 0.76 0.2 43 185 90.5 79.5
Light FCC Gasoline 0.66 1.3 25 89 94.5 81.5
Pyrolysis Gasoline 0.845 0.3 47 180 101.5 810.
Alkylate 0.705 0.3 39 195 98 93.5
MTBE 0.746 0.5 48 62 115 97

GASOLINE BLENDING
Blending octane and RVP of ethers and alcohols
Blending Blending Blending
Octane (RON) RVP (psi) RVP (kPa)
Methanol 133 58-62 400-427
Ethanol 130 18-22 124-152
Methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) 118 8-10 55-69
Ethyl-t-butyl ether (ETBE) 118 3-5 21-34
t-Amyl methyl ether (TAME) 111 1-2 7-14

GASOLINE BLENDING
Scheme of closed distribution system of hydrocarbons

DIESEL BLENDING TCVN
STT Tn ch tiu Mc Phng php th
0,05S 0,25S
1 Hm lng lu hunh, mg/kg, max 500 2500
TCVN 6701: 2007
(ASTM D 2622 - 05)
TCVN 7760 : 2008
(ASTM D 5453 - 06)
2 Xtan, min
TCVN 7630 : 2007
(ASTM D 613 - 05)
- Tr s xtan hoc 46 TCVN 3180 : 2007
- Ch s xtan
(1)
46 (ASTM D 4737 - 04)
3 Nhit ct ti 90% th tch,
0
C, max 360
TCVN 2698 : 2007
(ASTM D 86 - 05)
4 im chp chy cc kn,
0
C, min 55
TCVN 6608 : 2000
(ASTM D 3828)
ASTM D 93

DIESEL BLENDING TCVN
STT Tn ch tiu Mc Phng php th
0,05S 0,25S
5 nht ng hc 40
0
C
(2)
, cSt
(3)
2 4,5
TCVN 3171 : 2007
(ASTM D 445 - 06)
6
Cn cc bon ca 10% cn chng ct,
% khi lng, max
0,3
TCVN 6324 : 1997
(ASTM D 189)
ASTM D 4530
7 Hm lng tro, % khi lng, max 0,01
TCVN 2690 : 1995
(ASTM D 482)
8 Hm lng nc, mg/kg, max 200 ASTM E 203
9 Tp cht dng ht, mg/L, max 10 ASTM D 2276
10 n mn mnh ng 50
o
C/3 gi, max Loi 1
TCVN 2694 : 2000
(ASTM D 130)
11 Khi lng ring ( 15
o
C)
(2)
, kg/m
3
820 - 860
TCVN 6594 : 2007
(ASTM D 1298 - 05)
12 bi trn, m, max 460 ASTM D 6079
13 Ngoi quan
Trong, khng c tp
cht l lng
ASTM D 4176

DOMESTIC OIL BLENDING TCVN
Stt Tn ch tiu Mc Phng php th
1 im chp chy cc kn,
o
C, min 38 ASTM D 56
2 Nhit ct,
0
C: TCVN 2698 : 2002
- 10% th tch, max 205 (ASTM D 86)
- im si cui,
o
C, max 300
3
Hm lng lu hunh, % khi
lng, max
0,3
TCVN 2708 : 2002 (ASTM D 1266)
TCVN 6701 : 2000 (ASTM D 2622)
ASTM D 4294
ASTM D 129
4
Chiu cao ngn la khng khi,
mm, min
19 ASTM D 1322
5 n mn ng 100
o
C, 3 gi, max Loi 3 TCVN 2694 : 2000 (ASTM D 130)
6 nht ng hc 40
o
C, cSt
(1)
1,0 - 1,9 ASTM D 445
7 Lu hunh mercaptan, nh tnh m tnh ASTM D 4952
8 Khi lng ring 15
o
C, kg/L Bo co TCVN 6594 : 2000 (ASTM D 1298)

FO BLENDING TCVN
STT Tn ch tiu
Mc
Phng php th
FO N
o
1
FO N
o
2A
(2,0 S)
FO N
o
2B
(3,0 S) (3,5 S)
1
Khi lng ring
15
o
C, kg/L, max
0,965 0,991 0,970 0,991
TCVN 6594 : 2000
(ASTM D 1298)
2
nht ng hc
50
o
C, cSt
1)
, max
87 180 180 180 ASTM D 445
3
Hm lng lu hunh,
% khi lng, max
2,0 2,0 3,0 3,5
TCVN 6701 : 2000
(ASTM D 2622)
ASTM D 129
ASTM D 4294
4
im ng c,
o
C,
max
+12 +24 +24 +24
TCVN 3753 : 1995
(ASTM D 97)
5
Hm lng tro, % khi
lng, max
0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15
TCVN 2690 : 1995
(ASTM D 482)

FO BLENDING TCVN
STT Tn ch tiu
Mc
Phng php th
FO N
o
1
FO N
o
2A
(2,0 S)
FO N
o
2B
(3,0 S) (3,5 S)
6
Cn cacbon Conradson,
% khi lng, max
6 16 16 16
TCVN 6324 : 2000
(ASTM D 189)
ASTM D 4530
7
im chp chy cc
kn,
o
C, min
66
TCVN 6608 : 2000
(ASTM D 3828)
ASTM D 93
8
Hm lng nc, % th
tch, max
1,0
TCVN 2692 : 1995
(ASTM D 95)
9
Hm lng tp cht, %
khi lng, max
0,15 ASTM D 473
10 Nhit tr, cal/g
2)
, min 9800 9800 10150 9800
ASTM D 240
ASTM D 4809

DIESEL BLENDING
Diesel blending is simpler than gasoline blending because the
limitations are fewer

DIESEL BLENDING
The sulphur and aromatic content range of different gasoil streams

DIESEL
BLENDING
Management and control
of motor fuel blending

DIESEL
BLENDING
Blend Optimization
and Supervisory
System (BOSS)

BLENDING CALCULATION
The main purpose of product blending is to find the best way of
mixing different intermediate products available from the refinery and
some additives in order to adjust the product specifications;
The final quality of the finished products is always checked by
laboratory tests before market distribution;
Gasolines are tested for octane number, Reid vapour pressure (RVP)
and volatility;
Kerosenes are tested for flash point and volatility;
Gas oils are tested for diesel index, flash point, pour point and
viscosity;
Product qualities are predicted through correlations that depend on
the quantities and the properties of the blended components.

ECONOMICS & PLANNING APPLICATION

What is Linear Programming?
Terminology
Objective Function function z to be maximized
Feasible Vector set of values x1, x2,,xN that satisfies all
constraints
Optimal Feasible Vector feasible vector that maximizes the
objective function
Solutions
Will tend to be in the corners of where the constraints meet
May not have a solution because of incompatible constraints or area
unbounded towards the optimum

What is Linear Programming?
LP is the most widely applied method for optimising many diverse
applications, including refineries and chemical plants;
The application of LP has been successfully applied for selecting the
best set of variables when a large number of interrelated choices
exist;
A typical example is in a large oil refinery in which the stream flow
rates are very large, and a small improvement per unit of product is
multiplied by a very large number.

What is Linear Programming?
This is done to obtain a significant increase in profit for the refinery;
Optimisation means the action of finding the best solution within the
given constraints and flexibilities;
LP is a mathematical technique for finding the maximum value of
some equation subject to stated linear constraints;

What is Linear Programming?
Refinery optimisation using an LP model has been proven to bring
economic gains higher than unit-specific simulation models or
advance process control techniques;
Once all the data is configured, the model is updated with the
variable data;

What is Linear Programming?
The required variable data includes the following:
Crude oil or any other raw material prices with minimum and maximum
availability:
Selling prices with minimum and maximum demands for the refinery
products;
Available process unit capacities;
Available inventory stocks with minimum and maximum storage limits;
Quality specifications, etc,

Gasoline Blending Considerations
Available blend stocks
Amounts
Properties
Associated costs / values
Specification of final product(s)
Amount(s)
Properties
o Volatility / RVP (max)
o Octane number (min)
o Distillation
o Composition
o Value

What is Linear Programming?
Word programming used here in the sense of planning
For N independent variables (that can be zero or positive) maximize
subject to M additional constraints (all bn positive)

PRODUCTS BLENDING AT BSR
Mogas blending

PRODUCTS BLENDING AT BSR
DO blending

LESSON REVIEW

BLENDING CALCULATION
The desired property PBlend of the blended product may be determined
using the following mixing blend rule:
Pi is the value of the property of component i and qi is the mass,
volume or molar flow rate of component i contributing to the total
amount of the finished product.

BLENDING CALCULATION
Additive properties include specific gravity, boiling point and sulphur
content;
However, properties like viscosity, flash temperature, pour point, aniline
point, RVP and cloud point are not additive;

BLENDING CALCULATION
Reid Vapour Pressure Blending
x
vi
is the volume fraction of component i.

BLENDING CALCULATION
Flash Point Blending
x
vi
is the volume fraction of component i.

BLENDING CALCULATION
Pour Point Blending
x
vi
is the volume fraction of component I;
PPi is the pour point of component i, in
o
R

BLENDING CALCULATION
Aniline Point Blending
x
vi
is the volume fraction of component I;
APi is the aniline point of component i, in
o
C

BLENDING CALCULATION
Smoke Point Blending

BLENDING CALCULATION
Viscosity Blending
x
vi
is the volume fraction of component i;
BIvisi is the viscosity index of component i

BLENDING CALCULATION
Gasoline Octane Number Blending
x
vi
is the volume fraction of component i;

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