Electronic

Electronic

Aids to
Aids to
Navigation
Navigation
Kolegij: ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 Kolegij: ENGLESKI JEZIK 2
Profesor: Bisera Profesor: Bisera Plan Plan i i
Student: Student: Tin Tin

Priti Priti anac anac
Electronic
Electronic

Aids to
Aids to
Navigation
Navigation

terrestrial radio navigation systems
terrestrial radio navigation systems

satellite navigation systems
satellite navigation systems

radar navigation systems
radar navigation systems
Terrestrial Radio Navigation Systems
Terrestrial Radio Navigation Systems

Position is obtained by receiving

a radio signal from at least 3
different

coastal radiostations

(2 pairs). The signals are time delayed
and signal from each pair of stations when drawn on a chart
represents one hyperbolic line.

The intersections of 2 such lines
reveal the ship's position.

This is why this type of navigation is called
Hyperbolic navigation.

Because of different advantages and disadvantages and availability

these systems were often used in combination with one another or

other types of navigation.

The

best

known

terrestrial

radio navigation

systems:
DECCA
LORAN
OMEGA
Terrestrial
Terrestrial

Radio
Radio
Navigation
Navigation

Systems
Systems

DECCA developed in UK during WW2 for Allied military purposes. Decca
system was one of the few, if not the only, position fixing system available
to many mariners. It's accuracy depended on many factors including
weather, time of the day and propagation conditions.

It had a range of
400NM during the day and up to 250 NM during the night. DECCA stopped
transmitting in 2000.

LORAN -

was developed in America during the WW2.It worked on the
similar principles as DECCA,

using hyperbolic

lines,

except

it had a longer
range-1200 M.

It also suffered from the signal delay and propagation
problems. The latest known variant of this system is LORAN-C which is still
in use but has been in steep decline, with the satellite based Global
Positioning System (GPS) being the primary replacement. USA and Canada
ceased transmitting LORAN-C signals in 2010.

OMEGA-

was the first truly global

radio navigation system.

It enabled ships
and aircraft to determine their position by receiving very low frequency
(VLF) radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed terrestrial radio
beacons.

It was very inaccurate

so it was used for ocean navigation and in
combination with other radio navigation systems. It became operational
around 1971 and was shut down in 1997.
Satellite navigation systems
Satellite navigation systems

TRANSIT
TRANSIT

GPS
GPS

GLONASS
GLONASS

Galileo
Galileo

Compass
Compass
TRANSIT / NAVSAT
TRANSIT / NAVSAT


TRANSIT TRANSIT also known as NAVSAT was the first satellite also known as NAVSAT was the first satellite
navigation system to be used operationally. The system navigation system to be used operationally. The system
was primarily used by the U.S. Navy and later it was made was primarily used by the U.S. Navy and later it was made
available for civilian use as well. available for civilian use as well. It used lower number of It used lower number of
sat satt telites, elites, compared to GPS so the position could be compared to GPS so the position could be
obtained only every hour or more, obtained only every hour or more, depending on latitude. depending on latitude. It It
also had the distinct disadvantage that it generated two also had the distinct disadvantage that it generated two
possible locations for any given measurements very close possible locations for any given measurements very close
to each other, to each other, so it was hard to determine what is the real so it was hard to determine what is the real
position. position. In combination with OMEGA it produced a highly In combination with OMEGA it produced a highly
accurate global navigation system. accurate global navigation system. It ceased navigation It ceased navigation
service in 1996. service in 1996.
GPS
GPS
GPS GPS- - Global Positioning System is a system that Global Positioning System is a system that
provides location and time information in all provides location and time information in all
weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there
is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites. It is maintained by the United States satellites. It is maintained by the United States
government and is freely accessible to anyone with a government and is freely accessible to anyone with a
GPS receiver. It is highly accurate and most widely GPS receiver. It is highly accurate and most widely
used satellite navigation system. used satellite navigation system.
GLONASS
GLONASS
GLONASS GLONASS- -currently the only alternative to the GPS. GLONASS is the currently the only alternative to the GPS. GLONASS is the
Russian sate Russian satel llite lite navigation system made available for civilian use in navigation system made available for civilian use in
2007. I t is very slightly less accurate than GPS, but more accur 2007. I t is very slightly less accurate than GPS, but more accurate on ate on
high latitudes. When used in combination with GPS it is faster high latitudes. When used in combination with GPS it is faster, , more more
accurate than each system used alone, because than it has over 5 accurate than each system used alone, because than it has over 50 0
sate satel llites lites available. That is why many new receivers support both GPS available. That is why many new receivers support both GPS
and GLONASS reception. I t is expected that future improvements w and GLONASS reception. I t is expected that future improvements will ill
achieve accuracy up to 0.6 meters or better by 2020. achieve accuracy up to 0.6 meters or better by 2020.

Gallileo Gallileo, , Compass and others Compass and others - - Gallileo Gallileo is future EU positioning is future EU positioning
system that will be completed by 2020. and aims to be more system that will be completed by 2020. and aims to be more
accurate than other sat accurate than other satt telite position systems. elite position systems. Compass is the Compass is the
future Chinese sat future Chinese satt telite position system. elite position system.
Radar
Radar
navigation
navigation
systems
systems


ARPA ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aid Automatic Radar Plotting Aid- - is an electronic computer system is an electronic computer system
that uses radar data to plot targets and calculate the tracked that uses radar data to plot targets and calculate the tracked object's object's
course, speed and closest point of approach (CPA), thereby knowi course, speed and closest point of approach (CPA), thereby knowing if ng if
there is a danger of collision with the other ship or landmass. there is a danger of collision with the other ship or landmass.


First ARPA units were standalone and were only an addition to th First ARPA units were standalone and were only an addition to the e
conventional radar unit. conventional radar unit.


Modern ARPA units are fully integrated with radar in one unit, Modern ARPA units are fully integrated with radar in one unit, with the with the
main operational advantage: both the radar and ARPA data are rea main operational advantage: both the radar and ARPA data are readily dily
comparable. comparable.


Today ARPA radars use modern types o Today ARPA radars use modern types of f rasterscan rasterscan displays which displays which
have many advantages such as: steady picture, colour and are day have many advantages such as: steady picture, colour and are daylight light
viewable due to increased brightness. viewable due to increased brightness.
Other
Other
electronic
electronic
navigation
navigation
aids
aids

ECDIS
ECDIS
-
-
electronic chart display
electronic chart display

AIS
AIS
-
-
Automatic identification System
Automatic identification System
-
-
used for identifying
used for identifying
and locating vessels by electronically exchanging data
and locating vessels by electronically exchanging data
with other nearby ships and AIS Base stations. AIS
with other nearby ships and AIS Base stations. AIS
information supplements marine radar, which continues
information supplements marine radar, which continues
to be the primary method of collision avoidance for
to be the primary method of collision avoidance for
water transport.
water transport.

RDF
RDF
-
-
Radio direction finder
Radio direction finder
-
-
still in use on coastal vessels
still in use on coastal vessels
and as a backup for GPS
and as a backup for GPS

Depth finders
Depth finders

Pitometer
Pitometer
log
log
-
-
used to measure a ship's speed relative to
used to measure a ship's speed relative to
the water.
the water.
References
References


1.Boris 1.Boris Pritchard Pritchard, ,Maritime Maritime English English 1, 1, kolska knjiga, Zagreb 1995. kolska knjiga, Zagreb 1995.


2. http://www. 2. http://www.jproc jproc.ca/ .ca/hyperbolic hyperbolic/ /


3. 3.
http:// http://msi msi. .nga nga. .mil mil/ /MSISiteContent MSISiteContent/ /StaticFiles StaticFiles/NAV_PUBS/RNM/310ch5.pdf /NAV_PUBS/RNM/310ch5.pdf


4. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation