MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III

MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III

1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the earlier two chapters, the analsis an! !esi"n o# the $%lti-store &%il!in" #ra$es
were ill%strate! &ase! on the ass%$ptions that all $e$&ers $eetin" at a partic%lar 'oint o#
the str%ct%re %n!er"o the sa$e a$o%nt o# rotation an! hence the na$e rigid framed
structures( In other wor!s, the 'oints are ass%$e! to &e )ri"i!*, an! there is no relati+e
rotation o# one $e$&er with respect to the other( In #act, this has &een the $ain
%n!erlin" ass%$ption in $ost o# o%r #ra$e analsis( ,t the other e-tre$e, we ass%$e
the 'oints to &e hin"e! in the case o# tr%ss str%ct%res( Th%s, at the s%pports o# steel
str%ct%res, it is ass%$e! that either i!eall #i-e! or i!eall pinne! con!itions e-ist( In
realit, $an )ri"i!* connections in steel str%ct%res per$it a certain a$o%nt o# rotation to
ta.e place within the connections, an! $ost )pinne!* connections o##er a s$all a$o%nt o#
restraint a"ainst rotation( Th%s, i# a $ore acc%rate analsis o# s%ch str%ct%res is !esire!, it
is necessar to consi!er the connections as &ein" #le-i&le or se$i ri"i!(
2.0 CONNECTION FLEXIBILITY IN STEEL FRAMES
To ill%strate the connection #le-i&ilit in steel #ra$es, let %s consi!er the two-store steel
#ra$e str%ct%re shown in /i"(0a( The &ea$ BC is connecte! to the s%pportin" col%$ns
& connections which $a &e carrie! o%t in se+eral was(
1 2opri"ht reser+e!
Versio II !" - 1
I .e xe
A
B
C
D J
A
J
B
J
C
J
D
E F
J
E
J
F
(a) Actual frame (b) Idealised frame
Fig. 1 Steel frame connections and their modelling
I .e xe
!"
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
/or e-a$ple, the en!s o# the &ea$ $a &e wel!e! !irectl to the col%$n #lan"es, or &
%sin" an"les attache! to the top an! &otto$ o# the &ea$, or #ra$in" an"les $a &e %se!
on the we& o# the &ea$( Re"ar!less o# the $anner o# connection, there will &e a certain
a$o%nt o# #le-i&ilit in connections !%e to the !e#or$ations o# the connection
co$ponents an! the #lan"es o# the col%$n( /or this ill%stration let %s ass%$e that the
&ea$ col%$n 'oint at B in /i"(03a4 is $a!e %p o# %sin" 5top angle and seat angle6
connection( To %n!erstan! the connection #le-i&lit, let %s #oc%s o%r attention at the
!e#or$ation o# 'oint B, !%e to application o# loa!( The !e#or$ation o# the 'oint B, to an
e-a""erate! scale, is shown in /i"(73a4( /ro$ this #i"%re it is in#erre! that as the $o$ent
to &e trans#erre! increases, the connection an"les are li.el to !e#or$(
Versio II !" - 2
I .e xe
O
trengt! of "oint #
c
$elati%e rotation
r
#
o
m
e
n
t



#
A
Ductilit& of "oint
Initial stiffness' J #
Fig.3 Joint characteristics (M-
r
relationship)
89
9

r
Column Centre line
Beam Centre line
B
$
(
$
)
#
3a) Deformed s!ape of "oint B (b) Centre line diagram of "oint B
(E*aggerated scale)
Fig.2 Connection flexibilit of beam-col!mn "oint
+
C
B
C
A
A
C
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
D%e to this connection !e#or$ation, the &ea$ BC will rotate thro%"h a lar"er cloc.wise
an"le than the col%$n BA( /ro$ /i"(73&4, we in#er that i# the &ea$ col%$n 'oint were to
&e per#ectl ri"i!, the &ea$ BC wo%l! ha+e rotate! alon" the line B$) which is
ortho"onal to the !e#or$e! col%$n centre line( Instea!, the &ea$ has rotate! to the
position alon" B$( ( This $eans that the &ea$ has rotate! an e-tra an"le r relati+el to
the col%$n, calle! the 5relati%e angle of rotation6( It is o&+io%s that the rotation
co$ponent r is !%e to the connection #le-i&ilit( :ence i# one wants to consi!er
connection #le-i&ilit in the analsis, the relation &etween the applie! $o$ent 5#6 at the
'oint an! the relati+e rotation r &eco$es +er i$portant( /i"(; shows a tpical # +s r
relation o&ser+e! in #le-i&le connections( Initiall the connection &eha+es nearl
elasticall an! the c%r+e OA is nearl a strai"htline with a slope J,#-r, which represents
the rotational sprin" constant o# the connection an! is calle! the "oint modulus( On #%rther
loa!in", the 'oint &e"ins to !e#or$ inelasticall an! the an"le o# rotation increases
rapi!l( The connection sti##ness !ecreases as the loa! increases an! it is characterise! &
the #.r c%r+e &eco$in" #latter an! #latter as it as$ptoticall approaches the plastic
$o$ent capacit #c o# the connection( D%e to inherent !%ctilit in the connection
co$ponents, %s%all there wo%l! &e consi!era&le a$o%nt o# !%ctilit in the 'oints(
:owe+er at nor$al wor.in" loa!s, the &eha+ior o# the connections o# $ost str%ct%res can
&e appro-i$ate! & a strai"htline s%ch as OA( /or #%t%re !isc%ssions o# this chapter we
wo%l! ass%$e that connections &eha+e linearl an! their sti##nesses co%l! &e represente!
& their 'oint $o!%l%s J/ In s%ch a case, we can i!ealise the steel #ra$e in /i"(03a4 as
co$pose! o# $e$&ers with an elastic rotational sprin"s locate! at connections 'oinin"
&ea$ an! col%$n( S%ch an i!ealise! #ra$e is shown in /i"(03&4( /or clarit in !rawin"
the s.etches, the sprin"s are locate! at a s$all !istance #ro$ the correspon!in" 'oints o#
the str%ct%re( /or e-a$ple, the hin"e an! rotational sprin" representin" the connection at
'oint B are locate! at a s$all !istance #ro$ the theoritical intersection o# $e$&ers BA an!
BC in /i"(03&4( In calc%lations it will &e ass%$e! that this !istance is e<%al to =ero,
altho%"h the hin"e an! sprin" are still consi!ere! to &e a part o# &ea$ BC(
!.0 MOMENT ROTATION C$ARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
CONNECTIONS
The +ario%s tpes o# str%ct%ral steel connections that are co$$onl %se! in practice are
shown in /i"(>( Depen!in" on the #le-i&ilit 3or in+ersel the sti##ness o# the
connections4 the +ario%s tpe connections can &e classi#ie! into #le-i&le or sti##
connections( The sche$atic classi#ication o# these connections has &een presente! in /i"(
?3a4( /or ease o# !esi"n these connections are &etter classi#ie! as ri"i! 3in which the ri"i!
elastic ass%$ption is +ali!4, se$i-ri"i! 3in which connection #le-i&ilit is to &e ta.en into
acco%nt4 an! pinne! connections 3in which no $o$ent is ass%$e! to &e trans#erre!
across the 'oint4( ,s e+i!ent #ro$ the co$ple-it o# connections shown in /i"(>, it is
al$ost i$possi&le to !e+elop analtical e-pressions #or calc%latin" the sti##ness o# these
connections( :ence, connection characteristics are $ostl !eter$ine! %sin" e-peri$ents(
Base! on these e-peri$ents, analtical e-pressions are prescri&e! #or !esi"n in the #or$
o# e$pirical e<%ations( To "et the e$pirical e<%ations, n%$ero%s res%lts o# in+esti"ations
o# se$i-ri"i! connections are p%t into a !ata &an. o# #. r c%r+es( Then c%r+e-#ittin"
Versio II !" - !
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
$etho!s are %se! on the e-peri$ental !ata to !e+elop appropriate #.r c%r+es #or !esi"n(
There are se+eral c%r+e-#ittin" techni<%es %se!(
Versio II !" - %
I .e xe
Fig.# Some tpical str!ct!ral steel connections
(Chen $.F and %!i &.M.' (Stabilit )esign of Steel Frames*' C+C ,ress' 1--1
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
The can &e &roa!l classi#ie! as@
B-spline $o!els
Aolno$ial $o!els
E-ponential $o!els an!
Aower $o!els(
Versio II !" - &
I .e xe
$igid
emi.$igid
0inned
Ideall& 0inned Connection
I
d
e
a
l
l
&

$
i
g
i
d

C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
$elati%e rotation .
r

J
o
i
n
t


m
o
m
e
n
t

.

#
(a) Classification of structural steel connections according to t!eir stiffness
trengt! of "oint #
c
$elati%e rotation
r
#
o
m
e
n
t



#
(b) 1!ree parameter model for #.
r
relations!ip
J #
2.
{ }
n
n
o r
r
J
#
B 0
4 B 3 0

+
=
n,)
n,(
n,3
n,
Ri"i! @ CD
:in"e! @ CD9
O
Fig./ Connection Stiffness and their representation
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
One s%ch pop%lar $o!el is the Eishi an! 2hen 308894 three-para$eter power $o!el as
shown in /i"(? 3&4( The e-peri$ental !ata are #itte! into a c%r+e %sin" three para$eters
s%ch as J' #C an! n/ B s%ita&l a!'%stin" the +al%e o# #c an! n, a #a$il o# #.r
c%r+es co%l! &e "enerate!( :owe+er, #or the s%&se<%ent part o# o%r !isc%ssion we are
intereste! in the linear connection &eha+io%r, an! hence onl the connection $o!%l%s 5J
alone is o# interest to %s( It is to &e note! that in the case o# nonlinear analsis, all the
para$eters are nee!e!(
%.0 DERIVATION OF BASIC E'UATIONS FOR T$E ANALYSIS OF SEMI-
RIGID STEEL FRAMES USING MOMENT DISTRIBUTION MET$OD
In this section, we wo%l! see as to how se$i-ri"i! or #le-i&l connecte! steel #ra$es
co%l! &e analse! %sin" the pop%lar )Mo$ent Distri&%tion Metho! 3MDM4*(Since MDM
has &een well !oc%$ente! in en"ineerin" te-t &oo.s, the #%n!a$entals o# MDM wo%l!
not &e repeate! here( The #ollowin" !isc%ssions are &ase! on the ass%$ption that the
rea!er has prior .nowle!"e o# MDM(
,s we ha+e seen earlier, se$i-ri"i! steel #ra$es co%l! &e i!ealise! as &are steel #ra$es
with connections $o!elle! as #le-%ral sprin"s as in /i"(03&4( :ence, it is apparent that to
$o!el the connection #le-i&ilit %sin" MDM, the #irst step in the analsis is the
!eter$ination o# $o$ent !istri&%tion #actors #or a &ea$ 3which are &ase! on connection
sti##nesses4 with a sprin" at one en! or sprin"s at &oth en!s( /irstl we wo%l! see
in!i+i!%al $e$&ers ha+in" #le-i&le connections at one or &oth en!s an! later we wo%l!
consi!er the entire steel #ra$e to &e co$pose! o# these in!i+i!%al $e$&ers( Fhen there
is a #le-i&le connection at each en! o# the &ea$, the sti##ness an! carr-o+er #actors can
&e !eri+e! #ro$ a consi!eration o# the &ea$ shown in /i"(G(
The &ea$ is si$pl s%pporte! at the en!s an! the 'oint $o!%lii are Ja an! Jb at en!s A an!
B, respecti+el( Un!er the action o# $o$ents #a an! #b actin" at the en!s, the en!s o#
the &ea$ will rotate thro%"h s$all an"les a

an! b

, which are ass%$e! positi+e in the

sa$e !irections as the positi+e en! $o$ents as shown in /i" G( The an"les o# rotation at
the en!s o# the portion o# the &ea$ &etween the sprin"s co%l! &e written as
EI
+ #
EI
+ #
b a
G ;
an!
EI
+ #
EI
+ #
b a
; G
+ 304
Versio II !" - (
I .e xe
+
#
b
#
a
J
a
J
b
Fig.0 1eam 2ith connection springs at both ends
A
B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
D%e to rotations o# the elastic sprin"s representin" the connections, the en!s o# the &ea$
rotate thro%"h a!!itional an"les e<%al to
a
a
J
#
an!
b
b
J
#
374
:ence the total an"les o# rotation o# the en!s o# the &ea$ in /i"(G is "i+en &
a

a
a b a
J
#
EI
+ #
EI
+ #
+ =
G ;
3a4
b

b
b b a
J
#
EI
+ #
EI
+ #
+ + =
; G
3&4 3;4
The a&o+e e<%ations are #%n!a$ental in nat%re %sin" which we can calc%late the sti##ness
an! carr-o+er #actors o# an $e$&er with #le-i&le connection at it en!s(
%.1 Me)*ers +i,- ./r e0 .i1e0 /0 .2e1i*2e 3oe3,ios /, *o,- e0s
I# the #ar en! o# the &ea$ AB is #i-e! 3/i"(H4, the an"le o# rotation at en! B is =ero( The
carr-o+er #actor #ro$ en! A to the en! B can &e #o%n! & sol+in" E<(;(3&4 #or the ratio o#
#b to #aI we "et
4
;
0 3 7
0
b
+J
EI
ab
COF
+
=
3>4
Intro!%cin" a #actor calle! "
+J
EI
" =
3?4
where 5"6 is a !i$ensionless <%antit calle! the "oint factor( :ence E<(> &eco$es
)
b
4" (()
)
ab
COF
+
=
3G4
Versio II !" - 4
I .e xe
#
b
#
a
J
a J
b
Fig.3 1eam 2ith far end fixed
+
A B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
On the other han!, i# the connection at the #ar en! o# the &ea$ is ri"i! instea! o# #le-i&le,
it represents a ri"i! connection an! it is e<%i+alent to a 'oint with an in#initel lar"e 'oint
$o!%l%s J( The correspon!in" +al%e o# the 'oint #actor 5"5 is =ero 3see E<(?4 an! when
this +al%e is s%&stit%te! into E<(G the carr-o+er #actor &eco$es 9(?, a well .nown #actor
#or the carr o+er $o$ent in case #ar en! is #i-e!(
%.2 Me)*ers +i,- ./r e0 5ie0 /0 .2e1i*2e 3oe3,ios /, *o,- e0s
Si$ilarl, i# the connection at the #ar en! B is co$pletel #le-i&le an! o##ers no restraint
a"ainst rotation, the +al%e o# J is =ero, the 'oint #actor " &eco$es in#inite, an! E<(G "i+es a
carr-o+er #actor o# =ero which correspon!s to a &ea$ with the #ar en! pinne!( In s%ch a
case, the rotational sti##ness o# the &ea$ is o&taine! #ro$ E<s(; 3a4 & s%&stit%tin" #or #b
its e-pression in ter$s o# #a an! sol+in" #or the ratio #a- a

which is the rotational

sti##ness( This $anip%lation "i+es the #%n!a$ental #or$%la
4 ; 3 > 0
; 0 >
b b a a
b
ab
" " " "
"
+
EI
5
+ + +
+
=
3H4
%.! Me)*ers +i,- e1,re)es o. 6oi, s,i..ess
In special cases s%ch as connections at &oth the en!s are ri"i! ( i/e/ "a,"b,2)' E6/7 re!%ces
to the well .nown res%lts o# 5ab,3EI-+ #or a &ea$ with the #ar en! #i-e!( Fhen the
connections at A is ri"i! ("a,24 an! the connection at B o##ers no restraint a"ainst rotation
3"b,) the res%lt is 5ab,4EI-+, a"ain a stan!ar! sti##ness +al%e #or a &ea$ with #ar en!
pinne!(
Fhen the connections at the en!s o# the &ea$ are i!entical ("a,"b,") the sti##ness o# the
&ea$ is
4 G 0 43 7 0 3
; 0 >
" "
"
+
EI
5
ab
+ +
+
=
3J4
%.% Be/) +i,- .2e1i*2e 3oe3,io /, oe e0 /0 ./r e0 .i1e0
So$eti$es it is <%iet co$$on to ha+e a #le-i&le connection onl at one en! o# the
$e$&er( The case, as shown in /i"(J, has a #le-i&le connection at the #ar en! onl(
Versio II !" - 7
I .e xe
#
b #
a
J
b
Fig.4 1eam 2ith flexible connection onl at the far end
+
A B
J
a
#
b
#
a
Fig.- 1eam 2ith flexible connection at near end and far end fixed
+
A
B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
This can &e consi!ere! as a special case o# the &ea$ in which the sprin" at the near en! ,
o# the $e$&er has an in#initel lar"e 'oint $o!%l%s 3"a,)/ Th%s, & $a.in" %se o# E<(G
an! E<(H, the carr-o+er an! sti##ness #actors can &e written as
4 ; 0 3 7
0
b
ab
"
COF
+
=
384
b
b
ab
"
"
+
EI
5
> 0
; 0 >
+
+
=
3094
The case in which the #le-i&le connection is locate! at the near en! o# the $e$&er an!
the #ar en! is #i-e! 3shown in /i"(84 can &e o&taine! #ro$ E<(G an! E<(H & s%&stit%tin"
"b,2(
Th%s the carr-o+er an! sti##ness #actors #or this case &eco$e
7 B 0 =
ab
COF
3004
a
ab
" +
EI
5
> 0
0 >
+
=
3074
%.& Be/) +i,- .2e1i*2e 3oe3,io /, e/r e0 /0 ./r e0 5ie0
Fhen the #ar en! o# the &ea$ is si$pl s%pporte! instea! o# #i-e! 3/i"(094 the carr-o+er
#actor is =ero an! the sti##ness #actor is
a
ab
" +
EI
5
; 0
0 ;
+
=
0;4
%.( Fi1e0 e0 )o)e,s .or *e/)s +i,- .2e1i*2e 3oe3,ios
Versio II !" - "
I .e xe
J
a
#
b
#
a
Fig.15 1eam 2ith flexible connection at near end and far end pinned
+
A B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
In the earlier sections we !isc%sse! the two i$portant para$eters #or MDM, na$el the
sti##ness an! carr o+er #actors( ,nother i$portant para$eter #or the MDM is the 5#i-e!
en! $o$ents6( , #i-e! en! &ea$ carrin" a %ni#or$ loa! o# intensit 5w6 is shown in
/i"(00 It is ass%$e! that the #le-i&le connections at the en!s o# the &ea$ are i!entical an!
ha+e a 'oint $o!%l%s e<%al to J(
:ence the &ea$ is s$$etrical an! the #i-e! en! $o$ents are n%$ericall e<%al &%t
opposite in si"n 3 #b , .#a 4( B s%ita&le $anip%lations it co%l! &e shown that the #i-e!
en! $o$ents are "i+en &
"
8+
# #
b a
7 0
0
07
7
+
= = 30>4
The a&o+e e<%ations #or #i-e! en! $o$ents are !eri+e! &ase! on the ass%$ption that the
connection $o!%l%s Ja , Jb , J/

B%t in act%al practice this nee! not &e the case( :ence
consi!erin" an en! o# the &ea$ to &e #le-i&le 3 En! 5B6 is ass%$e! to &e #le-i&le in
E<(0?K0G4 we can show the #i-e! en! $o$ents to &e
4 > 0 3
4 G 0 3
07
7
b
b
a
"
" 8+
#
+
+
=
30?4
b
b
"
8+
#
> 0
0
07
7
+

=
30G4
/or a case where Ja Jb , the #i-e! en! $o$ents co%l! &e o&taine! & si$ple al"e&raic
a!!ition %sin" e<n(0?K0G & s%ita&l s%&stit%tin" Ja an! Jb +al%es( The #i-e! en!
$o$ent ca%se! & a concentrate! loa! A actin" at a !istance 59l #ro$ the le#t en! o# the
&ea$ 3/i"(074 can &e shown to &e
) " : ) )( " ( ) (
) " ( ) ( 9 " 3 )
) 9 ) ( 0+9
a
#
+ +
+ +
=
30H4
) " : ) )( " ( ) (
) " ( ) ( 9 " (
) 9 ) ( 0+9
b
#
+ +
+ +
=
30J4
Versio II !" - 10
I .e xe
#
b
#
a
J
J
Fig.11 1eam 2ith 6)% and flexible connections at both ends
8 per unit lengt!
+
A B
#
b
#
a
J
J
Fig.12 1eam 2ith Concentrated load and flexible connections at both ends
9+
+
0
A B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
Fhen the connections are ri"i! (",24 these e-pressions re!%ce to the %s%al #or$%las #or
#i-e! en! $o$ents( ,s &e#ore, consi!erin" the 'oint $o!%lii at the en!s o# the $e$&er
!i##erent, we "et the #i-e! en! $o$ents #or a #le-i&l connecte! &ea$ %n!er concentrate!
loa! as,
4
4 ; 0 43 > 0 3 ;
44 7 3 4 ; 0 43 0 3 7 3
4 7 33
4 ; 0 3 7
4 0 3
a b
a
a
a
" "
9 " 9
9
"
9 09+
#
+ +
+ +

+

=
3084

44 7 3 4 ; 0 43 0 3 7 3
4 ; 0 43 > 0 3 ;
4 0 3
9 " 9
" "
9 09+
#
a
a b
b
+ +
+ +

=
3794
%.4 8oi, Tr/s2/,io i s+/9 .r/)es
In the case o# swa #ra$es, the $e$&er en!s also e-perience lateral !isplace$ent( /i-e!
en! $o$ent #or$%lae #or &ea$s in which one en! is !isplace! laterall with respect to
the other can &e o&taine! witho%t !i##ic%lt( /or e-a$ple, i# &oth en!s o# the &ea$ are
#i-e! as in /i"(0;, the #i-e! en! $o$ents co%l! &e shown to &e
" +
EI
# #
b a
G 0
0 G
7
+

= =
3704
which re!%ce to #a , #b D
7
G
+
EI
when the connections are ri"i! 3",24( I# there is
#le-i&ilit at onl one en! 3/i"(0>4o# the &ea$, the sti##ness an! carro+er #actors are
not the sa$e at each en! o# the &ea$I &%t $%st &e o&taine! #ro$ separate e-pressions(
The carr o+er an! the sti##ness #actors at en! , are
Versio II !" - 11
I .e xe
#
a
#
b
J
J

Fig.13 Member 2ith s2a deflection

+
A
B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
7
0
=
ab
COF
" +
EI
5
ab
> 0
0 >
+
=
3774
The correspon!in" <%antities at en! B are
4 ; 0 3 7
0
"
COF
ab
+
=
"
"
+
EI
5
ab
> 0
; 0 >
+
+
=
37;4
Usin" the a&o+e #o%r e-pressions the #i-e! en! $o$ents co%l! &e calc%late! as
"
"
+
EI
#
" +
EI
#
b a
> 0
7 0 G
> 0
0 G
7 7
+
+
=
+

=
37>4
/or a case where Ja Jb , the #i-e! en! $o$ents co%l! &e o&taine! & si$ple al"e&raic
a!!ition %sin" e<n(7>( ,s a #inal case, it is ass%$e! that there is a #le-i&le connection at
one en! o# the &ea$ an! that the other en! o# the &ea$ is si$pl s%pporte! 3/i"(0?4( The
$o$ent #a at the #i-e! en! o# the &ea$ is e<%al to the $o$ent which is re<%ire! to
rotate that en! o# the &ea$ thro%"h an an"le - l( This $o$ent is e<%al to the sti##ness
#actor #or the &ea$ with the #ar en! si$pl s%pporte! ti$es - l; there#ore
a
" 4 )
)
(
+
EI 4
a
#
+
=

37?4
To s%$$arise the a&o+e sections, it was !e$onstrate! as to how the i$portant
para$eters s%ch as sti##ness, carro+er #actor an! #i-e! en! $o$ents co%l! &e !eri+e!
#ro$ principles o# $echanics( Once these &asic e-pressions are a+aila&le, the entire
se$i-ri"i! $%lti-store steel #ra$e co%l! &e consi!ere! as $a!e %p o# these &asic
co$ponents(
&.0 ANALYSIS OF SEMI-RIGID STEEL FRAMES
Versio II !" - 12
I .e xe
#
a
#
b
J

Fig.1# Member 2ith s2a deflection and flexible connection at one end
+
A
B
#
a
#
b
J
a

Fig.1/ Member 2ith s2a deflection 2ith far end pinned

+
A
B
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
Usin" the e-pressions presente! a&o+e we wo%l! sol+e so$e pro&le$s to %n!erstan! the
analsis o# #ra$es with se$i-ri"i! connections( Let %s ta.e an e-a$ple o# a contin%o%s
&ea$ as shown in /i"(0G(
7able 1
&nd AB BA BC CB
)F 9(G7? 9(;H?
C8F 9(? 9(? 9(?
F&M L0G9(999 -0G9(999 LG;(90> -G;(90>
9
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

1
1alance 1 LG9(G0G L;G(;H9
Carr o:er ;9(;9J L0J(0J?
1alance C L>>(J78
Carr o:er 77(>0?
9
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

2
1alance 1 -0>(909 -J(>9G
Carr o:er -H(99? ->(79;
1alance C L>(79;
Carr o:er L7(097
9
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
3
1alance 1 -0(;0> -9(HJJ
Carr o:er -9(G?H -9(;8>
1alance C L9(;8>
Final
moments
(app.)
:172.(%( -11%.407 :11%.407 0.000
Versio II !" - 1!
I .e xe
A
B C
<D+ . 42 9=-m
3> 9= 3>9=
J$
G(GH$
7$ 7$
Fig.10 Contin!o!s beam 2ith rigid connections
ED7(9J; 09
?
MAa
IDJ(;7?; 09
?
$
>
I (I
A
B
C
Fig.13 1ending Moment )iagram (rigid case)
0J7(G>G
87( ?7G
00>(H9J
8(GJH
??(G9?
>(7J; $ ;al!es in <=-m
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
,t the #irst instance, let %s ass%$e that the s%pport at , is ri"i! an! accor!in"l we wo%l!
wor. o%t the sti##ness o# 'oints, !istri&%tion #actors an! carr o+er #actors( Fe o&tain
!istri&%tion #actors DBA ,2/:(> an! DBC ,2/47> &ase! on sti##nesses 5BA'5BC( Since the
connections are ass%$e! per#ectl ri"i!, hal# the $o$ent in!%ce! at B an! C wo%l! &e
carrie! o+er to the a!'%scent 'oint( Re"ar!in" the hin"e! no!e C' there are two was to
han!le(
7able 2
&nd AB BA BC CB
)F 9(G9G 9(;8>
C8F 9(;HH 9(? 9(?
F&M L000(>70 -0J>(789 LG;(90> -G;(90>
9
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

1
1alance 1 LH;(>8; L>H(HJ;
Carr o:er L7H(H9H L7;(J87
1alance C L;8(07;
Carr o:er L08(?G7
9
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

2
1alance 1 -00(J?? -H(H9H
Carr o:er ->(>G8 -;(J?>
1alance C L;(J?>
Carr o:er L0(87H
9
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

3
1alance 1 -0(0GJ -9(H?8
Carr o:er -9(>>9 -9(;J9
1alance C L9(;J9
Final
moments
(app.)
:1!%.21" -12!.720 :12!.720 0.000
Versio II !" - 1%
I .e xe
A
B C
<D+ . 42 9=-m
3> 9= 3>9=
J$
G(GH$
7$ 7$
Fig.14 Contin!o!s beam 2ith flexible connection
ED7(9J; 09
?
MAa
IDJ(;7?; 09
?
$
>
CD>9999 .N-$
J
(I
I
A
B
C
Fig.1- 1ending Moment )iagram (flexible case)
0;>(708
000(99J
07;(J79
;(;9H
?7(JHH
>(9> $ ;al!es in <=-m
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
/irstl we can "et the sti##ness 5BC consi!erin" the #ar en! C is hin"e! an! o&tain
5BC,4EI-+ an! #i-e! en! $o$ent #CB is set to =ero( ,lternati+el C co%l! &e consi!ere!
as ri"i!, an! s%&se<%entl we can &alance C to =ero an! carr o+er the $o$ents to B(
The later $etho! is a!opte! in the present e-a$ple( The MDM is presente! in Ta&le 0
#or the ri"i! case( To start with, all the no!es are ass%$e! to &e loc.e!( /irst we %nloc.
no!e B( ,n %n&alance! $o$ent o# 8G(8JG .N-$ appears which is &alance! &
!istri&%tin" it at no!e B/ Now &eca%se o# the appearance o# the new &alancin" $o$ents
hal# the $o$ent is carrie! o+er to a!'acent en!( This is !one in the carr o+er col%$n as
shown in Ta&le 0( This intro!%ces %n&alancin" $o$ents at no!e C, which is then
&alance! an! $o$ents carrie! o+er( Now we ha+e co$plete! one ccle( Si$ilarl we
can repeat this e-ercise %ntil two conse<%ent chan"e in $o$ent at an no!e is within an
accepta&l s$all +al%e( :owe+er in the present e-a$ple onl three iterations are shown
in Ta&le 0( Fe see #ro$ the res%lts 3/i"(0H4that the ratio o# ne"ati+e s%pport $o$ent at
A to the positi+e span $o$ent in AB is 0(8H( Fe shall consi!er the sa$e e-a$ple &%t
ass%$e that the connection at A is #le-i&le an! the connection sti##ness J,>9999 .N-
$Bra!( The pro&le$ is shown in /i"(0J an! the proce!%re is presente! in Ta&le 7( /ro$
Ta&le 7 we o&ser+e that the connection #le-i&lit a##ects se+eral para$eters( /irstl the
sti##ness o# a partic%lar 'oint "ets re!%ce! i# the #ar en! connection is #le-i&le( Fe see
that the sti##ness 5BA is re!%ce! an! hence "ets onl 9(G9G ti$e the connection $o$ent as
a"ainst 9(G7? in the ri"i! case( The Re$ain!er o# the $o$ent is !istri&%te! to the other
$e$&ers connecte! to it( Si$ilarl we also see #ro$ Ta&le 7, that the $o$ent carrie!
o+er to the #ar en! "ets re!%ce! &eca%se o# the connection #le-i&lit( ,nother i$portant
o&ser+ation is that the #i-e! en! $o$ent is re!%ce! at the en! where the connection
#le-i&lit occ%rs lea+in" a increase! share o# the en! $o$ent to the ri"i! en!( :ence we
see3/i"(084 that #i-e! en! $o$ent #AB is re!%ce! to 0;>(708 .N-$ #ro$ 0JG(G>G.N-$
in the ri"i! case( ,t the sa$e ti$e #BA increase! #ro$ 00>(H9J .N-$ to 07;(J79 .N-$(
The #inal en! $o$ents are presente! in Ta&le 7(
Fe see that the , in the span AB, ratio o# ne"ati+e $o$ent at A to the $a-i$%$ positi+e
span $o$ent is &ro%"h !own to 0(798( The !esi"n &en!in" $o$ent in the span AB has
re!%ce! & ;GM( The re!%ce! !esi"n $o$ent is one o# the $ain a!+anta"es o# se$i-
ri"i! steel #ra$es( In the chapter on )Fel!s- Static an! /ati"%e Stren"th II6, the e##ect
on connection #le-i&lit on the $o$ent re!istri&%tion is well e-plaine!( Since steel
&ea$s are e<%all "oo! &oth in co$pression an! tension, we see that there is a &etter
%tilisation o# the $aterial o# the &ea$ #or carrin" the loa! in #le-%re( I# we see the
chapter on 5Alastic ,nalsis6, this is e-actl what we are trin" to achie+e( In an i!eal
sit%ation we co%l! "et a ratio o# the ne"ati+e &en!in" $o$ent to positi+e span $o$ent as
0(9(
Versio II !" - 1&
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
7able 3
+igid Connection
En! ,B B, B2 BD 2B DB DE ED
D/ 9(;GG 9(7G8 9(;GG 9(HG7 9(7;J
2O/ 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99
/EM 9(9 9(9 9(9 J9(9 9(9 -J9(9 9(9 9(9
/inal en!
Mo$ents
9(9 ->9(0G -78(?? G8(H0 9(9 -79(70 79(70 9(9
Flexible connection
En! ,B B, B2 BD 2B DB DE ED
D/ 9(7J> 9(>;7 9(7J> 9(HG7 9(7;J
2O/ 9(7HJ 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(?99 9(7HJ 9(?99 9(?99
/EM 9(9 9(9 9(9 ;J(H>9 9(9 -099(G 9(9 9(9
/inal en!
Mo$ents
9(9 -0J(00 -7;(8G >7(9H 9(9 -7;(?? 7;(?? 9(9
,nother e-a$ple o# a sin"le store #ra$e is pro+i!e! as an ill%stration as shown in
/i"(79( The !istri&%tion an! carro+er #actors #or the ri"i! an! se$i-ri"i! case are
presente! in Ta&le ;( One can o&ser+e the chan"e in the #i-e! en! $o$ents in Ta&le(;(
The pro&le$ co%l! &e sol+e! $an%all or & %sin" the pro"ra$ presente! in the
,ppen!i-( /ro$ the #inal en! $o$ents it is o&ser+e! that the $a-i$%$ $o$ent has
&een &ro%"ht !own to >7(9H .N-$ #ro$ G8(H0 .N-$( Fe also o&ser+e that connection
#le-i&ilit res%lts in re!istri&%tion o# $o$ents an! a &etter %tilisation o# the &ea$
$aterial(
Versio II !" - 1(
I .e xe
A
B
D
<D+ ? )> 9=-m
J$
J$
C E
>(GH$
ED7(9Je? MAa
I
0
D;;(;>9e-? $
>
I
7
D0>(;08e-? $
>
I
;
D G(9HHe-? $
>
CD;7JJ9 .N-$
I
0
I
;
I
7
I
0
C
C
Fig.25 Single store steel frame
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
The proce!%re e-plaine! a&o+e co%l! &e e-ten!e! to an $%lti store steel #ra$e(
:owe+er as $ore n%$&er o# stores an! &as are consi!ere!, the han! co$p%tation o#
MDM &eco$es +er la&orio%s( Ne+ertheless, the MDM co%l! &e pro"ra$$e! as
co$p%ter so#tware( The i!eal sol%tion #or se$i-ri"i! analsis o# steel #ra$es is the /inite
Ele$ent Metho! 3/EM4 as it pro+i!es "reater #le-i&ilit in $o!ellin"( Since treat$ent o#
/EM is o%tsi!e the scope o# this chapter, it will s%##ice to .now that /EM co%l! &e %se!
+er e##ecti+el #or &oth linear an! non-linear analsis o# se$i-ri"i! steel #ra$es(
(.0 SEMI-RIGID DESIGN OF FRAMES
Man o# the co!es o# practice allow the %se o# se$i-ri"i! !esi"n $etho!s #or steel
#ra$es( IS@J99308J>4 also allows the se$i-ri"i! !esi"n $etho!s pro+i!e! so$e rational
analsis proce!%res are %se!( :owe+er the co!e !oes not ela&orate an #%rther( /or
e-a$ple, BS@?8?9 Aart 0 allows se$i-ri"i! !esi"n statin" that 32la%se 7(07(>4 ) The
$o$ent an! rotation capacit o# the 'oint sho%l! &e &ase! on e-peri$ental e+i!ence
which $a per$it so$e li$ite! plasticit pro+i!e! that the %lti$ate tensile capacit o#
the #asteners is not the #ail%re criterion*( E%ro 2o!e 3E2;4 also allows the se$i-ri"i!
!esi"n $etho!s an! the $ain pro+isions co%l! &e s%$$arise! as #ollows@
Mo$ent rotation &eha+io%r shall &e &ase! on theor s%pporte! & e-peri$ents(

The real &eha+io%r $a &e represente! & a rotational sprin"(

The act%al &eha+io%r is "enerall nonlinear( :owe+er, an appropriate !esi"n c%r+e

$a &e !eri+e! #ro$ a $ore precise $o!el & a!aptin" linear appro-i$ations s%ch
that the whole c%r+e lies &elow the acc%rate c%r+e as shown in /i"(70(

Three properties are !e#ine! in the #.r characteristics

Ma-i$%$ $o$ent o# resistance 3#C 4

Rotational sti##ness 3the secant sti##ness J,#- r

The rotation capacit c

In the !esi"n o# co$ponents s%ch as &ea$s, col%$ns an! &ea$ col%$ns the proce!%re is
the sa$e as in the ri"i! elastic !esi"n o# $%lti store #ra$es( Onl in the case o# col%$ns
an! &ea$ col%$ns, the e##ecti+e len"ths o# $e$&ers ha+e to &e ascertaine! %sin"
Versio II !" - 14
I .e xe
trengt! of "oint #
c
$elati%e rotation
r
#
o
m
e
n
t



#
Ductilit& of "oint .
c
Initial stiffness' J ,
Fig.21 7pical )esign c!r:e for semi-rigid "oints
M
r
Design Cur%e
Actual Cur%e
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
ali"n$ent charts which consi!ers connection #le-i&ilit or & an ela&orate insta&ilit
analsis(
4.0 COM;UTER ;ROGRAM <FLEXIFRAME= FOR T$E SEMI-RIGID
ANALYSIS OF STEEL FRAMES
, /ORTR,N co$p%ter pro"ra$ )/LENI/R,ME* has &een written to incorporate the
!eri+e! #le-i&ilit e<%ations %sin" Mo$ent Distri&%tion Metho! 3MDM4 !eri+e! in this
chapter( The co$p%ter i$ple$entation o# the MDM res%lts in the Ga%ss Sei!el
iteration $etho!( The pro"ra$ is capa&le o# analsin" non-swa steel #ra$es with
#le-i&le connections( :owe+er with little $o!i#ications, the pro"ra$ co%l! &e e-ten!e!
to the analsis o# swa #ra$es( The co$p%ter pro"ra$ /LENI/R,ME has &een
presente! in ,ppen!i-( The inp%t !etails o# the pro"ra$ ha+e also &een "i+en in
,ppen!i-( The rea!er is enco%ra"e! to tr o%t +ario%s pro&le$s o# $%lti-store se$i-
ri"i! steel #ra$es to %n!erstan! the e##ect o# connection #le-i&ilit %sin" the co$p%ter
pro"ra$(
7.0 SUMMARY
In this chapter, the #%n!a$entals o# connection #le-i&ilit in steel #ra$es are !escri&e!(
The sti##ness e<%ations #or the se$i-ri"i! analsis o# steel #ra$es %sin" the pop%lar
$o$ent !istri&%tion $etho! are !eri+e!( E-a$ple pro&le$s, which %se the !eri+e!
sti##ness e<%ations, ha+e &een presente!( The #%n!a$ental !i##erences &etween the
&eha+io%r o# #%ll ri"i! an! se$i-ri"i! #ra$es ha+e &een &ro%"ht o%t( The i$portance o#
e-peri$ental e+al%ation o# the connection sti##ness has also &een !escri&e!( /inall a
&rie# o%tline o# the !esi"n proce!%res has &een presente!(
".0 REFERENCES
0( Gere C(M(, )Mo$ent !istri&%tion*, D( Oan Nostran! 2o( Inc, NY, 308G;4
7( 2hen F(/( an! L%i E(M(, )Sta&ilit !esi"n o# steel #ra$es*, 2R2 Aress Inc(, 308804(
;( 2orneli%s T( ) Techni<%es in &%il!in"s an! &ri!"es*, Gor!on an! Breach Int( series,
Ool(00,308884
>( Eishi N( an! 2hen F(/(,* Mo$ent rotation relations o# se$i-ri"i! connections with
an"les*, Co%rnal o# Str%ct%ral En"ineerin", ,S2E, 00G3H4, 0J0;-0J;>, 308894(
Versio II !" - 17
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
>ppendix
c A computer program to analyse non-sway semi-rigid steel frames
Program FLEXIFRAME
parameter (nsize!"#
c$aracter %&' inpf(outf
c$aracter %)* tit
real +len(!"#(mi(nsize#(,m(nsize('#(,stiffa(,stiff-(,a(,-(./al
integer c/ity(nsize(!#
common0loads0udl/al(&""#(nconc(p(&"#(a(&"#(-(&"#
dimension nconnect(nsize#(ie(nsize('#(distf(nsize(!#
dimension /ar(nsize(nsize#(cof(nsize(nsize#(fem(nsize(nsize#
dimension fimom(nsize(nsize#(i-c(nsize('#(stiff(nsize(nsize#
write(%(%#1enter input file name1
read(%(1(a2#1#inpf
write(%(%#1enter output file name1
read(%(1(a2#1#outf
open(&"(fileinpf#
open(&&(fileoutf#
c title
read(&"(1(a#1#tit
write(&&(1(a#1#tit
c general data
read(&"(%#nmem(nnode(ymod(niter
write(&&(%#nmem(nnode(ymod(niter
c nodal data
do &" i&(nnode
read(&"(%#m(nconnect(m#
write(&&(%#m(nconnect(m#
read(&"(%#(c/ity(m(,#(,&(nconnect(i##
write(&&(%#(c/ity(m(,#(,&(nconnect(i##
&" continue
c meme-er data
do '" i&(nmem
read(&"(%#m(+len(m#(mi(m#(ie(m(&#(ie(m('#(,m(m(&#(,m(m('#
3 (i-c(m(&#(i-c(m('#
write(&&(%#m(+len(m#(mi(m#(ie(m(&#(ie(m('#(,m(m(&#(,m(m('#
3 (i-c(m(&#(i-c(m('#
n&ie(m(&#
n'ie(m('#
c initialise t$e fi+ed end moments
fem(n&(n'#"3"
fem(n'(n&#"3"
,stiffa,m(m(&#
,stiff-,m(m('#
,a (ymod%mi(m## 0 (+len(m#%,stiffa#
,- (ymod%mi(m## 0 (+len(m#%,stiff-#
c to determine t$e stiffness /alues
st(43%ymod%mi(m## 0 +len(m#
+num&3 5 63% ,-
den &3 5 43%(,a563%,a%,- 5 ,-#
stiff(n&(n'#st%(+num0den#
+num&3 5 63% ,a
den &3 5 43%(,a563%,a%,- 5 ,-#
stiff(n'(n&#st%(+num0den#
Versio II !" - 1"
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
c carry o/er factor
cof(n&(n'#"3! % ( &30 (&35 63%,-##
cof(n'(n&#"3! % ( &30 (&35 63%,a##
c load data
read(&"(%#udl/al(i#(nconc
write(&&(%#udl/al(i#(nconc
fi+m(udl/al(i#%+len(m#%+len(m## 0 &'3
denudl(635&'3%,a5&'3%,-5673%,a%,-#
fem(n&(n'# fi+m % ((63%(&3573%,-##0 denudl#
fem(n'(n&# (-&3"#% fi+m % ((63%(&3573%,a##0 denudl#
do 6" ,&(nconc
read(&"(%#p(,#(a(,#(-(,#
write(&&(%#p(,#(a(,#(-(,#
./ala(,#0+len(m#
ylen+len(m#
p/alp(,#
call femconc(./al(ylen(,a(,-(p/al(fema(fem-#
fem(n&(n'#fem(n&(n'# 5 fema
fem(n'(n&#fem(n'(n&# 5 fem-
6" continue
'" continue

c compute distri-ution facors
do 4" .&(nmem
n&ie(.(&#
n'ie(.('#
c for 1i1 node
c sum stiffness of mem-ers meeting at 1i1 node
stsum"3"
do 7" ,&(nconnect(n&#
stsumstsum 5 stiff(n&(c/ity(n&(,##
7" continue
distf(n&(n'#(-&3"#%(cof(n&(n'#%stiff(n&(n'# 0 stsum#
c for 1,1 node
c sum stiffness of mem-ers meeting at a point
stsum"3"
do )" ,&(nconnect(n'#
stsumstsum 5 stiff(n'(c/ity(n'(,##
)" continue
distf(n'(n&#(-&3"#%(cof(n'(n&#%stiff(n'(n&# 0 stsum#
4" continue
c initialise /ar
do )& i&(nmem
n&ie(i(&#
n'ie(i('#
/ar(n&(n'#"3"
/ar(n'(n&#"3"
)& continue
c t$e main 8auss - 9eidel iterartion starts $ere
do :" i&(niter
do &"" ,&(nmem
n&ie(,(&#
n'ie(,('#
if(i-c(,(&# 3ne3 &#t$en
c sum of t$e fi+ed end moments at 1i1 node
m&nconnect(n&#
Versio II !" - 20
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
sumfi+"3"
do &&" .&(m&
sumfi+sumfi+ 5 fem(n&(c/ity(n&(.##
&&" continue
c to find t$e sum of 1/ar1 meeting at 1i1 node
sum/ar"3"
do &'" .&(nconnect(n&#
sum/arsum/ar 5 /ar(c/ity(n&(.#(n&#
&'" continue
/ar(n&(n'#distf(n&(n'# % (sumfi+ 5 sum/ar#
endif
if(i-c(,('# 3ne3 &#t$en
c sum of t$e fi+ed end moments at 1,1 node
m&nconnect(n'#
sumfi+"3"
do &&& .&(m&
sumfi+sumfi+ 5 fem(n'(c/ity(n'(.##
&&& continue
c to find t$e sum of 1/ar1 meeting at 1,1 node
sum/ar"3"
do &'& .&(nconnect(n'#
sum/arsum/ar 5 /ar(c/ity(n'(.#(n'#
&'& continue
/ar(n'(n&#distf(n'(n&# % (sumfi+ 5 sum/ar#
endif
&"" continue
:" continue

c computation of final moments
write(%(%#1%%%%% Final support moments %%%%%1
write(&&(%#1%%%%% Final support moments %%%%%1
write(%(%#1Mem-er no; I-node moment <-node moment1
write(&&(%#1Mem-er no; I-node moment <-node moment1
do &6" i&(nmem
n&ie(i(&#
n'ie(i('#
fimom(n&(n'#fem(n&(n'# 5 (/ar(n&(n'#0cof(n&(n'## 5 /ar(n'(n&#
fimom(n'(n&#fem(n'(n&# 5 (/ar(n'(n&#0cof(n'(n&## 5 /ar(n&(n'#
::: continue
write(%()))#i(fimom(n&(n'#(fimom(n'(n&#
write(&&()))#i(fimom(n&(n'#(fimom(n'(n&#
&6" continue
))) format(i6(&"+(f&!34(*+(f&!34#
stop
end
c ------------------------------------------------
su-routine femconc(./al(+len(,a(,-(p/al(fema(fem-#
c ------------------------------------------------
real ./al(num(,a(,-
+nump/al%./al%+len%(&3-./al#
den(&3543%,a543%,-5&'3%,a%,-#
num&3543%,- -./al%(&35'3%,-#
fema(+num%num#0den
+num(-&3"#%p/al%./al%+len%(&3- ./al#
num'3%,a 5 ./al%(&35'3%,a#
fem- +num%num0den
Versio II !" - 21
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
return
end
I5>, ,o F2e1i.r/)e
2ar! set No 0@ n$e$ n%$&er o# $e$&ers in the steel #ra$e
nno!e n%$&er o# no!es in the steel #ra$e
$o! -Yo%n"s Mo!%l%s
niter -N%$&er o# $o$ent !istri&%tion iterations
2ar! set No(7@ /or e+er no!e
No!e n%$&er, n%$&er o# no!es connecte! to that partic%lar no!e
No!e n%$&ers connecte!
2ar! set No(;@ /or e+er $e$&er
No!e n%$&er, Len"th, Mo$ent o# inertia, I-no!e,C-no!e, Ca +al%e, C& +al%e,
Displace$ent co!e #or I-no!e,Displace$ent co!e #or C-no!e
Disp( 2o!e -0 'oint is #i-e!
Disp( 2o!e 9 - 'oint is pinne! or it can rotate
UDL +al%e, n%$&er o# concentrate! loa!s
/or n%$&er o# concentrate! loa!s
Loa! +al%e, a !istance, &-!istance
E-a$ple Aro&le$@
Versio II !" - 22
I .e xe
J
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b
I.node J.node
a
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UDLD79.NB$
2onc(loa! AD09(.N
C D>9999 .N-$
0(?$ 0(?$
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
Inp%t !ata #or e-a$ple Aro&le$@
!ata #or e-a$ple pro&le$ 3,ll %nits in .N -$4
G,G,7(0e9?,>9
0,0
7
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;, ;(,J(G?e-?,7,?,>9999(,>9999(,9,9
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Versio II !" - 2!
I .e xe
MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS III
Versio II !" -22