MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine.

Section 6 - Group 5
1
Abstract

































MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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Table of contents

































MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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1.0 Introduction and Theory

The purpose of this experiment was to run a full load test on the Ruston Diesel engine at
a constant speed in the range of 400 to 420 RPM. After running the full load test, all the
recordings were read and inserted in the test data table provided by the T.A.
The engine is called The Ruston 1ZHR, and it is a horizontal cylinder of four stroke
compression iginition engine. It runs on premium diesel fuel which is kept in an overhead tank
and a graduated cyclinder. The cylinder cooling jacket and exhaust gas calorimeter are supplied
cooling water from a header tank. Weights are added on each end of a friction band of the engine
(Ruston Diesel Engine).

1.1 Equations
(1) IMEP = (Area of indicator diagram [in^2] x S [psi]) / (Length of indicator diagram
[in])
(2) IHP = (IMEP x L x A x N x n) / 33000
(3) BHP = (2 x pi x RPM x T) / 33000
(4) FHP = IHP - BHP
(5)
MECH
= BHP / IHP
(6) BHP = (BMEP x L x A x N x n) / 33000
(7) BT = (BHP x 2545) / (Fuel Flow [lb/hr] x HHV)
(8) BSFC = Fuel flow [lb/hr] / BHP

1.2 Symbols
S = spring constant psi/inch of deflection
L = stroke of piston (ft)
A = area of cylinder (in^2)
N = number of firing strokes/minute = RPM/2 for a 4-stroke engine
n = number of cylinders
T = torque = W x R (lb - ft)
W = spring balance reading (lb)
R = radius of brake flywheel (ft) = 20 in

MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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HHV - Higher heating value of fuel = 19700 BTU/lb































2.0 Apparatus and Procedure

MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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2.1 Apparatus

2.2 Procedure
1. Two inches of water was initially poured into the flywheel prior to starting this
experiment.
2. The exhaust valve lifter was held down until it was cranked to a good speed.
3. It was left to warm up for 10-15 minutes.
4. A speed of 400 RPM was maintained.
5. The barometer readings, calorimeters, etc. were placed in different positions around the
engine.
6. The lab members walked around the ruston diesel engine as to record the measurements
of the required test data.
7. To shut down the engine, the pump handle was held down until the engine stopped.
8. The exhaust fan and room fan were shut off, and the water came spilling out of the
engine.
9. The indicator diagram was removed from the engine.
10. A planimeter was used in order to measure the indicator diagrams area and length.















MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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3.0 Results and Analysis

Fuel used: Shell Diesel CP 48
Heating Value: 19,876 Btu/lb
Specific Gravity: 0.811
Indicator Spring Constant (S): 450 psi/in
Barometer reading: 29.35 inHg
Room temperature: 77
o
C

Table 3.1: Recorded Data
Name of measurement Units Measurement
Brake load lb 72.5
Engine speed RPM 420
Water Inlet Temp.
o
F 43
Engine Water Outlet Temp.
o
F 155
Engine Water Flow l/min 1.5
Exhaust Temp. (Engine out)
o
F 695
Air Flow Manometer wg 0.93
Indicator Diagram Area in
2
1.25
Indicator Diagram Length in 2.75
Fuel Used ml 420

MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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Fuel Test Period min 10





3.1 Calculations
(1) Indicated Mean Effective Pressure - IMEP
IMEP (psi) = [Area of Indicator Diagram (in
2
) x S (psi/in)] / [Length of indicator Diagram (in)]
=
in

psi
in

in

= 204.55 psi
(2) Indicated Horsepower - HP
IHP = (IMEP x L x A x N x n) / 33,000
IMEP in lb/in
2
= 204.55 lb/in
2

L = Stroke of Piston = 10.5 in = 0.875 ft
A = Area of Cylinder = 235.25 in
2

N = Number of firing = 210 strokes/minute
= RPM/2 for a 4-stroke engine
n = 1 Number of Cylinders
IHP = (IMEP x L x A x N x n) / 33,000
= (204.55 x 0.875 x 235.25 x 210 x 1) / 33,000
= 267.93 HP

(3) Brake Horsepower - BHP
BHP = (2x RPM x T) /33,000
where:
T = Torque = W x R = 120.86 lb . ft
W = Spring Balance Reading = 72.5 lb
R = Radius of Brake Flywheel = 1.667 ft
Radius of Brake Flywheel = 20 in

MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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BHP = (2x RPM x T) /33,000
= (2 x 420 x 120.86) / 33,000
= 9.67 HP


(4) Friction Horsepower - FHP
FHP = IHP - BHP
= 267.93 - 9.67
= 258.3 HP
(5) Mechanical Efficiency -
MECH


MECH
= BHP / IHP
= 9.67 / 267.9
= 0.0361 = 3.61%

(6) Brake Mean effective Pressure - BMEP
BMEP = IMEP x
MECH

= 204.55 x 0.0361 = 7.384 psi

(7) Brake Thermal Efficiency - BT
HHV = Higher Heating Value of Fuel
= 19,876 BTU/lb
s.g. =
F
/
h20

(0.811) (1000 kg / m
3
) =
F

811 kg / m
3
=
F

m = V
F

where V = volume of fuel used = 420 ml = 0.00042 m
3

= (0.00042 m
3
)(811 kg/m
3
)


= 0.34062 kg = 0.7509 lb
Fuel Flow = m / time
= 0.7509 lb / hr
= 4.505 lb / hr

BT
= [BHP x 2545] / [Fuel Flow (lb/hr) x HHV]

MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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= [9.67 HP x 2545] / [ 4.505 lb / hr x 19,876 BTU / lb ]
= 0.2748
= 27.48 %

(8) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption - BSFC
BSFC = [Fuel Flow (lb/hr)] / BHP (lb/BHP. hr)
= 4.505 lb/hr / 9.67 HP
= 0.4659 lb / BTU . hr
Fuel used = 0.7000 - ml/sec = 420 ml / 600 s
= 4.505 - lb/hr

Using the correction factor graph (figure 3.1), the corrected values for the test temperature and test
pressure were identified.
Barometer reading = 29.35 in.Hg
Correction factor (from figure 3.1) = 0.972

Room temperature = 77
o
F
Correction factor (from figure 3.1) = 0.978

Table 3.2: Corrected values of temperature and pressure
Name of Measurement Uncorrected
Value
Correction
Factor
Corrected
Value
Water inlet temperature 43
o
F 0.978 42.054
o
F
Engine Water Outlet Temp. 155
o
F 0.978 151.59
o
F
Exhaust Temp. (Engine Out) 695
o
F 0.978 679.71
o
F
Air Flow Manometer 0.93

wg 0.972 0.904

wg





MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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Figure 3.1: Barometric and temperature correction graph


MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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4.0 Discussions
4.1 1ZHR Ruston Engine
This engine with the mechanical indicator was operated by a trained and experienced
technician. All the readings recorded were used to calculate the required values. The engine
experimented was more than 50 years old. The mechanical indicator installed on the engine head
provided the pressure-volume loop of the engine cylinder. This recording was used to calculate
the IMEP, which further determined the IHP of the engine.The band brake was used to install a
required amount of load on it. This load value was used to determined the BHP of the engine.
These calculated values along with the engine specifics, were then further used to find the FHP,

MECH
, BMEP,
BT
, and the BSFC of the engine.
4.2 Sources of error
-Rpm of the power shaft was not constant.
-The band brake spring balance indicator was fluctuating.
-Parallax reading error.
-Planimeter measurement operational error.



5.0 Conclusions
Inspite of the sources of errors, it is compared with expected values, that the

MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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calculation were accurate enough to draw conclusions. For example, the calculated
Brake Horse Power (9.67 HP at 420rpm) was close to the nominal Brake Horse Power( 9.25 HP
at 400rpm). The experiment was successful to provide various types of efficiencies and the
horsepowers of the fuel engine. These values demonstrated that the Ruston Engine produces only
a fraction of consumed energy. For example it provided only 3.61% of mechanical efficiency.
Thus it can be concluded that the performance of this engine was very low and the design of this
engine needs a lot of improvement.


























MEC 309: Lab 4 - Ruston Diesel Engine. Section 6 - Group 5
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6.0 References

1. Ruston Diesel Engine. Ryerson University MEC 309 Lab Manual. Print.