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The present paper reports about theresults of a study of mechanical and electrical properties of polymeric insulators. Silicone tubher (SIR), ethylenepropylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and alloys of silicon-EPDM are known polymers for use as high voltage insulators. The result of mechanical measurement shows that the tensile strength, modulus and elongation of blends enhanced with increase SIR in formulation. The new alloy presents excellent dielectric properties in water
The present paper reports about theresults of a study of mechanical and electrical properties of polymeric insulators. Silicone tubher (SIR), ethylenepropylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and alloys of silicon-EPDM are known polymers for use as high voltage insulators. The result of mechanical measurement shows that the tensile strength, modulus and elongation of blends enhanced with increase SIR in formulation. The new alloy presents excellent dielectric properties in water
The present paper reports about theresults of a study of mechanical and electrical properties of polymeric insulators. Silicone tubher (SIR), ethylenepropylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and alloys of silicon-EPDM are known polymers for use as high voltage insulators. The result of mechanical measurement shows that the tensile strength, modulus and elongation of blends enhanced with increase SIR in formulation. The new alloy presents excellent dielectric properties in water
2004 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena
Improvement of Electrical, Mechanical and Surface Properties of Silicone Insulators
M. Ehsani', H. Borsi', E. Gockenbach', G. R. Bakhshandeh', J. Morshedian' 'Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran *Institute of Electric Power Systems, Division of High Voltage Engineering (Schering-Institute) University of Hanover, Hanover, Germany Material Grade *SIR Elastmil R401I60 Vistalon 1500 *EPDM Abstract: The present paper reports about theresults of a study of mechanical and electrical properties of polymeric insulators. Silicone tubher (SIR), ethylene- propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and alloys of silicon-EPDM are known polymers for use as high voltage insulators. The result of mechanical measurement shows that the tensile strength, modulus and elongation of blends enhanced with increase SIR in formulation. It can he seen from the result of dielectric behavior measurement that dissipation factor tan 6 and capacity of silicone rubber improved in the effected of EPDM in blends. The blends of silicone-EPDM show good dielectric behavior compare to silicone rubber at humidity ambient. The new alloy presents excellent dielectric properties in water and humidity ambient comparison to EPDM, silicone and their blends. Introduction Electrical insulators are very important component in the electrical power system such as sub- stations and distribution and transmission lines. In the early days, outdoor insulators were made only of ceramic and glass materials. Since the 1960s. polymeric insulators were developed and its improvements in design and manufacturing, in the recent years have made them more and more attractive to utilities [l]. Polymeric outdoor insulators also called composite or non-ceramic insulators for transmission lines were developed in the 60's in Germany [ 2] and by other manufactures in England, France, Italy, and the US. In Germany, units for field testing were provided in 1967. In the late 1960s and early 1970s. manufactures introduced the fust generation of commercial polymeric transmission line insulators [ 2] . Different polymers were used in the manufacture of composite polymeric insulators. Initially they included ethylene propylene rubber (EF'R)which were made by Ceraver of France (1975), by Ohio Brass of USA (1976), by Sedivar of USA (1977) and Lap of USA (1980); Silicone rubber (SIR) was manufactured by Rosenthal of Germany(l976)and by Reliable of USA (1983); and Cycloaliphatic Epoxy by Transmission Development of theUK (1977) [2]. Virtually, all non- ceramic insulators consist of three main components: fiber glass reinforced resin rod system, metal end Supptia Wacker-Chemie Germany Exxon Chemical Belgium *DCP I I Hercules Inc USA % 98 active 0-78058584-5/04/$20.00 02004 IEEE 623 Several formulations containing silicone rubber and EPDM were prepared (Table 2). Silicone rubber was blended with EPDM and other materials at 180 "C in a Haake internal mixer for 10 min at a rotor speed of 100 rpm for preparation alloy of SIR-EPDM and silicon modified polymer (sample D). The individual elastomers and the blends were compound with DCP in a roll mill at room temperature. Vulcanization was done in hydraulically operated press at 170 "C and 15 bar for IO min. TSI &lPaJ A 7.4 Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of samples were determined according to ASTM D 412 by MTS System Cooperation MTSIOiM testing machine. The tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus, were measured by using a 500 mm/min cross bead speed. The dumbbell- shaped specimens were obtained from vulcanized sheet. Five specimens are measured for each composition. Dielectric behavior Dielectric spectroscopy provides information on molecular dynamics and free charge carriers and it is sensitive to the insulation morphology, i.e., crystalinity, oxidation, additives and impurities (ions and dipolar molecules). The measurement of dielectric constants and dielectric losses in frequency domain help to quantify the chemical and physical changes in the bulk of polymer &l e to aging. Its principle consists in the measurement of the response of both permanent and induced dipoles to the application of an external electric field either in the time domain or more often in frequency domain. A special dielectric spectrometer manufactured by Programma Electric AB model IDA 200 was used in this study. By applying good EM shielding of the instrumentation and the test cells, a test El MI Td E2 Mz .% IMPal [MPal 40 [Mi's] 435 1.7 6.7 350 1.9 B C D ambient temperature 1.3 98 1.5 1.4 117 1.2 2.5 175 1.6 3.07 198 1.63 9.2 330 3.5 9.4 353 3.6 TSI: Tensile strength for virgin samples at ambient TSI: Tensile strength for heat aged samples at ambient El: Percentage of elongation at break for virgin temperature temperature samples at ambient temperature El: Percentage of elongation at break for heat aged MI: Modulus (100%) for virgin samples at ambient M,: Modulus (100%) for heat aged samples at samples at ambient temperature temperature 624 10' 8 6 6 2 4 2 0 A B C D Samples Figure 1: Comparison of tbe value of temile strength and modulus for virgin and thermal aged samples 4M) 350 - ~~ c 300- 0 9 250 c 9 2 W ~ 150 1w 3 50 - O T A B C D Samples Figure 2: Comparison of the Percentage of elongation at break virgin and thermal aged samples The mechanical properties of sample D without DCP have also been evaluated and the results obtained are as follows: Tensile Strength =2.3 MPa Modulus (100%) =2.3 MPa %Elongation =54 Thus, it was seen that a great enhancement in mechanical propetties of sample D has been reached after curing. Dielectric behavior studies Dielectric spectroscopy is based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the electric dipole moments of the material under test. The frequency range of the radiation is between IO" Hz and about 10" Hz. Above 10" Hz, in the infrared optical and ultraviolet region, the absorption and emission of radiation is due to changes in the induced dipole moments, which are dependent on the polarizability of the atoms or molecules. At lower frequencies the contribution of the induced dipole moments becomes small in comparison with thet of the permanent dipole moments of the system. Results of frequency domain measurements of blend of silicone rubber-EPDM and new blend sample (D) at 27 "C are illustrated in Figure 3 and 4. Absorption of water sometimes has caused seriously affects the dielectric properties of polymeric insulating material. Permittivity of polymers increases with increasing water absorption. The samples (A, B, C, D) are aged by immersing in distillated water at mom temperature for 1000 h with 1 mm in thickness. Results of frequency domain measurements of samples after immersion water aging are shown in Figures 5. 0. I 0.01 IQ B 0.001 o.Oo01 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Frequency (Hz) Figure 3: tan 6 of the new samples over the frequency It can he seen from Figure 3 that sample D shows a low value of tan 6 compared to other blends. The value of tan S increased for samples (A, B, C) after immersion water aging (Figure 5) . It means that samples have absorbed water during aging. It can also be seen from Figure 5 that sample D has the lowest value of tan 6 in comparison to other samples. Figure 6 shows the results of frequency domain measurements for humidity aged samples. The samples were exposed to 90-95 % humidity for 1000 h at m m temperature. The thickness of samples was I mm. 625 I+A +B +C - X- d Conclusion New polymeric alloy for outdoor use of high voltage insulator has been introduced and its electrical, mechanical and electrical properties are compared to already known outdoor composite insulation in different conditions. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break are. improved compared to known polymeric insulators. The electrical properties such as dissipation factor and permittivity are also enhanced. Acknowledgments The authors thank GE Energy Management services GmbH and Programma Electric AB for letting us to use IDA 200 Insulation Diagnostic System and the Ministry of Energy of Iran for supporting this project. References [I ] Hackam, R. "Outdoor High Voltage Composite Polymeric Insulators", EEE Trans. Dielecuics EL 6, 1999, 6. ( 5). 557- 585 Hall. J.F. "History and Bibliography of Polymeric Insulators for Outdm Applications". EEE Transactions. Power Delivery. 1993.8. (1). 376-385 Gubanski. S. M. "Modern Outdm Insulation - Concern and Challenges", 14 th International Symposium On High Volmge Engineering(1SH). DelftINetherlands. 2003 Bernstorf, R. S.; Zhao T, "Aging Tests of Polymric Housing Materials for Non-Ceramic Insulators", IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 1998. 14. (2). 26-33 Chemey. k; Kim S. H.; Hacbm R. "Hydrophobic Behavior of Insulators Coated with RTV Silicone Rubber", IEEE Trans: El, 1992,27,610-622 [2] [3] [4] [ 5] Author address: Moiteza Ehsani, Institute of Electric Power Systems, Division of High Voltage Engineering (Schering-Institute), University of Hannover, CaUinstr. 25A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany Email: ehsani@si.uni-hannover.de 4.5E-ll 4Ell ", 35311 3E-I1 0.01 0.1 I 10 loo IMX) frequency Wd Figure 4 Capacitance of new samples (A,B,C,D) over the frequency 1 0,1 U0 0,Ol 0,001 0,0001 1 0,Ol 0,1 1 10 100 loo0 kWKY (W figure 5: tan 6 of the water aged samples over the frequency 0.1 0.01 U0 1 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1oOo FhluencY (Hz) El- 6: tan 6 of the humidity aged samples over the frequency 626