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2004 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena

Improvement of Electrical, Mechanical and Surface Properties of Silicone Insulators


M. Ehsani', H. Borsi', E. Gockenbach', G. R. Bakhshandeh', J. Morshedian'
'Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
*Institute of Electric Power Systems, Division of High Voltage Engineering (Schering-Institute)
University of Hanover, Hanover, Germany
Material Grade
*SIR Elastmil
R401I60
Vistalon
1500
*EPDM
Abstract: The present paper reports about theresults of
a study of mechanical and electrical properties of
polymeric insulators. Silicone tubher (SIR), ethylene-
propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and alloys of
silicon-EPDM are known polymers for use as high
voltage insulators. The result of mechanical
measurement shows that the tensile strength, modulus
and elongation of blends enhanced with increase SIR in
formulation. It can he seen from the result of dielectric
behavior measurement that dissipation factor tan 6 and
capacity of silicone rubber improved in the effected of
EPDM in blends. The blends of silicone-EPDM show
good dielectric behavior compare to silicone rubber at
humidity ambient. The new alloy presents excellent
dielectric properties in water and humidity ambient
comparison to EPDM, silicone and their blends.
Introduction
Electrical insulators are very important component in
the electrical power system such as sub- stations and
distribution and transmission lines. In the early days,
outdoor insulators were made only of ceramic and glass
materials. Since the 1960s. polymeric insulators were
developed and its improvements in design and
manufacturing, in the recent years have made them
more and more attractive to utilities [l]. Polymeric
outdoor insulators also called composite or non-ceramic
insulators for transmission lines were developed in the
60's in Germany [ 2] and by other manufactures in
England, France, Italy, and the US. In Germany, units
for field testing were provided in 1967. In the late 1960s
and early 1970s. manufactures introduced the fust
generation of commercial polymeric transmission line
insulators [ 2] .
Different polymers were used in the manufacture of
composite polymeric insulators. Initially they included
ethylene propylene rubber (EF'R)which were made by
Ceraver of France (1975), by Ohio Brass of USA
(1976), by Sedivar of USA (1977) and Lap of USA
(1980); Silicone rubber (SIR) was manufactured by
Rosenthal of Germany(l976)and by Reliable of USA
(1983); and Cycloaliphatic Epoxy by Transmission
Development of theUK (1977) [2]. Virtually, all non-
ceramic insulators consist of three main components:
fiber glass reinforced resin rod system, metal end
Supptia
Wacker-Chemie
Germany
Exxon Chemical
Belgium
*DCP
I I
Hercules Inc
USA
% 98 active
0-78058584-5/04/$20.00 02004 IEEE
623
Several formulations containing silicone rubber and
EPDM were prepared (Table 2). Silicone rubber was
blended with EPDM and other materials at 180 "C in a
Haake internal mixer for 10 min at a rotor speed of 100
rpm for preparation alloy of SIR-EPDM and silicon
modified polymer (sample D). The individual
elastomers and the blends were compound with DCP in
a roll mill at room temperature. Vulcanization was done
in hydraulically operated press at 170 "C and 15 bar for
IO min.
TSI
&lPaJ
A
7.4
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of samples were determined
according to ASTM D 412 by MTS System Cooperation
MTSIOiM testing machine. The tensile strength,
elongation at break and modulus, were measured by
using a 500 mm/min cross bead speed. The dumbbell-
shaped specimens were obtained from vulcanized sheet.
Five specimens are measured for each composition.
Dielectric behavior
Dielectric spectroscopy provides information on
molecular dynamics and free charge carriers and it is
sensitive to the insulation morphology, i.e., crystalinity,
oxidation, additives and impurities (ions and dipolar
molecules). The measurement of dielectric constants
and dielectric losses in frequency domain help to
quantify the chemical and physical changes in the bulk
of polymer &l e to aging. Its principle consists in the
measurement of the response of both permanent and
induced dipoles to the application of an external electric
field either in the time domain or more often in
frequency domain. A special dielectric spectrometer
manufactured by Programma Electric AB model IDA
200 was used in this study. By applying good EM
shielding of the instrumentation and the test cells, a test
El MI Td E2 Mz
.% IMPal [MPal 40 [Mi's]
435 1.7 6.7 350 1.9
B
C
D
ambient temperature
1.3 98 1.5 1.4 117 1.2
2.5 175 1.6 3.07 198 1.63
9.2 330 3.5 9.4 353 3.6
TSI: Tensile strength for virgin samples at ambient
TSI: Tensile strength for heat aged samples at ambient
El: Percentage of elongation at break for virgin
temperature
temperature
samples at ambient temperature
El: Percentage of elongation at break for heat aged
MI: Modulus (100%) for virgin samples at ambient
M,: Modulus (100%) for heat aged samples at
samples at ambient temperature
temperature
624
10'
8
6 6
2 4
2
0
A B C D
Samples
Figure 1: Comparison of tbe value of temile strength and modulus for
virgin and thermal aged samples
4M)
350 -
~~
c 300-
0
9 250
c
9 2 W ~
150
1w
3
50 -
O T
A B C D
Samples
Figure 2: Comparison of the Percentage of elongation at break
virgin and thermal aged samples
The mechanical properties of sample D without
DCP have also been evaluated and the results obtained
are as follows:
Tensile Strength =2.3 MPa
Modulus (100%) =2.3 MPa
%Elongation =54
Thus, it was seen that a great enhancement in
mechanical propetties of sample D has been reached
after curing.
Dielectric behavior studies
Dielectric spectroscopy is based on the interaction of
electromagnetic radiation with the electric dipole
moments of the material under test. The frequency
range of the radiation is between IO" Hz and about 10"
Hz. Above 10" Hz, in the infrared optical and
ultraviolet region, the absorption and emission of
radiation is due to changes in the induced dipole
moments, which are dependent on the polarizability of
the atoms or molecules. At lower frequencies the
contribution of the induced dipole moments becomes
small in comparison with thet of the permanent dipole
moments of the system. Results of frequency domain
measurements of blend of silicone rubber-EPDM and
new blend sample (D) at 27 "C are illustrated in Figure
3 and 4.
Absorption of water sometimes has caused
seriously affects the dielectric properties of polymeric
insulating material. Permittivity of polymers increases
with increasing water absorption. The samples (A, B, C,
D) are aged by immersing in distillated water at mom
temperature for 1000 h with 1 mm in thickness. Results
of frequency domain measurements of samples after
immersion water aging are shown in Figures 5.
0. I
0.01
IQ
B
0.001
o.Oo01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 3: tan 6 of the new samples over the frequency
It can he seen from Figure 3 that sample D shows a
low value of tan 6 compared to other blends. The value
of tan S increased for samples (A, B, C) after immersion
water aging (Figure 5) . It means that samples have
absorbed water during aging. It can also be seen from
Figure 5 that sample D has the lowest value of tan 6 in
comparison to other samples. Figure 6 shows the results
of frequency domain measurements for humidity aged
samples. The samples were exposed to 90-95 %
humidity for 1000 h at m m temperature. The thickness
of samples was I mm.
625
I+A +B +C - X- d
Conclusion
New polymeric alloy for outdoor use of high voltage
insulator has been introduced and its electrical,
mechanical and electrical properties are compared to
already known outdoor composite insulation in different
conditions.
The mechanical properties such as tensile strength,
modulus, and elongation at break are. improved
compared to known polymeric insulators.
The electrical properties such as dissipation factor
and permittivity are also enhanced.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank GE Energy Management services
GmbH and Programma Electric AB for letting us to use
IDA 200 Insulation Diagnostic System and the Ministry
of Energy of Iran for supporting this project.
References
[I ] Hackam, R. "Outdoor High Voltage Composite Polymeric
Insulators", EEE Trans. Dielecuics EL 6, 1999, 6. ( 5). 557-
585
Hall. J.F. "History and Bibliography of Polymeric Insulators for
Outdm Applications". EEE Transactions. Power Delivery.
1993.8. (1). 376-385
Gubanski. S. M. "Modern Outdm Insulation - Concern and
Challenges", 14 th International Symposium On High Volmge
Engineering(1SH). DelftINetherlands. 2003
Bernstorf, R. S.; Zhao T, "Aging Tests of Polymric Housing
Materials for Non-Ceramic Insulators", IEEE Electrical
Insulation Magazine. 1998. 14. (2). 26-33
Chemey. k; Kim S. H.; Hacbm R. "Hydrophobic Behavior of
Insulators Coated with RTV Silicone Rubber", IEEE Trans: El,
1992,27,610-622
[2]
[3]
[4]
[ 5]
Author address: Moiteza Ehsani, Institute of Electric
Power Systems, Division of High Voltage Engineering
(Schering-Institute), University of Hannover,
CaUinstr. 25A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Email: ehsani@si.uni-hannover.de
4.5E-ll
4Ell
",
35311
3E-I1
0.01 0.1 I 10 loo IMX)
frequency Wd
Figure 4 Capacitance of new samples (A,B,C,D) over the frequency
1
0,1
U0
0,Ol
0,001
0,0001
1
0,Ol 0,1 1 10 100 loo0
kWKY (W
figure 5: tan 6 of the water aged samples over the frequency
0.1
0.01
U0
1
0.001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1oOo
FhluencY (Hz)
El- 6: tan 6 of the humidity aged samples over the frequency
626

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