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Digital circuits / signals are less subject to distortion and interferences than are analog counterparts. Digital circuits are more reliable and can be produced at lower cost than analogue circuits. Channel coding deals with techniques used to enhance digital signals so they are less vulnerable to channel impairments.
Digital circuits / signals are less subject to distortion and interferences than are analog counterparts. Digital circuits are more reliable and can be produced at lower cost than analogue circuits. Channel coding deals with techniques used to enhance digital signals so they are less vulnerable to channel impairments.
Digital circuits / signals are less subject to distortion and interferences than are analog counterparts. Digital circuits are more reliable and can be produced at lower cost than analogue circuits. Channel coding deals with techniques used to enhance digital signals so they are less vulnerable to channel impairments.
Dr Hassan Yousif Ahmed Electrical Engn. Dept. College of Engineering at wadi
Aldwaser
Salam bin Abdulaziz University Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 2 Textbook & Reference Refernce Bernard Sklar (1988) Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall. Text Book Simon Haykin and Michael Moher (2007), Introduction to Analog& Digital Communications, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons., Inc. Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 3 Coursework Two tests (15 marks each) Tut/quiz paper (10 marks) Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 4 Chapter 1 Elements of Digital Communications Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 5 Why Digital The primary advantage is the ease with which digital signal, compared with analog signals, are regenerated. Pulse degradation and regeneration Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 6 Why Digital Digital circuits/signals are less subject to distortion and interferences than are analog counterparts Digital circuits/signals are two states signals Analog circuits/signals are not two-state signals, and distorted signals can't be perfectly generated. Digital circuits are more reliable and can be produced at lower cost than analogue circuits Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 7 Elements of Digital Communication System (DCS) Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 8 Elements of DCS/Information Source Information source: This is the device producing information to be communicated by, means of DCS. Information sources are: Analogue information: Sources taking values from infinite set Digital information: Sources taking values fromfinite set Textual information: Sequence of characters Analog information sources can be transformed into digital sources through the use of sampling and quantization. Sampling and quantization process is called source encoding Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 9 Elements of DCS /Source Encoding Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 10 Elements of DCS/Channel coding & Digital Modulation Channel coding deals with the techniques used to enhance digital signals so they are less vulnerable to channel impairments, like: Noise Fading Jamming Digital modulation is the process by which digital symbols are transformed into waveforms that are compatible with the characteristics of the channel. In case of baseband modulation, these waveforms take form of shaped pulses In case of bandpass modulation, the shaped pulses modulate a sinusoidal called carrier Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 11 Elements of DCS/Baseband Modulation Baseband modulation for digital sequence (a) Binary digits, (b) Pulse representation and (c) Pulse waveform Prepared by Dr Hassan Yousif 12 Elements of DCS/ Bandpass Modulation Bandpass modulation for textual message (c) Textual message. (d) Symbols M = 2 k and (e) Bandpass digital waveforms Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 13 Fourier Transform of Pulses In communication systems, we use frequency- domain description of signal. The amplitude and phase of each frequency component We get this information by performing Fourier analysis on the signal. Several methods of Fourier analysis available for the representation of signals. If the signal is periodic, Fourier series is used If the signal is aperiodic, Fourier transform is used Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 14 Example Let x(t) denote the periodic signal depicted in figure and described analytically by where is a rectangular pulse of width . Determine the Fourier series expansion for this signal. n nT t ) t ( x 0 t Prepared by Prof.V.K.Jain 15 Solution 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 T n c sin T
T n sin n 1
e e ) jn ( T T 1
dt e T 1
dt e ) t ( x T c 0 T jn T jn 0 T t jn 0 T T T t jn n where sinc(t)=sin( t)/( t) The signal is periodic with period T 0 thus Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 16 Solution Since then n T t jn e T n c sin T ) t ( x 0 2 0 0 n t jn n e c ) t ( x 0
A graph of the Fourier series coefficients Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 17 Example Determine the Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse of amplitude A and duration T, given as Rectangular pulse T t rect A ) t ( g Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 18 Solution We have c(fT) sin AT fT fT sin AT e e fT 2 -j AT dt A dt e T t T t F fT j fT j T T ft 2 j
e 2 2 - ft j2 - Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 19 Time and Frequency Domains of Rectangular Pulse 20 Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 3.4 Pulse Shaping Premodulation filter is used in pulse shaping without signal distortion and intersymbol interference (ISI) problem. Overall frequency response raised-cosine (RC) spectrum, which made up of transmit filter, channel and receiver filter where f 1 is the frequency parameter and W is the bandwidth 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 cos 1 4 1 2 1 ) ( f W f f W f f f f 0 W f W W
W f P (3.17) 21 Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 3.4 Pulse Shaping Roll-off factor indicates the excess bandwidth over the ideal solution corresponding to p(t ), the inverse Fourier transform of P (f ), has value of unity at current signaling instant zero crossings at all other consecutive signaling instants. The zero crossing ensure the ISI problem is reduced to zero. W f 1 1 (3.3) 0 22 Prepared by .Dr Hassan Yousif 3.4 Pulse Shaping ***** If the desired rate of pulse transmission is Ts pulses per second, the BWrequired is s b T f 2 1