INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the networking guidelines are as follows:

To know about basic parts of computer
To assist students in understanding the benefits of networking
to help students place in context their current stage of networking development in their
school.
to assist students in planning the next stage of network development in their school.
to provide standard networking models and best practice to students
that will assist students in their network planning.



What is Computer?
- Electronic device for storing and processing data.
- A device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for
some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
- It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
- an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these
data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and
saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and
logical) calculations.
Arithmetic operations performing calculations, which include addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division
Comparison operations comparing data items to determine if the first item is
greater than, equal to, or less than the other item
Logical operations working with conditions and logical operators such as AND,
OR, and NOT
- Computers only understand two digits, 0 and 1. This base two math is known as Binary. 1
represents on and 0 is off.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
Computers are made of the following basic components:
Peripheral Device Hardware that is not part of the system.
MAJOR COMPONENTS
System Unit The case that contains the CPU, Memory, the power supply, disk drives,
and all hardware components.
Monitor An output device that lets you see your work as you go.
o Types of Monitor
- CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) it offers a richly colored display and does
not break easily. It can be bulky and take up a lot of desk space, very
heavy to carry and they require a lot of power to run properly.
- LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) the latest development of monitor
technology. It is thinner and much lighter than older CRT
counterparts. It require less power to run.
Keyboard The principal input device; used to type instructions into the computer.
o Computer keyboard is also known as The QWERTY keyboard. It was
invented by American inventor, Christopher Sholes.
Mouse A pointing device used to make on-screen selections.
o Trivia: In 1963, Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute invented
the computer mouse. Actually using now was called mouse because of the
cord
MINOR COMPONENTS
CD/DVD Drive Reads C/DVD Discs
CD/DVD Discs Commonly used deliver programs and store large multimedia files.
Flash Memory Card Reader Used read flash memory cards
Speakers Used to produce audio output.
Microphone Used to get spoken input.
Floppy Disk Used for storing small amounts of data for backup or transport data into
another PC.
Floppy Disk Drive Reads from and writes to floppy disks.




INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT
System Unit
- it is a case that contains electronic components of the
computer used to process data





Motherboard (mainboard)
- Large printed circuit board with thousands of
electrical circuits
- The motherboard is the main circuit board of the
system unit
- Computer chip contains integrated circuits



Processor
- The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
- Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
- E.g. Quad core, Dual Core
- The control unit is the component of the processor
that directs and coordinates most of the operations in
the computer
- The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and
other operations

Memory
- Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
- Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating system and other system
software
Application programs
Data being processed and the resulting information
- Each location in memory has an address
- Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
- The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory - Loses its contents when power is turned off. (E.g. RAM)
o RAM Random Access Memory
- chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory
slots.
- The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types
of software you plan to use
Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it
stores frequently used instructions and data

Nonvolatile memory - Does not lose contents when power is removed. (E.g. ROM, flash
memory, and CMOS)
o .Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and
instructions
o Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
o Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology provides
high speeds and consumes little power. It semiconductor chip powered by a
CMOS battery inside computers that stores information such as the system time
and date and the system hardware settings for your computer.
Approximately Value Actual Values
Kilobyte (KB) 1 000 1024
Megabyte (MB) 1 000 000 1 048 576
Gigabyte (GB) 1 000 000 000 1 073 741 824
Terabyte (TB) 1 000 000 000 000


Ports and Connectors
- Port is the point at which a peripheral
attaches to or communicates with a
system unit (sometimes referred to as a
jack)
- Connector joins a cable to a port.





Power supply
- Transforms alternating current (AC) from
wall outlets to direct current (DC) needed by the computer


Cooling fan
- Keeps the system unit cool



Internal Speaker
- Used for beeps when errors are encountered

Bays
- Housing for the computers hard drive,
floppy drive, and CD-ROM / DVD-
ROM drives
- opening inside the system unit in which
you can install additional equipment


LAN Card
- a 'door' to the network from a
computer. Any type of network
activity requires a LAN Card - the
Internet, network printer,
connecting computers together.


Video Card
- an expansion card that allows the
computer to send graphical
information to a video display device
such as a monitor, TV, or projector.


Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
- is the computer's main storage media
device that permanently stores all data
on the computer.








INPUT DEVICE
- Device is anything that puts information inside a computer.
- Mouse, Keyboard, Microphone
OUTPUT DEVICE
- Anything that can display information.
- Printer, Monitor, Speaker

Facts:
- The first 1GB hard disk, announced in 1980, weighed about 550 pounds, and was priced at
$40,000.












BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Binary Number System
Uses only two symbols (0 and 1) known as bits short way of saying binary digits
Gottfried W. Von Leibniz, known to be an advocate of the binary system

Binary Addition
0+0 = 0
0+1=1
1+0 = 1
1+1 = 0, carry 1
Binary Subtraction
0-0 = 0
1-0 = 1
0-1 = 1, borrow 1
Binary Multiplication
0*0 = 0
0*1 = 0
1*0 = 0
1*1 = 1
Binary Division
0/1 = 0
1/1 = 1


OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM





What is Computer Network?
A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one
another over shared network medium.
A computer network is a collection of two or more connected computers.
When these computers are joined in a network, people can share files and peripherals
such as modems, printers, tape backup drives, or CD-ROM drives.

Every network includes:
At least two computers Server or Client workstation.
Networking Interface Card's (NIC)
A connection medium, usually a wire or cable, although wireless communication
between networked computers and peripherals is also possible.
Network Operating system software, such as Microsoft Windows NT or 2000, Novell
NetWare, Unix and Linux