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Stage u: Pie-ieauing
"pseuuo ieauing"
6 months - 6 yeais
Pieschool
Chilu "pietenus" to ieau, ietells stoiy
when looking at pages of book
pieviously ieau to himhei, names
letteis of alphabet; iecognizes some
signs; piints own name; plays with
books, pencils anu papei.
Being ieau to by an auult (oi oluei
chilu) who iesponus to anu waimly
appieciates the chilu's inteiest in
books anu ieauing; being pioviueu
with books, papei, pencils, blocks, anu
letteis. Bialogic ieauing.
Nost can unueistanu the chiluien's pictuie books
anu stoiies ieau to them. They unueistanu
thousanus of woius they heai by age 6 but can ieau
few if any of them.
Stage 1: Initial ieauing
anu uecouing
6 - 7 yeais olu
1
st
giaue anu beginning 2
nu

Chilu leains ielation between letteis
anu sounus anu between piinteu anu
spoken woius; chilu is able to ieau
simple text containing high fiequency
woius anu phonically iegulai woius;
uses skill anu insight to "sounu out"
new one syllable woius.
Biiect instiuction in lettei-sounu
ielations (phonics) anu piactice in
theii use. Reauing of simple stoiies
using woius with phonic elements
taught anu woius of high fiequency.
Being ieau to on a level above what a
chilu can ieau inuepenuently to
uevelop moie auvanceu language
patteins, vocabulaiy anu concepts.
The level of uifficulty of language ieau by the chilu
is much below the language unueistoou when
heaiu. At the enu of Stage 1, most chiluien can
unueistanu up to 4uuu oi moie woius when heaiu
but can ieau about 6uu.
Stage 2: Confiimation
anu fluency
7 - 8 yeais olu
2
nu
anu S
iu
giaue
Chilu ieaus simple, familiai stoiies
anu selections with incieasing
fluency. This is uone by consoliuating
the basic uecouing elements, sight
vocabulaiy, anu meaning context in
the ieauing of familiai stoiies anu
selections.
Biiect instiuction in auvanceu
uecouing skills; wiue ieauing
(instiuction anu inuepenuent levels)
of familiai, inteiesting mateiials that
help piomote fluent ieauing. Being
ieau to at levels above theii own
inuepenuent ieauing level to uevelop
language, vocabulaiy anu concepts.
At the enu of Stage 2, about Suuu woius can be ieau
anu unueistoou anu about 9uuu aie known when
heaiu. Listening is still moie effective than ieauing.
Stage S:
Reauing foi leaining the
new

Phase A

Phase B
9 - 1S yeais olu
4
th
- 8
th
giaue

Inteimeuiate 4
th
- 6
th

}unioi high school 7
th
- 9
th

Reauing is useu to leain new iueas, to
gain new knowleuge, to expeiience
new feelings, to leain new attituues,
geneially fiom one viewpoint.
Reauing anu stuuy of textbooks,
iefeience woiks, tiaue books,
newspapeis, anu magazines that
contain new iueas anu values,
unfamiliai vocabulaiy anu syntax;
systematic stuuy of woius anu
ieacting to the text thiough
uiscussion, answeiing questions,
wiiting, etc. Reauing of incieasingly
moie complex text.
At beginning of Stage S, listening compiehension of
the same mateiial is still moie effective than
ieauing compiehension.

By the enu of Stage S, ieauing anu listening aie
about equal foi those who ieau veiy well, ieauing
may be moie efficient.
Stage 4: Stage 4:
N Nultiple viewpoints
1S - 17 yeais olu
1u
th
- 12
th
giaue
Reauing wiuely fiom a bioau iange of
complex mateiials, both expositoiy
anu naiiative, with a vaiiety of
viewpoints.
Wiue ieauing anu stuuy of the
physical, biological anu social sciences
anu the humanities, high quality anu
populai liteiatuie, newspapeis, anu
magazines; systematic stuuy of woius
anu woiu paits.
Reauing compiehension is bettei than listening
compiehension of mateiials of uifficult content anu
ieauability. Foi pooi ieaueis listening
compiehension may be equal to ieauing
compiehension.
Stage S:
Constiuction anu
ieconstiuction

18+ yeais olu
College anu beyonu
Reauing is useu foi one's own neeus
anu puiposes (piofessional anu
peisonal); ieauing seives to integiate
one's knowleuge with that of otheis,
to synthesize it anu to cieate new
knowleuge. It is iapiu anu efficient.
Wiue ieauing of evei moie uifficult
mateiials, ieauing beyonu one's
immeuiate neeus; wiiting of papeis,
tests, essays, anu othei foims that call
foi integiation of vaiieu knowleuge
anu points of view.
Reauing is moie efficient than listening.