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On Wednesday, Sept. 24, the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals lifted an injunction on a John Doe probe investigating possible illegal campaign coordination. It also effectively dismissed the legal challenge against the probe, saying the matter was one for state courts.
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Federal Appeals Court Order Overturning Injunction on John Doe Probe, Effectively Dismisses Lawsuit
On Wednesday, Sept. 24, the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals lifted an injunction on a John Doe probe investigating possible illegal campaign coordination. It also effectively dismissed the legal challenge against the probe, saying the matter was one for state courts.
On Wednesday, Sept. 24, the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals lifted an injunction on a John Doe probe investigating possible illegal campaign coordination. It also effectively dismissed the legal challenge against the probe, saying the matter was one for state courts.
For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 14-1822, 14-1888, 14-1899, 14-2006, 14-2012, 14-2023 & 14-2585 IRIC O'KIIII and WISCONSIN CLU IOR GROWTH, INC., !"#$%&$''()*++,"",,(, -. }OHN T. CHISHOLM, ,& #"., 0,',%1#%&()*++,""#%&(. IRANCIS SCHMITZ, 0,',%1#%&)*++,""#%& 2 345(()*++,"",,. RIIORTIRS COMMITTII IOR IRIIDOM OI THI IRISS, ,& #"., 6%&,4-,%54()*++,""#%&(. UNNAMID INTIRVINORS NO. 1 AND NO. 2, 6%&,4-,%54()*++,"",,(. ____________________ AeaIs from lhe Uniled Slales Dislricl Courl for lhe Iaslern Dislricl of Wisconsin. No. 14-C-139 !"#$%&' )* !+,#+, 7819,. ____________________ ARGUID SIITIMIR 9, 2014 DICIDID SIITIMIR 24, 2014 ____________________ Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 2 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". efore WOOD, 3:$,' 7819,, and AUIR and IASTIRROOK, 3$4;8$& 7819,(. IASTIRROOK, 3$4;8$& 7819,. A federaI dislricl |udge is- sued an in|unclion lhal bIocks lhe Slale of Wisconsin from conducling a |udiciaIIy suervised criminaI invesligalion in- lo lhe queslion vhelher cerlain ersons have vioIaled lhe slale's camaign-finance Iavs. The courl did lhis desile 28 U.S.C. 2283, lhe Anli-In|unclion Acl, vhich rovides: A courl of lhe Uniled Slales may nol granl an in|unclion lo slay roceedings in a Slale courl excel as exressIy aulhorized by Acl of Congress, or vhere necessary in aid of ils |urisdic- lion, or lo rolecl or effecluale ils |udgmenls. <$&;:8= -. >5(&,4, 407 U.S. 225 (1972), hoIds lhal 42 U.S.C. 1983 aulhor- izes anli-suil in|unclions bul adds lhal rinciIes of equily, comily, and federaIism (407 U.S. al 243) delermine vhelher lhey are aroriale. Cf. ?58%9,4 -. @#44$(, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). We hoId lhal lhis case does nol resenl a silualion in vhich slale roceedings may be disIaced. The ongoing criminaI invesligalion is being suervised by a |udge, in Iieu of a grand |ury. Wis. Slal. 968.26. Irose- culors in Wisconsin can ask lhe slale's courls lo conducl lhe- se inquiries, vhich go by lhe name }ohn Doe roceedings because lhey may begin vilhoul any arlicuIar largel. The Dislricl Allorney for MiIvaukee Counly made such a re- quesl afler concIuding lhal lhe camaign commillee for a oIilicaI officiaI may have been coordinaling fund-raising and exendilures vilh an indeendenl grou lhal vas raising and sending money lo seak aboul arlicuIar is- sues. (We ul indeendenl in quolalion marks, vhich ve dro from nov on, because lhe roseculor susecled lhal lhe grou's indeendence is oslensibIe ralher lhan reaI. Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". 3 Whelher, and if so hov, lhis grou and lhe camaign com- millee have coordinaled lheir aclivilies is a sub|ecl ve need nol consider.) Wisconsin's Governmenl AccounlabiIily oard, vhich suervises camaigns and conducls eIeclions, Iikevise caIIed for an invesligalion. Dislricl Allorneys in four olher counlies made simiIar requesls. IvenluaIIy a sin- gIe }ohn Doe roceeding vas eslabIished, vilh Gregory Ie- lerson as lhe |udge and Irancis Schmilz as lhe seciaI rose- culor. }udge Ielerson has been recaIIed lo service foIIoving his reliremenl from a osl on lhe slale's courl of aeaIs, Schmilz, an allorney in rivale raclice, used lo be an Assis- lanl Uniled Slales Allorney in MiIvaukee. Al lhe behesl of seciaI roseculor Schmilz, lhe courl is- sued suboenas requiring lheir reciienls lo roduce docu- menls. One came lo Iric O'Keefe, vho manages Wisconsin CIub for Grovlh, Inc., an advocacy grou lhal raises money and engages in seech on issues such as vhelher Wisconsin shouId Iimil coIIeclive bargaining in ubIic emIoymenl, a sub|ecl lhal has received considerabIe IegisIalive allenlion and sarked a recaII eIeclion for lhe Governor. (olh lhe Su- reme Courl of Wisconsin and lhis courl have heId lhal lhe IegisIalion romoled by lhe CIub for Grovlh is vaIid. <#1$) (5% A,#;:,4(B 6%;. -. C#"D,4, 2014 WI 99 (}uIy 31, 2014), E#F54) ,4( E5;#" GHI -. C#"D,4, 749 I.3d 628 (7lh Cir. 2014).) The sub- oena issued lo O'Keefe is exlraordinariIy broad, covering essenliaIIy aII of lhe grou's records for severaI years incIuding records of conlribulors lhal O'Keefe beIieves are covered by a conslilulionaI righl of anonymily. O'Keefe moved lo quash lhe suboena, vhich he main- lains is designed lo unish his, and lhe CIub's, suorl for conlroversiaI IegisIalion, ralher lhan lo invesligale a vioIa- Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 4 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". lion of slale Iav. He conlended lhal reveaIing lo lhe slale Iisls of conlribulors vouId harm lhe organizalion's abiIily lo raise fundsand lhis even lhough aII informalion is covered by a broad secrecy order. }udge Ielerson quashed lhe sub- oena, ruIing lhal lhe evidence is nol necessary lo lhe inves- ligalion. One of his reasons is lhal Schmilz has nol eslab- Iished any soIid reason lo beIieve lhal a vioIalion of slale Iav has occurred. Thal vas in }anuary 2014. Schmilz asked lhe Wisconsin Courl of AeaIs for a suervisory vril. Tvo olher eoIe invoIved in lhe invesligalion asked lhe Sureme Courl of Wisconsin lo granl reviev, byassing lhe Courl of AeaIs. efore eilher lhe Courl of AeaIs or lhe Sureme Courl couId acl, hovever, O'Keefe and lhe CIub fiIed lhis federaI suil, asking for an in|unclion lhal vouId haIl lhe invesliga- lion ermanenlIy, vhelher or nol lhe roseculor couId eslab- Iish a vioIalion of Wisconsin Iav. O'Keefe aIso requesled damages againsl five defendanls: Schmilz Ius lhe Dislricl Allorney for MiIvaukee Counly, lvo of his assislanls, and an invesligalor. (}udge Ielerson is lhe sixlh defendanl.) The dislricl courl heId lhal lhe Iirsl Amendmenl lo lhe Conslilulion (aIied lo lhe slales lhrough lhe Iourleenlh) forbids nol onIy enaIlies for coordinalion belveen oIilicaI commillees and grous lhal engage in issue advocacy, bul aIso any alleml by lhe slale lo Iearn |usl vhal kind of coor- dinalion has occurred. 2014 U.S. Disl. LIXIS 63066 (I.D. Wis. May 6, 2014). Il issued lhis in|unclion: The Defendanls musl cease aII aclivilies reIaled lo lhe invesliga- lion, relurn aII roerly seized in lhe invesligalion from any in- dividuaI or organizalion, and ermanenlIy deslroy aII coies of informalion and olher maleriaIs oblained lhrough lhe invesliga- lion. IIainliffs and olhers are hereby reIieved of any and every Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". 5 duly under Wisconsin Iav lo cooerale furlher vilh Defendanls' invesligalion. Any alleml lo oblain comIiance by any Defend- anl or }ohn Doe }udge Gregory Ielerson is grounds for a con- leml finding by lhis Courl. 61. al 3637. The courl scheduIed roceedings on Iainliffs' requesl for damages and re|ecled defendanls' argumenl lhal lhey en|oy quaIified, if nol absoIule, immunily. We immedi- aleIy slayed lhe orlion of lhe in|unclion requiring docu- menls lo be relurned or deslroyed and sel lhe case for exe- diled briefing and argumenl. The issuance of in|unclive reIief direclIy againsl }udge Ielerson is hard lo |uslify in Iighl of lhe Anli-In|unclion Acl, and lhe dislricl courl did nol lry lo do so. The Anli- In|unclion Acl embodies a fundamenlaI rinciIe of federaI- ism: slale courls are free lo conducl lheir ovn Iiligalion, vilhoul ongoing suervision by federaI |udges, Iel aIone lhreals by federaI |udges lo hoId slale |udges in conleml. The scoe given lo slale Iiligalion is eseciaIIy greal in lhe reaIm of criminaI invesligalions and roseculions, a rinci- Ie lhal Ied lo ?58%9,4, vhich requires a federaI courl lo ab- slain even if an in|unclion vouId be |uslified under normaI rinciIes, excel in rare silualions. See J+4$%& 35==8%$;#) &$5%(B 6%;. -. 7#;5F(, 134 S. Cl. 584 (2013), vhich discusses lhe currenl slale of ?58%9,4's abslenlion doclrine. Courls of aeaIs have disagreed aboul lhe exlenl lo vhich ?58%9,4 comeIs abslenlion vhen slales are conducl- ing grand-|ury invesligalions (vhich }ohn Doe roceedings are Iike). Comare 34#$9 -. K#4%,L, 678 I.2d 1200, 1202 (4lh Cir. 1982), and A,M#( *((5;$#&$5% 5' K8($%,(( -. N#4",, 388 I.3d 515, 51920 (5lh Cir. 2004), vilh <5%#9:#% -. 0,#D$%(, 798 I.2d 632, 63738 (3d Cir. 1986), vacaled in arl on olher grounds, 484 U.S. 193 (1988), and vilh O#L"54 -. >$,"1(, 661 Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 6 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". I.2d 1177, 1182 (8lh Cir. 1981). We need nol lake sides, be- cause rinciIes of equily, comily, and federaIism (<$&;:8=, 407 U.S. al 243) counseI againsl a federaI roIe here. See aIso C$%&,4 -. P#&84#" Q,(584;,( 0,',%(, 358%;$"B 6%;., 555 U.S. 7 (2008) (slandards for reIiminary in|unclion). One imorlanl queslion is vhelher lhe Iainliff suffers irrearabIe in|ury. O'Keefe and lhe CIub say yes, because donalions have dried u, bul lhal's nol lhe righl lemoraI erseclive. We musl ask vhelher lhe in|ury vouId be ir- rearabIe if lhe federaI courl vere lo slay ils hand. And il is hard lo see lhal kind of in|ury, because Iainliffs oblained effeclive reIief from }udge Ielerson F,'54, lhe federaI |udge acledindeed, before fiIing lhis suil. True, uncerlainly viII conlinue ending aeIIale reviev vilhin lhe Wisconsin |u- diciary, and lhis may veII affecl donalions, bul lhe com- mencemenl of lhis federaI suil aIso roduces uncerlainly, because il enlaiIs reviev by a dislricl |udge, lhree or more aeIIale |udges, and olenliaIIy lhe Sureme Courl of lhe Uniled Slales. The slale case mighl be over loday had lhe dislricl |udge aIIoved il lo lake ils course. A second imorlanl queslion is vhelher lhe Iainliff has adequale remedies al Iav (vhich is lo say, vilhoul lhe need for an in|unclion). Thal }udge Ielerson enlerlained and granled lhe molion lo quash shovs lhal lhe ansver is yes. A lhird imorlanl queslion is vhelher federaI reIief is aroriale in Iighl of normaI |urisrudenliaI rinciIes, such as lhe ruIe againsl unnecessary conslilulionaI ad|udica- lion. Courls musl slrive lo resoIve cases on slalulory ralher lhan conslilulionaI grounds. See, e.g., P,R ?54D 3$&L A4#%($& *8&:54$&L -. K,#S,4, 440 U.S. 568, 582 (1979). Yel lhe dislricl courl vaded inlo a vexed fieId of conslilulionaI Iav need- Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". 7 IessIy. }udge Ielerson had aIready concIuded lhal lhe inves- ligalion shouId end as a maller of slale Iav, because rose- culor Schmilz Iacks evidence lhal slale Iav has been vioIal- ed. The resuIl is an in|unclion unnecessary al besl, advisory al vorsl. DecIaring X vioIales lhe Conslilulion is advisory if lhe slale does nol use ruIe X lo begin vilh. The Sureme Courl of Wisconsin may disagree vilh }udge Ielerson, and rose- culor Schmilz argues lhal slale Iav is on his side, see C$(;5%) ($% 35#"$&$5% '54 T5&,4 !#4&$;$+#&$5%B 6%;. -. C$(;5%($% N",;&$5%( K5#41, 231 Wis. 2d 670 (Wis. A. 1999), so ve cannol yel knov vhelher lhe federaI in|unclion is advisory, bul ve are confidenl lhal il is imrudenl. Somelimes dislricl |udges musl abslain lo aIIov slale courls lo resoIve issues of slale Iav, see A,M#( Q#$"45#1 35==$(($5% -. !8""=#% 35., 312 U.S. 496 (1941), bul as vilh ?58%9,4 ve are nol invoking a man- dalory-abslenlion command bul inslead are asking vhelher normaI rinciIes of equily suorl lhe dislricl courl's a- roach. ?58%9,4 and ils successors, incIuding J+4$%& 35==8%$;#) &$5%(, do shov, hovever, lhal lhe oIicy againsl federaI inler- ference in slale Iiligalion is eseciaIIy slrong vhen lhe slale roceedings are criminaI in nalure. Thal's a fourlh imorlanl sub|ecl miIilaling againsl a federaI in|unclion. <$&;:8= heId lhal a |udge may use 1983 lo suorl an anli-suil in|unclion, nolvilhslanding 2283, onIy vhen |usli- fied in Iighl of lhe rinciIes of equily, comily, and federaI- ism lhal musl reslrain a federaI courl vhen asked lo en|oin a slale courl roceeding. 407 U.S. al 243. Yel lhe dislricl courl gave lhose rinciIes no veighl. The courl did say lhal an in|unclion is aroriale because lhe defendanls have acled Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 8 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". in bad failh bul did nol hoId a hearing, so lhal lhe courl musl have meanl bad failh ob|ecliveIy ralher lhan sub|eclive- Iyin olher vords, lhe federaI |udge musl have lhoughl lhal no reasonabIe erson couId have beIieved lhal lhe }ohn Doe roceeding couId Iead lo a vaIid conviclion. See <$&;:8=, 407 U.S. al 23031, reIying on ?58%9,4, 401 U.S. al 53, and !,) 4,S -. E,1,(=#, 401 U.S. 82, 85 (1971). One version of ob|eclive bad failh vas lhe one on vhich ve reIied in <8":5""#%1 -. <#4$5% 358%&L N",;&$5% K5#41, 746 I.3d 811 (7lh Cir. 2014), vhen hoIding lhal a dislricl |udge roerIy issued an in|unclion lo revenl slale Iav- enforcemenl ersonneI from roseculing a suosed vioIa- lion of Indiana's eIeclion Iavs. No reasonabIe erson couId have lhoughl lhal lhe roceeding vouId Iead lo a vaIid con- viclion, because lhe defendanls vere rohibiled by a federaI in|unclion, issued a decade earIier, from enaIizing lhose very laclics. Thal in|unclion had been issued vhen no slale roseculion vas ending, lhal's lhe righl lime for federaI courls lo delermine lhe vaIidily of slale camaign reguIa- lions. See, e.g., J8(#% K. *%&:5%L E$(& -. 04$,:#8(, 134 S. Cl. 2334 (2014), C$(;5%($% Q$9:& &5 E$',B 6%;. -. K#4"#%1, 751 I.3d 804 (7lh Cir. 2014), 3,%&,4 '54 6%1$-$18#" >4,,15= -. <#1$9#%, 697 I.3d 464 (7lh Cir. 2012). We heId lhal defendanls couId nol sheIler behind ?58%9,4 lo avoid an oulslanding federaI resoIulion. Nolhing of lhe kind haened in lhis invesliga- lion, unliI lhe dislricl courl's oinion in lhis case, neilher a slale nor a federaI courl had heId lhal Wisconsin's (or any olher slale's) reguIalion of coordinaled fund-raising and is- sue advocacy vioIales lhe Iirsl Amendmenl. Slarling vilh K8;D",L -. T#",5, 424 U.S. 1, 4647, 78 (1976), lhe Sureme Courl has slaled reealedIy lhal, aIlhough lhe Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". 9 Iirsl Amendmenl rolecls lruIy indeendenl exendilures for oIilicaI seech, lhe governmenl is enlilIed lo reguIale coordinalion belveen candidales' camaigns and urorl- edIy indeendenl grous. See aIso, e.g., >N3 -. 35"54#15 Q,) +8F"$;#% >,1,4#" 3#=+#$9% 35==$&&,,, 533 U.S. 431, 447 (2001), <;35%%,"" -. >N3, 540 U.S. 93, 20203, 21923 (2003), over- ruIed in arl on olher grounds by 3$&$S,%( U%$&,1 -. >N3, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). This is so because K8;D",L heId lhal lhe Con- slilulion aIIovs Iimils on hov much one erson can conlrib- ule lo a oIilician's camaign. If camaigns leII olenliaI conlribulors lo diverl money lo nominaIIy indeendenl grous lhal have agreed lo do lhe camaigns' bidding, lhese conlribulion Iimils become orous, and lhe requiremenl lhal oIilicians' camaign commillees discIose lhe donors and amounls becomes useIess. The Sureme Courl has yel lo delermine vhal coordina- lion means. Is lhe scoe of ermissibIe reguIalion Iimiled lo grous lhal advocale lhe eIeclion of arlicuIar candidales, or can governmenl aIso reguIale coordinalion of conlribulions and seech aboul oIilicaI issues, vhen lhe seakers do nol exressIy advocale any erson's eIeclion` Whal if lhe seech imIies, ralher lhan exresses, a reference for a arlicuIar candidale's eIeclion` If reguIalion of coordinalion aboul ure issue advocacy is ermissibIe, hov lighl musl lhe Iink be belveen lhe oIilician's commillee and lhe advocacy grou` Uncerlainly is a overfuI reason lo Ieave lhis Iiliga- lion in slale courl, vhere il may meel ils end as a maller of slale Iav vilhoul any need lo resoIve lhese conslilulionaI queslions. The dislricl courl lhoughl lhal lhe Sureme Courl viII overruIe vhal remains of K8;D",L, as some }uslices have ro- Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 10 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". osed. See, e.g., 35"54#15 Q,+8F"$;#% >,1,4#" 3#=+#$9% 35=) =$&&,, -. >N3, 518 U.S. 604, 63540 (1996) (Thomas, }., dissenl- ing in arl). If lhe Conslilulion forbids aII reguIalion of cam- aign conlribulions, lhere is no basis for reguIaling coordi- nalion eilher. Afler aII, lhe ralionaIe for reguIaling coordina- lion has been lo revenl evasion of conlribulion Iimils and ensure lhe ubIic idenlificalion of ersons vho conlribule lo oIilicians' var chesls. Yel aIlhough lhe Courl's vievs aboul lhe roer Iimils of camaign-finance reguIalion conlinue lo change, see 3$&$S,%( U%$&,1 (overruIing arl of <;35%%,"") and <;38&;:,5% -. >N3, 134 S. Cl. 1434 (2014) (overruIing a orlion of K8;D",L lhal deaIl vilh aggregale conlribulion Iim- ils across muIliIe candidales), il has yel lo disarove lhe orlion of K8;D",L hoIding lhal some reguIalion of conlribu- lions lo candidales is ermissibIe. }uslice Thomas vrole se- araleIy in <;38&;:,5%, 134 S. Cl. al 146265 (concurring in lhe |udgmenl), reciseIy because a ma|orily vas unviIIing lo revisil lhal asecl of K8;D",L. The dislricl courl's beIief lhal a ma|orily of lhe Courl evenluaIIy viII see lhings }uslice Thomas's vay may or may nol rove correcl, bul as lhe Sureme Courl's doclrine slands il is nol ossibIe lo lreal as bad failh a criminaI in- vesligalion lhal refIecls K8;D",L's inlerrelalion of lhe Iirsl Amendmenl. Nor does il heI Iainliffs lo accuse defendanls of relaIialion. Thal |usl reslales lhe oinl lhal camaign- finance reguIalion concerns seech, il does nol heI lo de- cide vhelher a arlicuIar kind of reguIalion is forbidden. Cf. >#$4",L -. *%14,R(, 578 I.3d 518, 525 (7lh Cir. 2009). Whal ve have said shovs nol onIy lhal an in|unclion vas an abuse of discrelion bul aIso lhal aII defendanls ossess quaIified immunily from IiabiIily in damages. IubIic officiaIs Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". 11 can be heId IiabIe for vioIaling cIearIy eslabIished Iav, bul nol for choosing sides on a debalabIe issue. See, e.g., C$"(5% -. E#L%,, 526 U.S. 603, 618 (1999) (If |udges . disagree on a conslilulionaI queslion, il is unfair lo sub|ecl oIice lo money damages for icking lhe Iosing side of lhe conlroversy.). The dislricl courl lhoughl lhe Iav cIearIy eslabIished be- cause, afler aII, lhe Iirsl Amendmenl has been vilh us since 1791. ul lhe righl queslion is vhal lhe Conslilulion means, ;5%;4,&,"L, aIied lo a disule such as lhis. The }uslices for- bid lhe use of a high IeveI of generaIily and insisl lhal Iav is nol cIearIy eslabIished unliI exisling recedenl |hasj Iaced lhe slalulory or conslilulionaI queslion beyond de- bale. *(:;45'& -. #")O$11, 131 S. Cl. 2074, 2083 (2011). See aI- so, e.g., !"8=:5'' -. Q$;D#41, 134 S. Cl. 2012 (2014), C551 -. <5((, 134 S. Cl. 2056 (2014). IIainliffs' cIaim lo conslilulionaI roleclion for raising funds lo engage in issue advocacy coordinaled vilh a oIili- cian's camaign commillee has nol been eslabIished be- yond debale. To lhe conlrary, lhere is a IiveIy debale among |udges and academic anaIysls. The Sureme Courl reguIarIy decides camaign-finance issues by cIoseIy divided voles. No oinion issued by lhe Sureme Courl, or by any courl of aeaIs, eslabIishes (cIearIy or olhervise) lhal lhe Iirsl Amendmenl forbids reguIalion of coordinalion belveen camaign commillees and issue-advocacy grousIel aIone lhal lhe Iirsl Amendmenl forbids even an $%V8$4L inlo lhal loic. The dislricl courl broke nev ground. Ils vievs may be vindicaled, bul unliI lhal day ubIic officiaIs en|oy lhe bene- fil of quaIified immunily from IiabiIily in damages. This makes il unnecessary for us lo consider vhelher any de- fendanl aIso en|oys lhe benefil of absoIule roseculoriaI im- munily, vhich deends on lhe caacilies in vhich lhey may Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 12 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". have acled al differenl limes. See K8;D",L -. >$&S($==5%(, 509 U.S. 259 (1993). IinaIIy, ve musl address a disule belveen lhe Iiliganls and severaI inlervenors, vho asked lhe dislricl |udge lo dis- cIose (lhe Reorlers Commillee for Ireedom of lhe Iress, among olhers) or conceaI (Unnamed Inlervenors No. 1 and No. 2) documenls lhal have been galhered during lhe }ohn Doe roceeding and fiIed in federaI courl. The dislricl |udge ordered eighl arlicuIar documenls lo remain under seaI and reserved decision on olhers. 2014 U.S. Disl. LIXIS 83456 (I.D. Wis. }une 19, 2014). The Reorlers Commillee a- eaIed. Our |urisdiclion, based on lhe coIIaleraI-order doc- lrine, see U%$&,1 J&#&,( -. K"#95W,-$;:, 612 I.3d 558, 560 (7lh Cir. 2010), X45-, >4,(: 0$(&4$F8&54(B 6%;. -. N-,4'4,(: 78$;, 35., 24 I.3d 893, 89596 (7lh Cir. 1994), is Iimiled lo lhose eighl documenls. The Reorlers Commillee invokes lhe resumlion of ubIic access lo aII documenls lhal may have infIuenced a federaI courl's decision. See, e.g., X4,,%-$"", -. JL%9,%&# 345+ !45&,;&$5%B EE3, No. 13-1626 (7lh Cir. Aug. 20, 2014), K#M&,4 6%&,4%#&$5%#"B 6%;. -. *FF5&& E#F54#&54$,(, 297 I.3d 544 (7lh Cir. 2002). The Unnamed Inlervenors, vho are sub|ecls of lhe }ohn Doe inquiry, invoke lhe resumlion lhal documenls galhered as arl of a grand |ury invesligalion remain confi- denliaI, see U%$&,1 J&#&,( -. J,""( N%9$%,,4$%9B 6%;., 463 U.S. 418 (1983), 0589"#( Y$" 35. 5' 3#"$'54%$# -. !,&45" J&5+( P54&:R,(&, 441 U.S. 211 (1979), and vilh good reason lhey lreal a }ohn Doe roceeding as funclionaIIy equivaIenl lo a federaI grand |ury invesligalion. IIainliffs O'Keefe and CIub for Grovlh invoke lhe ruIe lhal rivale advocacy organizalions and lheir conlribulors oflen are enlilIed lo anonymily, Iesl ubIic Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". 13 disfavor unduIy raise lhe cosl of seech. See P**3! -. *"#) F#=#, 357 U.S. 449, 46263 (1958), !,44L -. J;:R#4S,%,99,4, 591 I.3d 1147, 1160 (9lh Cir. 2009). The anaIogy lo grand |ury roceedings is lhe slrongesl of lhese lhree. The Sureme Courl vrole in J,""( N%9$%,,4$%9: We consislenlIy have recognized lhal lhe roer funclion- ing of our grand |ury syslem deends uon lhe secrecy of grand |ury roceedings. . |Ijf reindiclmenl roceedings vere made ubIic, many roseclive vilnesses vouId be hesilanl lo come forvard voIunlariIy, knoving lhal lhose againsl vhom lhey leslify vouId be avare of lhal leslimony. Moreover, vilnesses vho aeared before lhe grand |ury vouId be Iess IikeIy lo leslify fuIIy and frankIy, as lhey vouId be oen lo relribulion. 463 U.S. al 424, quoling from 0589"#( Y$". ul ve do nol lhink lhal any of lhe lhree anaIo- gies is disosilive. Once again, federaIism suIies lhe reason. The docu- menls lhal lhe Iiliganls vanl lo discIose, or conceaI, vere galhered as arl of a slale roceeding. Wisconsin, nol lhe federaI |udiciary, shouId delermine vhelher, and lo vhal exlenl, documenls galhered in a }ohn Doe roceeding are discIosed lo lhe ubIic. See J5;$#"$(& C54D,4( !#4&L -. X48F$($;, 619 I.2d 641, 643 (7lh Cir. 1980) (federaI common Iav . accords al Ieasl a quaIified riviIege lo lhe records of slale grand |ury roceedings). Olhervise lhe very facl lhal someone chose lo comIain, in federaI courl, aboul lhe con- ducl of an ongoing slale invesligalion vouId defeal lhe slale inleresl in secrecy, even if lhe federaI courl concIudesas ve have done in lhis oinionlhal lhe conlroversy does nol beIong in federaI courl. Il is easy lo fiIe comIainls and dro documenls inlo lhe federaI record, bul overcoming a slale- Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14 14 Nos. 14-1822 ,& #". Iav riviIege for invesligalive documenls requires more lhan lhal. Olhervise slale ruIes vouId be al every Iiliganl's mercy. The slale courl enlered a comrehensive order reguIaling discIosure of documenls in lhe }ohn Doe roceeding. (Il aIso issued a gag order, forbidding suboenaed arlies lo laIk aboul vhal vas haening, bul no one has chaIIenged lhal order, and ve do nol address ils roriely.) Wisconsin's |u- diciary musl decide vhelher arlicuIar documenls galhered in lhe invesligalion shouId be discIosed. The dislricl courl shouId ensure lhal seaIed documenls in lhe federaI record slay seaIed, as Iong as documenls conlaining lhe same in- formalion remain seaIed in lhe slale-courl record. The in|unclion is reversed. The dislricl courl's order re- |ecling lhe immunily defense is reversed. The dislricl courl's order mainlaining eighl documenls under seaI is affirmed. The case is remanded vilh inslruclions lo dismiss lhe suil, Ieaving aII furlher roceedings lo lhe courls of Wisconsin. Case: 14-2012 Document: 131 Filed: 09/24/2014 Pages: 14